The Periodic Table and the ElementsWhat is the periodic table ?What is the periodic table ?

What information is obtained from the table ?What information is obtained from the table ?How can elemental properties be predicted How can elemental properties be predicted base on the PT ?base on the PT ?

Dmitri Mendeleev (1869)In 1869 Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer In 1869 Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer (Germany) published nearly identical (Germany) published nearly identical classification schemes for elements classification schemes for elements known to date. The periodic table is known to date. The periodic table is base on the similarity of properties base on the similarity of properties and reactivities exhibited by certain and reactivities exhibited by certain elements. Later, Henri Moseley elements. Later, Henri Moseley ( England,1887-1915) established that ( England,1887-1915) established that each elements has a unique atomic each elements has a unique atomic number, which is how the current number, which is how the current periodic table is organized.periodic table is organized.

http://www.chem.msu.su/eng/misc/mendeleev/welcome.html

The Periodic TableA map of the building block of matter.

http://www.chemsoc.org/viselements/pages/periodic_table.html

Periodic Table Expanded View

The way the periodic table The way the periodic table usually seen is a compress view, usually seen is a compress view, placing the Lanthanides and placing the Lanthanides and actinides at the bottom of the actinides at the bottom of the stable.stable.

The Periodic Table can be arrange by The Periodic Table can be arrange by subshells. The s-block is Group IA subshells. The s-block is Group IA and & IIA, the p-block is Group IIIA - and & IIA, the p-block is Group IIIA - VIIIA. The d-block is the transition VIIIA. The d-block is the transition metals, and the f-block are the metals, and the f-block are the Lanthanides and Actinide metalsLanthanides and Actinide metals

Periodic Table: Metallic arrangement

Layout of the Periodic Table: Metals vs. nonmetals

MetalsMetalsNonmetalsNonmetals

Periodic Table: The three broad Classes

Main, Transition, Rare EarthMain (Representative), Transition metals, lanthanides and actinides (rare earth)

Reading the Periodic Table: Classification

Nonmetals, Metals, Metalloids, Noble gases

Across the Periodic Table

Periods: Are arranged horizontally across the Periods: Are arranged horizontally across the periodic table (rows 1-7)periodic table (rows 1-7)

These elements have the same number of shells or energy levels.These elements have the same number of shells or energy levels.

2nd Period

6th Period

Down the Periodic TableFamily:Family: Are arranged vertically down the periodic table (columns or Are arranged vertically down the periodic table (columns or

group, 1- 18 or 1-8 A,B)group, 1- 18 or 1-8 A,B)

These elements have the same number electrons in the outer most shells, These elements have the same number electrons in the outer most shells, the valence shell.the valence shell.

Alkali Family: 1 e- in the valence shell

Alkali Family: 1 e- in the valence shell

Halogen Family: 7 e- in the valence shell

Halogen Family: 7 e- in the valence shell

Families of the Periodic Table

Notable families of the Periodic Table and some important members:

Alkali

Alkaline (earth)

Transition MetalsTransition Metals

Noble GasNoble GasHalogenHalogen

Periodic Table: electron behaviorThe periodic table can be classified by the behavior of their electrons

HydrogenHydrogen belongs to a family of its own.

Hydrogen is a diatomic, reactive gas.

Hydrogen was involved in the explosion of the Hindenberg.

Hydrogen is promising as an alternative fuel source for automobiles

Alkali Metals

1st column on the periodic table (Group 1) not including hydrogen.

Very reactive metals, always combined with something else in nature (like in salt).

Soft enough to cut with a butter knife

Alkaline Earth MetalsSecond column on the periodic table. (Group 2)

Reactive metals that are always combined with nonmetals in nature.

Several of these elements are important mineral nutrients (such as Mg and Ca

Transition Metals

Elements in groups 3-11

Less reactive harder metals

Includes metals used in jewelry and construction.

Metals used“as metal.”

Boron Family

Elements in group 13

Aluminum metal was once rare and expensive, not a “disposable metal.”

Carbon FamilyElements in group 14

Contains elements important to life and computers.

Carbon is the basis for an entire branch of chemistry.

Silicon and Germanium are important semiconductors.

Nitrogen FamilyElements in group 15

Nitrogen makes up over ¾ of the atmosphere.

Nitrogen and phosphorus are both important in living things.

Most of the world’s nitrogen is not available to living things.

The red stuff on the tip of matches is phosphorus.

Oxygen Family

Elements in group 16

Oxygen is necessary for respiration.

Many things that stink, contain sulfur (rotten eggs, garlic, skunks,etc.)

Halogens

Elements in group 17

Very reactive, volatile, diatomic, nonmetals

Always found combined with other element in nature .

Used as disinfectants and to strengthen teeth.

The Noble Gases

Elements in group 18

VERY unreactive, monatomic gases

Used in lighted “neon” signs

Have a full valence shell.