ST. XAVIER’S SCHOOLS-CHANDIGARH, PANCHKULA, MOHALI, ZIRAKPUR

Class 10 English Worksheet-14

THE PATRIOT- Robert Browning

The Patriot, written by Robert Browning is a dramatic monologue where the main

character is the only one talking to himself in a dramatic manner.

It is a sad commentary on the rise and fall of heroes as a result of whimsical crowd

mentality.

The poem describes the fate of a hero, rather all heroes. Every hero tries to do his best,

but it is ironic that his achievements are soon forgotten.

Sometimes he is treated very harshly.

The Patriot in the poem had heroic achievements a year ago. He was given a very warm

welcome on his return. But just a year after he has fallen in esteem. He is arrested and is

being taken to the gallows. People now simply hate him. Despite his fall, he is optimistic.

He feels that God will reward him in heaven.

Stanza 1

It was roses, roses, all the way,

With myrtle mixed in my path like mad:

The house-roofs seemed to heave and sway,

The church-spires flamed, such flags they had,

A year ago on this very day.

In the first stanza, the patriot recalls how he was welcomed a year ago when he came

back after his grand victory. His path was strewn with fragrant roses ( symbol of love).

The people were mad in their zeal and enthusiasm. The residents had clamoured on their

rooftops to get a glimpse of the patriot. The church towers were decorated with fiery

coloured flags which made the church spires look as if they were on fire and flames. Such

events occurred on this day exactly a year ago.

Stanza 2

The air broke into a mist with bells,

The old walls rocked with the crowd and cries.

Had I said, “Good folk, mere noise repels —

But give me your sun from yonder skies!”

They had answered, “And afterward, what else?”

In the second stanza, the ringing of the

Church bells filled the air and it seemed to be echoing with the celebratory noise. The old

church walls seemed to shake with the din created by the crowd. The Patriot appreciated

the enthusiasm of the crowd. If he had demanded from them something impossible like

the sun from the sky, they would have granted him. They would have asked him what

else he desired. Such was the time a year ago.

Stanza 3

Alack, it was I who leaped at the sun

To give it my loving friends to keep!

Nought man could do, have I left undone:

And you see my harvest, what I reap

This very day, now a year is run.

In the third stanza, the patriot says that it was he who tried to do the impossible for his

admirers. He did his best. No one else could have accomplished it. But what reward had

he got? The Patriot mourns about how his deed has been repaid by the people. While he

had sown glory, power and honour to the people, they have repaid him with humiliation,

betrayal and ingratitude from the same countrymen. They have forgotten all that he had

done for them a year ago.

Stanza 4

There’s nobody on the house-tops now —

Just a palsied few at the windows set;

For the best of the sight is, all allow,

At the Shambles’ Gate — or, better yet,

By the very scaffold’s foot, I trow.

In stanza four the Patriot is being led to the gallows, he finds no one on the house - roofs

to bid him farewell. Only a few crippled people sitting at the windows are watching him.

Most of the people have gone to the Shamble's Gate or are quite near the Scaffold to have

the best view of his execution.

Stanza 5

I go in the rain, and, more than needs,

A rope cuts both my wrists behind;

And I think, by the feel, my forehead bleeds,

For they fling, whoever has a mind,

Stones at me for my year’s misdeeds.

In the fifth stanza, the patriot is being taken to the Scaffold in the rain. His wrists are tied

tightly behind his back with a rope that cuts through his skin. He feels his forehead

bleeding. It is due to the stones thrown at him by some cruel and ungrateful people. They

had done this to show their anger for the so-called misdeeds done by him during the year.

Stanza 6

Thus I entered, and thus I go!

In triumphs, people have dropped down dead.

Paid by the world, what dost thou owe “Me?” – God might question; now instead,

‘Tis God shall repay : I am safer so.

In the concluding stanza the patriot says that he had entered his city with great rejoicings

and honour. Now he was leaving it in great humiliation and insult. He says that if he had

died a year ago ( one may also collapse in excess joy), - God would not have cared for

him. But now when he had not been rewarded by his people, he was certain to be

rewarded in heaven. He feels safe in the bosom of God. Thus, even in intense defeat, he

finds something to console himself with.

Thus the patriot snatches a moral victory even in his defeat. The poem ends on a note of

optimism.

Meanings:

1. Myrtle - a sweet smelling flower

2. Church spires- tall pointed structures on top of church buildings.

3. Leaped at the sun- tried to do the impossible.

4. Palsied- afflicted with paralysis

5. Shambles Gate- the gate leading to the place of execution.

6. Scaffold- A platform where the criminal is executed by cutting off his head or

hanging him from a rope.

7. Misdeeds- evil actions

8. Triumphs- victories

9. Fling- throw

10. Requite- reward

Question

1. Who is the speaker in the poem? Why is he reminded of his past?

2. How was the Patriot welcomed a year ago? Why?

3. In what mood is the speaker now? Where is he at present?

4. What do you understand by the word ' harvest' ? What has the speaker reaped?

5. Who is being led to the gallows? What has he done?

6. What has made most of the people leave the town?

7. What do you understand by

a. Shambles Gate b. Scaffold

8. What tells you that the Patriot is being treated very harshly?

9. What do you think of the crowd mentality?

10. Is the Patriot's optimism unrealistic? What do you think about it?

ANSWER KEY ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE WORKSHEET 13

CLASS 10

EXERCISE 1

1. This institute was founded by him last year.

2. The hospital was built by them in 1985.

3. Food packets were distributed to the flood victims by the minister.

4. The thieves were caught by the Policeman.

5. Cookies had been baked by the baker.

6. Kites were being made by the old man.

7. A greeting Card will be being made by……

8. Iron tools are being made by the Iron smith.

9. An egg had been eaten by the boy.

10. Mary had been followed by a little lamb.

11. A sweater was being knit by mother yesterday.

12. ‘Ode to a Nightingale ’was written by John Keats.

EXERCISE 2

1. A quiz is conducted by Derek O Brian once every month for the children of

our school.

2. Are you given strong medicines by the doctor ?

3. By whom is the Casino played?

4. Exotic dishes are cooked by the chef everday.

5. The children are encouraged to perform well by the teacher.

6. The new rules are being explained to the students by the teacher.

7. Papers are being checked by her.

8. A new project is being launched by the company.

9. An old man has been hit by that car.

10. Many novels have been written by him.

11. An I POD was given to me by my brother for a day.

12. The villagers were being supported by her during the discussion.

13. The forms will have been distributed by them by Saturday.

14. The nests will have been built by the birds in the next few days.

15. The leader will be followed by the people in the years to come.

16. Our taxes ought to be paid on time.

17. May you be blessed by God ,with more happiness.

18. How can such a crime be committed by him.

19. Let the window be closed.

20. The air craft was flown by the pilot at a great height

Class 10 Hindi Worksheet-14

Class 10 Punjabi Worksheet-14

ਮੁਹਾਵਰਿਆਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਵਾਕਾਂ ਰਵਿੱ ਚ ਵਿਤੋਂ

(੧) ਸੱਤੀਂ ਕੱਪੜੀਂ ਅੱਗ ਲੱਗਣੀ

(੨)ਸਪਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਦ ੱ ਧ ਪਪਆਉਣਾ

(੩) ਸਬਕ ਪਸਖਾਉਣਾ

(੪) ਸਬਰ ਦਾ ਘ ੱ ਟ ਭਰਨਾ

(੫) ਸ਼ਰਮ ਨਾਲ ਪਾਣੀ ਪਾਣੀ ਹੋਣਾ

ਬਹੁਤ ੇਸ਼ਬਦਾਂ ਦੀ ਥਾਂ ਇਕ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਰਿਖ ੋ

(੧) ਪਿਸ ਦੀਆ ਦੋਵੇਂ ਲੱਤਾਂ ਕੂੰ ਮ ਨਾ ਕਰਨ

(੨) ਪਕਸ ੇਦੀ ਜ਼ਮੀਨ ਤੇ ਵਾਹੀ ਕਰਨ ਵਾਲਾ ਪਕਸਾਨ

(੩) ਿੋ ਘਟਨਾ ਵਾਪਰ ਨਾ ਸਕੇ

(੪) ਧੀ ਦੀ ਸੱਸ

(੫) ਪ ੱ ਤਰ ਿਾਂ ਧੀ ਦਾ ਸੌਹਰਾ

(੬) ਪਵਹਲਾ ਰਪਹਣ ਦਾ ਸ਼ੌਕੀਨ

(੭) ਪਿਹੜਾ ਬਹ ਤ ਪਪੜਿਆ ਪਲਪਖਆ ਹੋਵ ੇ

(੮) ਸ਼ਪਹਰ ਦਾ ਪਰਬੂੰ ਧ ਕਰਨ ਵਾਲੀ ਸਭਾ

(੯) ਦੇਸੀ ਦਵਾਈਆ ਂਨਾਲ ਇਲਾਿ ਕਰਨ ਵਾਲਾ

(੧੦) ਉਹ ਜੋ ਇੱਕ ਪਾਸੇ ਦੀਆ ਂਗਲੱਾਂ ਦੂਜੇ ਪਾਸੇ ਕਰੇ।

ਵਾਕਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਰਹਦਾਇਤਾਂ ਅਨੁਸਾਿ ਬਦਿੋ

(੧) ਰਾਿਾ ਰਾਿਕ ਮਾਰ ਨਾਲ ਸਰੈ ਕਰਨ ਪਨਕਪਲਆ (ਪਲੂੰ ਗ ਬਦਲੋ)

(੨) ਮੇਰੇ ਮਾਤਾ ਿੀ ਅਪਧਆਪਪਕਾ ਹਨ(ਪਲੂੰ ਗ ਬਦਲੋ)

(੩) ਮੈਂ ਪਕਤਾਬ ਪੜਿੀ (ਵਚਨ ਬਦਲੋ)

(੪) ਬਕਰੀ ਘਾਹ ਖਾ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ (ਵਚਨ ਬਦਲੋ)

(੫) ਸ਼ਰਾਰਤੀ ਮ ੂੰ ਡੇ ਫੇਲ ਹੋ ਗਏ ਸੀ (ਭਪਵੱਖਤ ਕਾਲ)

(੬) ਮੈਂ ਪ ਰੀ ਦ ਨੀਆ ਂਦੀ ਸੈਰ ਕਰਨ ਿਾਵਾਂਗਾ (ਭ ਤਕਾਲ)

(੭) ਬੱਚਾ ਦ ੱਧ ਪੀ ਕੇ ਸੌਂ ਗਗਆ ਸੀ (ਵਰਤਮਾਨ। ਕਾਲ)

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Answer key worksheet-14

Punjabi

Class 10

ਪਿਤ ਆਉਣ ਤਿੱ ਕ ਇਕਾਂਗੀ ਦੀਆਂ ਕੁਿੱ ਝ ਰਵਸੇ਼ਸ਼ ਅਤ ੇਮੁਿੱ ਖ ਗਿੱਿਾਂ

*ਇਸ ਇਕਾਂਗੀ ਗਵੱਚ ਮ ੱਖ ਤੌਰ ਤੇ 7 ਪਾਤਰ ਹਨ।

ਪੂੰਿਾਬਾ ਘਰ ਦਾ ਬਜ਼ ਰਗ ਹੈ, ਸੱਿਣ ਅਤ ੇਸ ੂੰ ਦਰ ਉਸ ਦੇ ਪ ੱ ਤਰ ਹਨ, ਸੱਿਣ ਦੀ ਪਤਨੀ ਕਰਤਾਰੀ ਹੈ,

ਸ ੁੰਦਰ ਦੀ ਪਤਨੀ ਸੁੰਤੀ ਹੈ। ਕਰਤਾਰੀ ਅਤੇ ਸੁੰਤੀ ਦੋਵੇਂ ਸਕੀਆ ਂਭੈਣਾ ਂਹਨ।ਸੱਜਣ ਅਤੇ ਕਰਤਾਰੀ ਦਾ ਪ ੱਤਰ ਗ ਰਦੀਪ ਜਾ ਂਦੀਪਾ ਹੈ, ਸ ੁੰਦਰ ਅਤੇ

ਸੁੰਤੀ ਦਾ ਪ ੱਤਰ ਰਗਜੁੰਦਰ ਜਾ ਂਗਜੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ।

*ਇਕਾਂਗੀ ਦੇ ਪਗਹਲੇ ਗਦਿ੍ਸ਼ ਗਵੱਚ ਦੀਪਾ ਅਤੇ ਗਜੁੰਦਾ ਦੋਵੇਂ ਮਰਾਸੀ ਦ ੇਰਪੂ ਗਵੱਚ ਖਾਲੀ ਸਟੇਜ ਤੇ ਆਉਂਦੇ ਅਤੇ ਗਪੁੰਡ ਦ ੇਲੋਕਾ ਂਨੂੁੰ ਹਸਾਉਂਦ ੇਹਨ।

* ਇਹ ਦੇਖ ਕੇ ਲੋਕ ਸੁੰਪਰਕ ਗਵਭਾਗ ਦੇ ਕਲਾਕਾਰ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਨੂੁੰ ਸਟੇਜ ਤੋਂ ਹਟਾਉਂਦੇ ਹਨ ਅਤੇ ਦੱਸਦ ੇਹਨ ਗਕ ਇਸ ਸਟੇਜ ਤੇ ਅਸੀਂ ਨਾਟਕ

ਖੇਡਣਾ ਹੈ। ਅਸੀਂ ਸਰਕਾਰ ਦ ਆਰਾ ਚ ਣੇ ਹੋਏ ਕਲਾਕਾਰ ਹਾ ਂ ਤੇ ਸਰਕਾਰ ਸਾਨੂੁੰ ਇਸ ਕੁੰਮ ਦੀ ਤਨਖਾਹ ਗਦੁੰਦੀ ਹੈ।

* ਇਹ ਸ ਣ ਕੇ ਮਰਾਸੀ ਦ ਖੀ ਹ ੁੰਦ ੇਹਨ ਗਕ ਸਰਕਾਰ ਤੇ ਸਾਡੀ ਰੋਟੀ ਖੋਹ ਲਈ ਹੈ। ਇਸ ਤੇ ਲੋਕ ਸੁੰਪਰਕ ਗਵਭਾਗ ਦ ੇਕਲਾਕਾਰਾ ਂਉਹਨਾਂ ਨੂੁੰ

ਹੌਂਸਲਾ ਗਦੁੰਦੇ ਕਗਹੁੰਦ ੇਹਨ ਗਕ ਅਸੀਂ ਤ ਹਾਨੂੁੰ ਵੀ ਆਪਣੇ ਨਾਲ ਰਲਾ ਲਾਂਗ ੇਪਰ ਤ ਹਾਨੂੁੰ ਉਹੀ ਬੋਲਣਾ ਹੈ।ਜੋ ਨਾਟਕ ਦਾ ਡਰੈਕਟਰ ਕਹੇ। ਤ ਹਾਨੂੁੰ

ਇਸ ਕੁੰਮ ਦੀ ਗਦਹਾੜੀ ਗਦੱਤੀ ਜਾਵੇਗੀ।

*ਇਕਾਂਗੀ ਦੇ ਦੂਜੇ ਗਦਿਸ਼ ਗਵੱਚ ਦੱਗਸਆ ਗਗਆ ਹੈ ਗਕ ਬਜ ਰਗ ਪੁੰਜਾਬਾ ਅਤੇ ਉਸ ਦਾ ਸਾਰਾ ਪਗਰਵਾਰ ਘਰ ਕਹਾਣੀ ਅਤੇ ਸੁੰਤੀ ਦੇ ਗਬਨਾਂ ਗੱਲ ਦ ੇ

ਝਗੜ ੇਤੋਂ ਬਹ ਤ ਪਰੇਸ਼ਾਨ ਹੈ,ਗਜਸ ਕਰਕੇ ਪਰੂਾ ਘਰ ਦੋ ਗਹੱਗਸਆ ਂਗਵੱਚ ਵੁੰਗਡਆ ਗਗਆ ਹੈ।

ਬਾਕੀ ਦੀ ਇਕਾਗਂੀ ਅਸੀਂ interactive class ਗਵਚੱ ਪੜ੍ਾਗਂ।ੇ

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Class 10 History Civics Worksheet-13

THE FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDENCE (1857)

INTRODUCTION ( refer to textbook pg 95 )

The Indian nationalists described the Great Uprising of 1857 as the First War of

Independence . Besides , the soldiers , millions of Indians took part in the war . The war

brought together the Hindus and the Muslims , who united to fight against the British rule

. Although , it was an unsuccessful mission but it added mileage to the Indian struggle

against the British Raj .

CAUSES OF THE WAR

The causes of the First War of Independence are summed up under following heads :

POLITICAL CAUSES ( refer to textbook pg 95, 96 )

1. Doctrine of Lapse

2. Discourtesy to the Mughal Emperor

3. Treatment meted out to Nana

4. Annexation of Awadh

5. Unpopular administration

6. The vague and floating rumours

SOCIO-RELIGIOUS CAUSES (refer to textbook pg 96 , 97 )

1. Fears regarding mass conversion to Christianity

2. Laws that interfered with the religion and customs of the people

3. Introduction of the railways and telegraphs

4. Indignities hurled at Indians

5. Fears regarding English Education

ECONOMIC CAUSES ( refer to textbook pg 98 , 99 )

1. The ruin of trade and handicrafts

2. Impoverishment of the cultivators

3. India reduced to an agricultural colony of the British

4. Inhuman treatment meted out to indigo cultivators

5. Annexation of rent free lands and estates

6. Loss of livelihood

7. Big famines

MILITARY CAUSES (refer to textbook pg 99 , 100 )

1. Low salary and poor prospects of promotion

2. Faulty distribution of troops

3. Disproportion between Indian and British troops

4. Social distance between British officers and Indian soldiers

5. Discontent and disaffection in the Bengal army

6. Loss of prestige in Afghan war

7. General service enlistment Act

8. The immediate cause ( introduction of enfield rifles )

EVENTS OF THE WAR ARE ONLY TO BE READ FROM THE TEXTBOOK

FOR BETTER UNDERSTANDING AND FOR FORMING A CONNECTION

WITH OTHER CHAPTERS .

ANSWER KEY TO PREVIOUS WORKSHEET

Ans.1 The term PARLIAMENT denotes that central authority which frames laws ,

exercises control over the ministers , considers issues related to citizens , etc.

Ans.2 A federal set up involves a dual government , i.e. , the national government and

the state governments .

Ans.3 The parliament consists of :-

1. The President

2. Lok Sabha ( house of the people)

3. Rajya Sabha ( council of states )

Ans.4 The term of Lok Sabha is 5 years , if it is not dissolved earlier . The Rajya Sabha

is a permanent body and cannot be dissolved by the President . One-third of its members

retire at the end of every second year . Therefore , the members of Rajya Sabha have a six

year term .

Ans.5 The speaker is the Principal presiding officer of the Lok Sabha .

Ans.6 The Vice-President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha .

Ans.7 Powers exclusively in the domain of lok sabha

1. Financial matters

2. Responsibility of the Council of Ministers

Powers exclusively in the domain of rajya sabha

1. Making of law on matter in the state list in the national interest

2. Creation of one or more all-India services

Class 10 Geography Worksheet-13

EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION: -

On humans:-

1. Air pollutants on entering human body, slow down and prevent the transfer of oxygen

to blood.

2. Increase in respiratory diseases, bronchitis in children, cardio vascular disease, slurring

of speech etc.

It also affects animals by arsenic poisoning as they feed on grass, plants etc. It also has

effect on materials and on climate. Due to air pollution, carbon dioxide increases which

results in rise in temperature.

WATER POLLUTION: -

Contamination of water with unwanted chemical, physical or biological material leading

to degradation of water is called Water Pollution.

i. The different types of chemical fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides etc. used in the fields

are washed by rains.

ii. Industrial waste water flows into coastal water bodies.

iii. Spillage of oil from ocean liners and disposal of wastes from ships also pollute water.

iv. Wastes from sewage and gutters mix with ponds, canals, rivers and coastlines.

IMPACT OF WATER POLLUTION: -

i. Eutrophication causes rotting of plants and fish due to lack of air.

ii. Chemical compounds make the water toxic and destroy aquatic life.

iii. Some useful microbes and plants which purify water get destroyed.

iv. D.D.T and other chemicals reach water bodies from fields, these chemicals enter the

food chain and reach human beings.

v. Pathogenic microbes from industries and hospitals may contaminate water.

SOIL POLLUTION: -

Soil pollution can be defined as alternation in soil by addition and removal of materials

that leads to reduced fertility and productivity

IMPACT OF SOIL POLLUTION

1. It leads to breeding of several germs.

2. Some of the main diseases transmitted from soil to man are cholera, typhoid, dysentery

etc.

3. Some animals are also affected.

4. Radioactive fallout and Nitrogen fertilizers are also responsible for loss of fertility.

EUTROPHICATION: - It is the process of depletion of oxygen from water bodies

occurring either... naturally or due to human activities.

3.HEALTH HAZARDS :-

Wastes accumulated by domestic, municipal and medical activities because diseases like

dysentery, diarrhoea, malaria, typhoid etc. Workers in mines suffer from lung diseases.

Release of vehicular fumes, burning of plastic etc. also affect human beings.

BIOMAGNIFICATION: -

Increasing concentration of various toxic substances along the food chain is known as

Bio magnification

The phenomenon of concentrated toxic deposition at higher tropic levels is known as BIO

– ACCUMULATION

It occurs because:-

(i) Toxic effluents from industries are released into water and soil.

(ii) They are deposited in the tissues of terrestrial plants and aquatic organisms.

(iii) These organisms plants are consumed by other organisms this increasing the

concentration at each trophic level as they move up the food chains.

4. EFFECT ON TERRESTIAL AND AQUATIC LIFE:-

A large number of pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers are used to increase food

production. All these contain chemicals which are absorbed by the soil. Plants absorb

these chemicals and human beings consuming these get infected.

Effect on Aquatic life (Fresh water and marine)

(a) As sewage, fertilizers and other chemicals are released into the seas, seaweeds and

algae spread and use up all the oxygen that keeps the fish and other animal’s alive

(Eutrophication).The aquatic life is destroyed.

(b) Hot water released from factories raises the temperature of water and depletes the

oxygen destroying the aquatic creatures.

(c) Oil spills destroy and suffocate the fish.

(d) Accumulation of Algae on the water surface prevents the sunlight from reaching the

aquatic plants.

………………………………………………………………………………

Class 10 Physics Worksheet-14

We studied till critical angle, Total internal reflection and conditions for Total internal

reflection. We will study about Total internal reflection in prism in this part of chapter.

Its types and applications are also mentioned in your book, you need to learn. Those

diagrams will be discussed in next class we will conduct. Make sure you read before you

attend next class. As examples I am attaching few diagrams and explaining them.

See in this case the light enters the prism with an angle of 90o with the surface and 00

with normal, that is, the angle of incidence is 00. If the light ray enters the surface with

the angle of incidence 00, then the light goes without deviation. Now, when the light ray

enters the prism, it strikes the opposite surface as you can see in diagram. The first angle

is 450 in the left hand side of the ray, so the angle which it makes with normal of the

second surface will be same. As the angle of incidence is more than 420, which is critical

angle for glass, the light will be totally reflected and attains a path at 900 with respect to

the angle of incidence. And it comes out at 00, so it will go un deviated again at third

surface also. It is used in periscope.

Now, you have many examples like this in your book, like the prism with does 1800

deviation.

In this case, the surface of incidence is changed. Still it enters at an angle of 900 with

surface and 00 with normal. That means angle of incidence is 00. In this case TIR (total

internal reflection) occurs at two surfaces as you can see in diagram. This can be used in

binoculars and camera to invert the image without any lose of intensity.

Now, what I want from you guys is to study and try these examples by yourself at home

and ask any doubt if you have in my next class.

Next is, when the angle of prism is 600, and deviation will be at 600. It will be reflected

totally as 600 is more than 420, critical angle of glass prism. The deviation of the ray will

at 1200.

In next example, the angle of prism is 900 and the other angles are 300 and 600.

The ray of light is entering the prism at 00 angle of incidence, going without deviation at

first surface but at second surface it will undergo TIR, as the first angle is 600, so it will

deviate at this angle which is more than critical angle. So, it will show TIR. At third

surface, the angle will be same as the last angle at the top. And this angle which 300, is

less than 420, its critical angle, hence it will show refraction. Light ray is passing from

denser to rarer medium, so it will go away from normal.

We have few more examples, you may see and try to understand in your book.

Question: What is the difference between TIR and Reflection from a plane mirror.

Answer

1. Reflection of light rays occur at any boundary between two optical media. Total

internal reflection occurs only when some conditions are met.

2. Reflection of light rays occurs when a light ray travels from a lighter medium to

a denser medium also. But Total Internal reflection occurs only when light travels

from a denser medium to a lighter medium.

3. Reflection occurs for any angle of incidence between 0° and 90°. Total internal

reflection occurs only if the angle of incidence is more than the critical angle

between the two media.

4. Only a part of the total energy in the light is reflected during the normal reflection.

Part of it is scattered and part of it is refracted. In total internal reflection all the light is

reflected.

5. Intensity of the light is more and the objects shine brilliantly in total internal

reflection as compared to ordinary reflection. Diamonds sparkle due to total internal

reflection. Normal reflection images are less bright.

6. Reflection of light does not depend on the refractive index of the medium on which it

is incident. Total internal reflection depends on the refractive indices of both

Question: Study this digram.

The Sparkle of Diamonds

Figure . Light cannot easily escape a diamond, because its critical angle with air is so small.

Most reflections are total, and the facets are placed so that light can exit only in particular

ways—thus concentrating the light and making the diamond sparkle.

Total internal reflection, coupled with a large index of refraction, explains why diamonds

sparkle more than other materials. The critical angle for a diamond-to-air surface is only

24.4º, and so when light enters a diamond, it has trouble getting back out. (See Figure.)

Although light freely enters the diamond, it can exit only if it makes an angle less than

24.4º. Facets on diamonds are specifically intended to make this unlikely, so that the light

can exit only in certain places. Good diamonds are very clear, so that the light makes

many internal reflections and is concentrated at the few places it can exit—hence the

sparkle. (Zircon is a natural gemstone that has an exceptionally large index of refraction,

but not as large as diamond, so it is not as highly prized. Cubic zirconia is manufactured

and has an even higher index of refraction (≈2.17), but still less than that of diamond.)

The colors you see emerging from a sparkling diamond are not due to the diamond’s

color, which is usually nearly colorless. Those colors result from dispersion, the topic

of Dispersion: The Rainbow and Prisms. Colored diamonds get their color from

structural defects of the crystal lattice and the inclusion of minute quantities of graphite

and other materials.

Class 10 Chemistry Worksheet-14

Contact Process

Industrial preparation of H2SO4

The contact process is the current method of producing sulfuric acid in the high

concentrations needed for industrial processes. Platinum was initially used as the catalyst

for this reaction; however, as it is susceptible to reacting with arsenic impurities in the

sulfur feedstock, vanadium(V) oxide (V₂O₅) is now preferred.

Equations for contact process

Step 1: Making sulfur dioxide

This can either be made by burning sulfur in an excess of air:

S(s)+O2(g)→SO2(g)

or by heating sulfide ores like pyrite in an excess of air:

4FeS2 (s)+11O2 (g)→2Fe2O3(s)+8SO2

In either case, an excess of air is used so that the sulfur dioxide produced is already mixed

with oxygen for the next stage.

Step 2: Converting sulfur dioxide into sulfur trioxide

This is a reversible reaction and exothermic.

2SO2(g)+O2(g)⇌2SO3(g)ΔH=−196kJ/ mol

A flow scheme for this part of the process looks like this:

The reasons for all these conditions will be explored in detail further down the page.

Step 3: Converting sulfur trioxide into sulfuric acid

This cannot be done by simply adding water to the sulfur trioxide; the reaction is so

uncontrollable that it creates a fog of sulfuric acid. Instead, the sulfur trioxide is first

dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid:

H2SO4(l)+SO3(g)→H2S2O7

The product is known as fuming sulfuric acid or oleum, which can then be reacted safely

with water to produce concentrated sulfuric acid - twice as much originally used to make

the fuming sulfuric acid.

H2S2O7 + H2O(l)→2H2SO4

Class 10 Biology Worksheet-14

PHOTOSYNTHESIS CONTD

Factors affecting photosynthesis

There are several ways of measuring the rate of photosynthesis in the laboratory.

These include:

the rate of oxygen output

the rate of carbon dioxide uptake

the rate of carbohydrate (glucose) production

These are not perfect methods as the plant will also be respiring, which will use up

some oxygen and carbohydrate and increase carbon dioxide output.

Several factors can affect the rate of photosynthesis:

1. light intensity

2. carbon dioxide concentration

3. temperature

The amount of chlorophyll also affects the rate of photosynthesis:

1. plants in lighting conditions unfavourable for photosynthesis synthesise more

chlorophyll, to absorb the light required

2. the effects of some plant diseases affect the amount of chlorophyll, and therefore the

ability of a plant to photosynthesise, such as downy mildew in grape vines

Light intensity

Without enough light, a plant cannot photosynthesise very quickly - even if there

is plenty of water and carbon dioxide and a suitable temperature.

Increasing the light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis, until some other

factor - a limiting factor - becomes in short supply

At very high light intensities, photosynthesis is slowed and then inhibited, but

these light intensities do not occur in nature.

Carbon dioxide concentration

Carbon dioxide – with water – is one of the reactants in photosynthesis.

If the concentration of carbon dioxide is increased, the rate of photosynthesis will

therefore increase.

Again, at some point, a different factor may become limiting. Beyond this concentration,

further increases in the concentration of carbon dioxide will not result in a faster rate of

photosynthesis, and would appear on a graph as a horizontal line.

Temperature

The chemical reactions that combine carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose

are controlled by enzymes. As with any other enzyme-controlled reaction, the rate

of photosynthesis is affected by temperature.

At low temperatures, the rate of photosynthesis is limited by the number of

molecular collisions between enzymes and substrates. At high temperatures,

enzymes are denatured.

Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll absorbs the light required to convertcarbon dioxide and water into

glucose.

Chlorophyll is green - so absorbs the red and blue parts of the electromagnetic

spectrum and reflects the green part of the spectrum

Class 10 Commercial Studies Worksheet-13

BANKING (CONT)

CHAPTER: 14

E-BANKING

E-banking is a product designed for the purposes of online banking that enables you to

have easy and safe access to your bank account. E-banking is a safe, fast, easy and

efficient electronic service that enables you access to bank account and to carry

out online banking services, 24 hours a day, and 7 days a week.

ATM(AUTOMATED TELLER MACHINE)

The electronic medium has always provided the innovative base to the banking

institutions in their progressive journey of providing better, safe, and easy services to the

customers. The earliest mode of transactions, the cheques, were first introduced in Indian

banking system by Bengal Bank in 1784. Then came ATMs in 1987. HSBC took the

initiative of introducing ATM in India. In India, ICICI introduced internet banking

facility.

The extensively used Electronic Banking service among customers in India is ATM.

Today ATM service is not confined to withdraw cash only as it was in the beginning.

Customers use this facility for various other purposes including

To enquire about account balance

To get bank statement of a limited period of time

Customers can use ATMs for changing PIN.

Customers can also use ATMs to deposit Cash

Customers can use ATMs to deposit cheques

Customers can use ATMs to transfer amount to other bank accounts

Customers can make Credit Card Payments

DEBIT CARD

A debit card is a payment card that deducts money directly from a consumer's checking

account to pay for a purchase. Debit cards eliminate the need to carry cash or physical

checks to make purchases directly from your savings.

Debit Card is a card which is linked to your (savings/current) bank account. You already

should have funds into your account to be able to perform a transaction using a debit

card on any terminal(ATM/POS(POINT OF SALE)/E-COMMERCE). Examples of debit

cards : Visa debit.

CREDIT CARD

Anybody having good reputation can obtain a credit card from a bank. A person need not

have money in his bank to get a credit card. Rather it is a type of overdraft facility. The

name , photo, signatures of the customers, the name of issuing bank and the date of

validity are inscribed on the credit card. The cardholder can buy goods and services with

the help of credit card. He keeps on depositing the money used as per the agreement with

the bank.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DEBIT CARD AND CREDIT CARD

PRECAUTIONS FOR USE OF DEBIT / CREDIT CARD

Do sign your card on the backside, immediately on receipt from the bank.

Always erase the 3-digit CVV number on the backside of the card. Memorize it

for your use.

Do not share your Credit / Debit Card numbers, PIN number with anyone, not

even with the bank officials.

Do not write down your PIN number anywhere. Memorize it.

Do not share your OTP (One Time Password) with anyone over phone or mail.

Do not carry out financial transactions while using public networks, i.e., Internet

café, free Wi-Fi, etc.,

While using ATMs, make sure that you shield keypad of ATM with your hand

while entering your PIN.

Ensure that merchants swipe your card in your presence in their Point of Sale

(POS) terminals. Shield the POS PIN pad while entering your PIN.

Avoid using ATMs located in isolated or dimly lit places without security.

Do not crumple and throw away the ATM transaction slips. The information

printed in the slip can be misused. Always destroy the transaction slips into small

pieces and then throw them into the trash.

Do not use ATM where the card reader appears to be tampered with, i.e., broken,

scratched, damaged, sticky with glue, has extra wiring or loose parts around the

slot, difficulty in inserting the card, etc., Look for any camera / blinking light in

the close vicinity.

Do not delay to report a lost Debit / Credit Card as the consequences can be

adverse.

Do change your PIN numbers as often as convenient.

Register for SMS and E-mail alerts, whenever your account is accessed or debited.

Verify the transactions in your bank statement regularly to identify suspicious

transactions.

FINANCIAL FRAUDULENT PRACTICES

1. Credit card fraud: Credit card fraud is when someone uses your credit

card or credit account to make a purchase you didn't authorize. ... If you lose your credit

card or have it stolen, it can be used to make purchases or other transactions, either in

person or online.

Fraudsters can also steal your credit card account number, PIN and security code to make

unauthorized transactions, without needing your physical credit card. (Unlawful

transactions like these are known as card-not-present fraud.)

2. False Accounting fraud: False accounting fraud happens when company assets

are overstated or liabilities are understated in order to make a business appear

financially stronger than it really is. False accounting fraud involves an employee or an organisation altering, destroying or

defacing any account; or presenting accounts from an individual or an organisation so

they don’t reflect their true value or the financial activities of that company.

False accounting can take place for a number of reasons:

to obtain additional financing from a bank

to report unrealistic profits

to inflate the share price

to hide losses

to attract customers by appearing to be more successful than you are

to achieve a performance-related bonus

3. Insurance fraud: Insurance fraud is an illegal act on the part of either the buyer or

seller of an insurance contract. Insurance fraud from the issuer (seller) includes selling

policies from non-existent companies, failing to submit premiums, and churning policies

to create more commissions. Buyer fraud can consist of exaggerated claims, falsified

medical history, post-dated policies, faked death or kidnapping, and murder.

4. Intellectual Property fraud: Intellectual property fraud is a type of fraud that

involves property that is protected under copyright, trademark, patent, or trade

secret laws. There is a wide range of activities that can constitute intellectual property

fraud. In some cases, the fraud may have to do with one party illegally obtaining access

to protected material. This is basically a theft of the intellectual property, which is usually

achieved through misrepresentation or deceit.

In other cases, the fraud may have to do with more technical aspects, such as the

registration of the intellectual property. Intellectual property fraud schemes are

sometimes called “intellectual property scams.”

Here are five different ways to protect your intellectual property. Register copyrights, trademarks, and patents.

Register business, product or domain names.

Create confidentiality, non-disclosure or licensing contracts for employees and

partners.

Implement security measures.

Avoid joint ownership.

5. Internet and Cyber fraud:

This type of fraud involves a computer and a network. A cyber crime can be defined as”

an offence that is committed against an individual or group of individuals with a motive

to deliberately harm the reputation of the victim or cause physical or mental harm/loss to

the victim directly or indirectly by using modern telecommunication networks such as

Internet and mobile phones.

Cyber crime can threaten the financial health and reputation of a person, an organization

and even the nation.

Child pornography, hacking, crime against women are few examples of such crimes.

Q1. What is E-banking?

Q2. What is the difference between debit card and credit card?

Q3. Write any five precautions taken against the use of debit card and credit card.

Q4. What is Intellectual Property fraud ?

Q5. What do you understand by credit card fraud and internet and cyber fraud?

ANSWER KEY OF PREVIOUS WORKSHEET (BANKING(CONT))

Ans:1 This fund transfer method ensures that the money is sent in ‘real time’ without any

delay. The minimum amount for this transaction is Rs 2 lakh, and there is no cap on the

maximum amount that can be transferred. The transfer happens on a real-time basis

throughout the RTGS business hours, which are 9 am to 4.30 pm on weekdays, and 9 am

to 2 pm on Saturdays. It takes approximately thirty minutes for the money to be credited

into the account of the beneficiary.

Ans:2 The NEFT stands for National Electronic Funds Transfer. It is a prominent

electronic fund transfer system wherein the money can be transferred to any account in

one bank from any other bank account. It is the most suitable mode of online payment

which is available at a cheaper rate and the settlement time is quite less as compared to

other modes of payment. There is no maximum and minimum limit of money, that you

can transfer through NEFT, in fact even Re 1 can be transferred using this facility. There

are no charges for the inward payments.

Ans:3 A mobile wallet stores credit card, debit card, coupons, or reward cards

information. Once the app is installed and the user inputs payment information, the wallet

stores this information by linking a personal identification format such as a number or

key, QR code or an image of the owner to each card that is stored. Paytm is one of the

most popular mobile wallets in India that offers users an online payment platform for

secure transactions.

Ans:4 Immediate Payment Service is an instant payment inter-bank electronic funds

transfer system in India. IMPS offers an inter-bank electronic fund transfer service

through mobile phones. Unlike RTGS, the service is available 24x7 throughout the year

including bank holidays.

Ans:5

BASIS FOR

COMPARISON

NEFT RTGS

Meaning NEFT is a system of online money

transfer where the payment is made in

near real time basis.

RTGS is an electronic payment

system where the funds are

transferred at the same time

when the transaction took

place.

Introduced in 2005 2004

Business Hours On all working days (except 2nd & 4th

Saturday) 8:00 am to 7:00pm

On all working days (except

2nd & 4th Saturday) 9:00 am

to 4:30pm

Settlement cycle 12 Settlements in a working day Continuous Settlement

Operates on Hourly batches Real time

Ceiling limit No such limit, but the maximum amount

per transaction is restricted to Rs. 50,000

(for cash based payment within the

country and payments to Nepal).

Minimum - 2 lakh, Maximum -

No limit

Appropriate for Small value transaction High value transaction

Processing Comparatively Slow Fast

***************************************************************************************************

Class 10 Maths Worksheet-14

REFLECTION

Some important results:

(1) The line x=0 is the y-axis.

(2) The line y=0 is the x-axis.

(3) The line x = a is a line parallel to y-axis at a distance ‘a’ from it.

(4) The line y = b is a line parallel to x-axis at a distance ‘b’ from it.

IMAGE OF AN OBJECT IN A MIRROR : When an object is placed in front of a plane

mirror then its image is formed at the same distance behind the mirror as the distance of

the object from the mirror Let us consider a point P(x,y). See the reflection of this point

in x-axis ,y-axis ,origin .

So reflection of P (x, y) in x-axis is P’(x,-y)

So in reflection of P (x, y) in y-axis is P’’ (-x, y)

So reflection of P(x, y) in the origin is P’’’ (-x,-y)

For example: The point here P (2, 3) reflected in x-axis has the image P’ (2,-3), reflected

in y-axis has the image P’’ (-2, 3), reflected in origin P’’’ (-2,-3)

Inavariant points:

A point P is said to be invariant in a given line if the image of P (x,y) in that line is the

same. It means the image of a point remains the same after reflection.

For eg: The image of a point (5,0) underreflection in x-axis will be the same (5,0). Here

the point (5,0) is said to be an invariant point .

Collinear points

Points lying on the same line are called collinear points .

Line of symmetry

Line of symmetry is the line which divides the given geometrical figure in 2 equal halves.

Example 1:

State the co-ordinates of the following points under reflection in x-axis:

(i) (3, 2)

(ii) (-5, 4)

(iii) (0, 0)

Solution:

(i) (3, 2)

The co-ordinate of the given point under reflection in the x-axis is (3, -2).

(ii) (-5, 4)

The co-ordinate of the given point under reflection in the x-axis is (-5, -4).

(iii) (0, 0)

The co-ordinate of the given point under reflection in the x-axis is (0, 0)

Example 2:

State the co-ordinates of the following points under reflection in y-axis:

(i) (6, -3)

(ii) (-1, 0)

(iii) (-8, -2)

Solution:

(i) (6, -3)

The co-ordinate of the given point under reflection in the y-axis is (-6, -3).

(ii) (-1, 0)

The co-ordinate of the given point under reflection in the y-axis is (1, 0).

(iii) (-8, -2)

The co-ordinate of the given point under reflection in the y-axis is (8, -2).

Example 3:

State the co-ordinates of the following points under reflection in origin:

(i) (-2, -4)

(ii) (-2, 7)

(iii) (0, 0)

Solution:

(i) (-2, -4)

The co-ordinate of the given point under reflection in origin is (2, 4).

(ii) (-2, 7)

The co-ordinate of the given point under reflection in origin is (2, -7).

(iii) (0, 0)

The co-ordinate of the given point under reflection in origin is (0, 0).

Example 4

State the co-ordinates of the following points under reflection in the line x = 0:

(i) (-6, 4)

(ii) (0, 5)

(iii) (3, -4)

Solution:

(i) (-6, 4)

The co-ordinate of the given point under reflection in the line x = 0 is (6, 4).

(ii) (0, 5)

The co-ordinate of the given point under reflection in the line x = 0 is (0, 5).

(iii) (3, -4)

The co-ordinate of the given point under reflection in the line x = 0 is (-3, -4).

Example 5:

(a) Plot A (3, 2) and B (5, 4) on graph paper. Take 2 cm = 1 unit on both the axes.

(b) Reflect A and B in the x-axis to A' and B' respectively. Plot these points also on the

same graph paper.

(c) Write down:

(i) The geometrical name of the figure ABB'A';

(ii) The measure of angle ABB';

(iii) The image of A'' of A, when A is reflected in the origin.

(iv) The single transformation that maps A' to A''.

Solution:

(c)

(i) From graph, it is clear that ABB'A' is an isosceles trapezium.

(ii) The measure of angle ABB' is 45°.

(iii) A'' = (-3, -2)

(iv) Single transformation that maps A' to A" is the reflection in y-axis.

Example 6:

The point P (5, 3) was reflected in the origin to get the image P'.

(a) Write down the co-ordinates of P'.

(b) If M is the foot if the perpendicular from P to the x-axis, find the co-ordinates of M.

(c) If N is the foot if the perpendicular from P' to the x-axis, find the co-ordinates of N.

(d) Name the figure PMP'N.

(e) Find the area of the figure PMP'N.

Solution:

Example 7:

The point P (3, 4) is reflected to P' in the x-axis; and O' is the image of O (the origin)

when reflected in the line PP'. Write:

(i) The co-ordinates of P' and O'.

(ii) The length of the segments PP' and OO'.

(iii) The perimeter of the quadrilateral POP'O'.

(iv) The geometrical name of the figure POP'O'.

Solution:

(a) Co-ordinates of P' = (-5, -3)

(b) Co-ordinates of M = (5, 0)

(c) Co-ordinates of N = (-5, 0)

(d) PMP'N is a parallelogram.

(e) Are of PMP'N = 2 (Area of D PMN)

= 2 ×1

2× 10 × 3

= 30 sq. units

(i) Co-ordinates of P' and O' are (3, -4) and (6, 0) respectively.

(ii) PP' = 8 units and OO' = 6 units.

(iii) From the graph it is clear that all sides of the quadrilateral POP'O' are equal.

In right ∆PO'O,

PO' = √42+ 32 = 5 units

So, perimeter of quadrilateral POP'O' = 4 PO' = 4 5 units = 20 units

(iv) Quadrilateral POP'O' is a rhombus.

Assignment 14

Question 1

Complete the following table:

Point Transformation Image

(5, -7) (-5, 7)

(4, 2) Reflection in x-axis

Reflection in y-axis (0, 6)

(6, -6) (-6, 6)

(4, -8) (-4, -8)

Question 2

State the co-ordinates of the following points under reflection in the line y = 0:

(i) (-3, 0)

(ii) (8, -5)

(iii) (-1, -3)

Question 3

The triangle ABC, where A is (2, 6), B is (-3, 5) and C is (4, 7), is reflected in the y-axis

to triangle A'B'C'. Triangle A'B'C' is then reflected in the origin to triangle A''B''C''.

(i) Write down the co-ordinates of A'', B'' and C''.

(ii) Write down a single transformation that maps triangle ABC onto triangle A''B''C''

Question 4

Points (3, 0) and (-1, 0) are invariant points under reflection in the line L1; points (0, -3)

and (0, 1) are invariant points on reflection in line L2.

(i) Name or write equations for the lines L1 and L2.

(ii) Write down the images of the points P (3, 4) and Q (-5, -2) on reflection in line L1.

Name the images as P' and Q' respectively.

(iii) Write down the images of P and Q on reflection in L2. Name the images as P" and Q"

respectively.

(iv) State or describe a single transformation that maps P' onto P"

Question 5

(i) Plot the points A (3, 5) and B (-2, -4). Use 1 cm = 1 unit on both the axes.

(ii) A' is the image of A when reflected in the x-axis. Write down the co-ordinates of A'

and plot it on the graph paper.

(iii) B' is the image of B when reflected in the y-axis, followed by reflection in the origin.

Write down the co-ordinates of B' and plot it on the graph paper.

(iv) Write down the geometrical name of the figure AA'BB'.

(v) Name the invariant points under reflection in the x-axis.

Answers of Worksheet-13

1) (i) [ 6 −2−5 −3

] (ii) [ 7 −1 4 −12

]

2) [8 00 8

]

3) x = 3 and y = -10

4) [2 2

]

5) a = 3 , b = 9 and c = 3

6) A = [−8 4

−19 12]

7) [4 95 4

]

Class 10 Economics Worksheet-13

1. Define law of demand .

2. Give any three assumptions of demand curve .?

3. Why does demand curve slopes downward?

4. Give exceptions to the law of demand or Explain the reasons when the demand

curve can have a positive slope .

5. Distinguish between normal goods and inferior goods .

P.S- KINDLY GO THROUGH THE QUESTION BANK GIVEN AT THE END OF

THE CHAPTER.

ANSWER KEY OF WORKSHEET-12

1. According to PROF. ALFRED MARSHALL, “Demand schedule is a list of prices

and quantities”. In other words, a tabular statement of price-quantity relationship

between two variables is known as the demand schedule.

2.

3.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Class 10 Physical Education Worksheet-12

Chapter 4 Physical Fitness

Components of Physical Fitness

Physical fitness has various components. These components are described below.

1. Cardiovascular Endurance

2. Endurance (Stamina)

3. Strength

4. Flexibility

5. Speed

6. Power

7. Agility

8. Balance

9. Coordination

10. Accuracy

6. Power: Power is also known as explosive power or explosive strength. It can be

defined as the ability to overcome resistance with high speed. It is the combination

of strength and speed abilities. Explosive power is generally used in sprint starts,

weightlifting, shot-put, hammer throw, javelin throw, discus throw, long jump,

high jump, triple jump, pole-vault.

7. Agility: It is the ability of an individual to change or alter direction quickly,

efficiently and effectively during physical activity. In fact, agility refers to the

ability to rapidly change the position of entire body in space with speed and

accuracy. Zigzag running, skiing and wrestling are the best examples of activities

that require a lot of agility.

8. Balance: Balance is also a major component of physical fitness. It refers to the

maintenance of equilibrium while stationary or moving. It can also be defined as

ability to control the body’s position, either in stationary position or while moving.

Balance is required in most of the games and sports.

9. Coordination: Coordination is also a major component of physical fitness. It

relates to the ability to use the senses, such as sight and hearing, together with the

body parts in performing motor tasks smoothly, efficiently and accurately.

Smashing volleyball, hitting a cricket ball, batting a baseball, kicking a football

are suitable examples of activities requiring good coordination.

10. Accuracy: Accuracy is defined as the ability to control movement in a given

direction or at a given intensity. Accuracy is required in many sports such as

football, hockey, volleyball, cricket, basketball etc.

Factors Affecting Physical Fitness

The following factors usually affect the physical fitness of an individual or

sportsperson:

1. Heredity: Heredity plays a vital role in affecting the physical fitness. Heredity

decides the structure of a person. Slow twitch fibers (red fibers) and fast twitch

fibers (white fibers) also depend on heredity. If the percentage of STF is more, the

person will have more endurance, whereas if the percentage of FTF is more, the

person is likely to have more speed.

2. Environment: The environment, which includes climate, temperature, altitude,

social and cultural factors, affects the physical fitness of a person. The persons

who live in cold climate tens to have more physical fitness in comparison to the

persons who live in hot climate.

3. Nutrition: Nutrition is not only helpful in maintaining physical fitness but it also

improves the level of fitness. If proper nutrition is not taken it will have a negative

effect on the level of physical fitness. Improper nutrition may cause various types

of diseases or disorders such as cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes,

rickets, beri-beri, goiter, etc.

4. Training: Training plays a vital role in the level of physical fitness. If proper

facilities of training are provided, the level of fitness will be improved. If methods

of training are appropriate, they will be helpful in enhancing the level of physical

fitness.

5. Illness: Illness also affects the level of physical fitness. Long term illness like

tuberculosis, heart ailments, lung diseases, diabetes, diseases related to blood and

mental illness have negative effect on physical fitness of an individual.

6. Self-Motivation: Self-motivation or intrinsic motivation is a significant factor

which affects the physical fitness of an individual. If an individual is self-

motivated to adhere to regular training or exercises definitely, he’s likely to have

good level of –physical fitness. And it also helps in improving the level of

physical fitness of an individual.

7. Emotional Stability: Emotional stability is the capacity to maintain ones

emotional balance under stressful circumstances. Emotional stability has a positive

effect on the level of physical fitness of an individual, whereas, emotional

instability tend to reduce the level of physical fitness as well as performance of an

individual.

8. Lifestyle: If an individual adopts a healthy lifestyle, generally, he would have

good physical fitness. On the other hand, if an individual has sedentary lifestyle,

his physical fitness will decline. Active and healthy lifestyle is beneficial for good

level of physical fitness.

9. Posture: If an individual has various postural deformities like bow legs, knock-

knee, kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis etc., he cannot have a good level of physical

fitness. It means that such individuals may lack some level of speed, strength,

flexibility, endurance and coordinative abilities.

Questions

1. What do you mean by explosive power?

2. What do you mean by balance?

3. What do you mean by coordination?

4. What is agility?

5. Discuss accuracy as a component of physical fitness.

6. Enlist the factors affecting physical fitness and explain about any one factor in

brief.

7. How does nutrition affect physical fitness of a sports person? Explain.

8. How does heredity affect the physical fitness of an individual?

9. Does posture affect the level of physical fitness? Give your views.

10. “Training with regard to facilities and methods, affect physical fitness of a

sportsperson.” Give your views.

11. How does lifestyle affect the physical fitness of an individual? Explain.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

Class 10 Computer Application Worksheet-12

COMPUTER APPLICATION

CLASS – X

WORKSHEET – 12

A method is a block of code which only runs when it is called.

You can pass data, known as parameters, into a method.

Methods are used to perform certain actions, and they are also known as functions.

Why use methods? To reuse code: define the code once, and use it many times.

Create a Method

A method must be declared within a class. It is defined with the name of the method,

followed by parentheses (). Java provides some pre-defined methods, such

as System.out.println(), but you can also create your own methods to perform certain

actions:

Example

Create a method inside MyClass:

public class MyClass

{

static void myMethod()

{

// code to be executed

}

}

Example Explained

myMethod() is the name of the method

static means that the method belongs to the MyClass class and not an object of the

MyClass class. You will learn more about objects and how to access methods

through objects later..

void means that this method does not have a return value. You will learn more

about return values later in this chapter.

Call a Method

To call a method in Java, write the method's name followed by two parentheses () and a

semicolon;

In the following example, myMethod() is used to print a text (the action), when it is

called:

Example

Inside main, call the myMethod() method:

public class MyClass

{

static void myMethod()

{

System.out.println("I just got executed!");

}

public static void main(String[] args)

{

myMethod();

}

}

// Outputs "I just got executed!"

A method can also be called multiple times:

Example

public class MyClass

{

static void myMethod()

{

System.out.println("I just got executed!");

}

}

public static void main(String[] args)

{

myMethod();

myMethod();

myMethod();

}

}

// I just got executed!

// I just got executed!

// I just got executed!