The Pacific Flying Machines (PFM) Piston

NARAM 52 Research & Development

Pacific Flying Machines T-736

Bob Parks NAR 7871

Ryan G. Coleman NAR 59361

LUNAR Section 534

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-40

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Actual Floor Height

Altimeter Data

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0

50

100

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0 1 2 3 4 5

Time (seconds)

Alt

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ZV Floating Head Flight 2

Launch Rod Only

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90$'VX'1%$-;".+'4,)70+':-*'6$%='B/,$-&C':)+0'+0$'3"#$,'/"3)&7'"44'*+%-)70+8''90$'4,)70+':$&+'"6$%'NRG'4+<'0)70$%'+0-&'+0$'!;'N'-+'FRX'1%$-;".+<'*0":)&7'+0-+'+0$')3(%"6$3$&+*')&'/=,)&#$%'2.-,)+='-&#'%$*.,+)&7'1$++$%'*$-,*'-&#',":$%'4%)/+)"&'(-)#'"448''90)*'4,)70+'$?$/+$#'-+'%".70,='Y8QR'*$/"&#*'-4+$%'4)%*+'3"+)"&<')3(,=)&7'-'#$,-='+)3$'"4'-1".+'Y8R'*$/"&#*<'-1".+'+=()/-,'4"%'+0)*'$&7)&$8'

'90$'7""#'NFX'1%$-;".+'4,)70+':$&+'NIG'4+<'$?$/+$#'-+'Y8R'*$/"&#*<':0)/0')*'*,)70+,='*0"%+<'-&#':-*'6)*)1,=':$,,'1$4"%$'-("7$$8''90)*':-*')&'*()+$'"4'1$)&7',-.&/0$#'-+'%-+0$%'0)70'-&7,$'"4'-++-/;'#.$'+"'+0$'1./;,)&7'3"#$'"4'+0$'()*+)"&Z3"#$,'/"31)&-+)"&8'

K)&-,,=<'+0$'YGX'4,)70+'<':0),$')+'#)#'&"+'7"'-&='0)70$%'+0-&'+0$'NF&<')+'0-#'-'6$%='*0"%+'#$,-='+)3$'"4'.&#$%'Y'*$/"&#*8''A+':-*'6)*)1,=')&'-'dS_h'%-()#'/,)31'-&#':$,,'1$4"%$'-("7$$'-+'$?$/+)"&8''A+'

0

50

100

150

200

0 1 2 3 4 5

Time (seconds)

Alt

itu

de (

feet)

10N Mk1 Piston

35N Mk1 Piston

-(($-%*'4%"3'+0$'*,"($'"4'+0$'/.%6$'+"'0-6$'1$$&'-+'%".70,='RG'4(*<':0)/0')*'0)70$%'+0-&'+0$'1.%&".+'*($$#'"4'+0$'.&-**)*+$#'3"#$,8''A4'+0-+')*'+%.$<')+':".,#'0-6$'/"-*+$#'%".70,='-&"+0$%'RG'4+'+"'-("7$$<'%$*.,+)&7')&'-'YYG'4+'-,+)+.#$<':$,,'"6$%'#".1,$'+0$'($%4"%3-&/$'"4'+0$'5$%"'6",.3$'4,"-+)&7'0$-#'()*+"&':)+0'+0$'*-3$'3"#$,8'

!"#$%&'6'2*%3'1'4"+.5-'/,"#0.'.&+.+'

'

K)&-,,='-'(,"+'0)70,)70+)&7'-'/"3(-%)*"&'1$+:$$&'+0$'#)44$%$&+',-.&/0$%*')*'*0":&8'X"+$'+0-+'+0$'VX'!-%;'Y'3"#$,'7"$*'-',"+'0)70$%'+0-&'+0$'NGX'T-&#'FRXU'!-%;'N'()*+"&<')&#)/-+)&7'+0$'1$++$%'*$-,*'-&#',":$%'4%)/+)"&'"4'+0$'!-%;'Y'()*+"&8'

0

50

100

150

200

0 1 2 3 4 5

Time (seconds)

Alt

itu

de (

feet)

6N Mk2 Piston

13N Mk2 Piston Flight 1

20N Mk 2 Piston

13N Mk2 Piston Flight 2

!"#$%&'7'8594*%"+5-'5/':"//&%&-.',*$-;0&%+<'

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

X"+$'+0-+'+0$*$'6$,"/)+)$*'-%$':$,,'-1"6$'+0$'YG'+"'FR'4(*'*$(-%-+)"&'*($$#*'3$-*.%$#')&'(%$6)".*'%$("%+*'Ta%.&/0'[)%#*<'M-&#)*U<'-&#'+0$%$')*'%$-*"&'+"'$@($/+'+0-+'+0$'/"31)&-+)"&'"4'0)70$%'1%$-;".+'4"%/$'-&#'7""#'2.-,)+='*$-,*'/-&'7)6$'*+),,'0)70$%'($%4"%3-&/$'

Altitude vs Time for Various Launchers

0

50

100

150

200

0 1 2 3 4 5

Time (seconds)

Ali

tud

e (

feet) 6N Mk2 Piston

20N Mk 2 Piston

Tower Only

ZV Floating Head Flight 2

10N Mk1 Piston

!"#$%&'='8594*%"+5-'5/'05,:':5>-'/5%;&+'*-:'+&4*%*."5-'+4&&:+<'

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

90$'()*+"&'0-*'/$%+-)&,='3$+'+0$'7"-,*'"4'$,)3)&-+)&7'+0$'6$%='*.1?$/+)6$'4)+'%$2.)%$#'+"'(%"($%,='(%$('-'5$%"'6",.3$'()*+"&8'''

e%$(')*'?.*+'-'3-++$%'"4'(.++)&7')&'-'&"%3-,')7&)+$%<':)+0'+0$'.*.-,'(,.7<'*,)('+0$'3"#$,')&+"'+0$'()*+"&<'4,)('+0$',-+/0'/,"*$#<'0"";'.('+0$'/,)(*'-&#',-.&/08''90$'"&$'/"3(,)/-+)"&'+0-+':$'0-6$'&"+$#')*'+0-+'+0$'/=,)&#$%':-,,*'7$+'6$%='#)%+=<'-&#'3.*+'1$'/,$-&$#'-4+$%'$6$%='4,)70+8'

90$'"&$'+$*+'+0-+':-*'%.&'+:)/$':-*'+0$'NFX'!-%;'Y'()*+"&'+$*+<':0)/0'(%"#./$#'*+%);)&7,='#)44$%$&+'%$*.,+*')&'1"+0'*$(-%-+)"&'*($$#'-&#'-,+)+.#$8'90$'(%$*.3$#'%$-*"&'4"%'+0)*')*'+0-+'+0$'/=,)&#$%'+.1$':-*'#)%+='4%"3'Y'4,)70+'4-),.%$*'-&#':-*'.&4"%+.&-+$,='&"+'/,$-&$#8'90)*'-##)+)"&-,'

Separation Speed vs Hold Down

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Hold Down (Newtons)

Sep

arati

on

Sp

eed

(fe

et

per s

eco

nd

)

good mk 2

dirty mk 2

mk 1

tower

Linear (good mk 2)

4%)/+)"&'*+"(($#'+0$'()*+"&'+.1$'4%"3'4.,,'$@+$&*)"&'-&#':-*+$#'*"3$'"4'+0$'4"%/$'(%"#./$#'1='+0$'3"+"%'-&#'()*+"&8'

D$6$%-,'/%)+)/-,',$**"&*':$%$',$-%&$#':0),$'#$6$,"()&7'+0$'()*+"&8'K)%*+<'#"'&"+',$+'+0$'3"#$,'+),+'"&'+0$'()*+"&8''E.%'&$@+'%$6)*)"&':),,'0-6$'*0"%+'7.)#$'%-),*'-##$#'+"'+0$'()*+"&'0$-#8'D$/"&#<'+0$')7&)+$%')*'*+),,'/%)+)/-,<'/-%$'*0".,#'1$'+-;$&'+"'$&*.%$'+0-+'+0$'/,)(*'/-&'*,)('4%$$'"4'+0$')7&)+$%'-4+$%')7&)+)"&'*"'+0$')7&)+$%'-&#'/,)(*'#"'&"+'(%$6$&+'+0$'()*+"&'+.1$'4%"3'$@+$&#)&78'

>*'*0":&'1$'+0$'*+),,'4%-3$*'4%"3'+0$'6)#$"'+$*+)&7<'+0$'()*+"&'+.1$')*'*)7&)4)/-&+,='1$&#)&7<'*"'+0$'*+)44&$**'"4'+0$'()*+"&'+.1$')*')3("%+-&+8'>##)+)"&'"4'*"3$'/-%1"&'4)1$%'*0".,#'0$,('+0)*8'

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X"'(%$6)".*'_i^'%$("%+*'"&'+0)*'*.1?$/+'0-6$'1$$&'$&+$%$#'1='$)+0$%'-.+0"%8'_=-&'a",$3-&'0-*'$&+$%$#'_i^'%$("%+*'"&'"(+)3)5)&7'(-%-/0.+$*'-&#'$@-3)&)&7'%$-*"&*':0='0$-6)$%'3"+"%*'4,='0)70$%<'&"&$'"4':0)/0'0-*'-&='%$,-+)"&'+"'+0)*'%$("%+8'

E.B.$."(.0*gD'e-+$&+'FGIOFII<'!-='N]<NOVF<'_"/;$+'M-.&/0$%*<'#$*/%)1)&7'+0$'>+,-&+)/'_$*$-%/0'>_a>D'/,"*$#'1%$$/0',-.&/0$%8'90)*'(-+$&+'-,*"'*0":*'"*/),,-+"%='1$0-6)".%'"4'-'()*+"&',-.&/0$%<'-&#'+0$'.*$'"4'-##)+)"&-,')&)+)-,'6",.3$'+"'$,)3)&-+$'"*/),,-+)"&*8'

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A&6$*+)7-+)"&'"4'+0$'e0=*)/*'"4'+0$'l$%"'d",.3$'e)*+"&'M-.&/0$%<'L$"44%='M-&#)*<'j.,='NOQR8''^)*/.**$*'/"3(.+$%'*)3.,-+)"&'"4'()*+"&',-.&/0$%*<':)+0'*"3$'$@($%)3$&+-,'6$%)4)/-+)"&8''e%"6$#'+0$'$@)*+$&/$'"4'"*/),,-+"%='1$0-6)".%')&'()*+"&',-.&/0$%*8''S@+$&*)6$'1)1,)"7%-(0=':0)/0')*'&"+'%$(%"#./$#'0$%$8'

e%$**.%)5-+)"&'S44$/+'M-.&/0$%*8'9%)('[-%1$%<'j".%&-,'"4'+0$'!A9'_"/;$+'D"/)$+=, January 1974.

This report details the many forces and effects on pressurization effect launchers including standard

pistons, closed-breech launchers and zero volume pistons, including detailed equations for many

parameters. It suggests use of experimental measurements and computer simulations to determine

the correct parameters for any piston.

d$&+$#'e)*+"&'M-.&/0$%8'a0-#'_)&78'X>_>!'RG'_$*$-%/0'i'^$6$,"(3$&+'%$("%+8'YGGI8'A&'+0)*'%$("%+<'-'5$%"'6",.3$'()*+"&',-.&/0$%':-*'3"#)4)$#'*"'+0-+')+':-*')&)+)-,,='.&*$-,$#'-&#'/".,#'6$&+'.&+),'+0$'()*+"&'0-#'3"6$#'*)7&)4)/-&+,=<':0$%$')+'1$/-3$'*$-,$#'.&+),'+0$'4.,,'$@+$&*)"&':-*'%$-/0$#':0$%$')+':".,#'1%$-;'4%$$'"4'+0$'4%)/+)"&'4)+'-*'&"%3-,'5$%"'6",.3$'()*+"&*'#"8'>'*)7&)4)/-&+'-,+)+.#$')&/%$-*$':-*'%$("%+$#8'

FG')?5."#*6*D8()4)#).0*90$'4",,":)&7'$2.)(3$&+'-&#'4-/),)+)$*':$%$'.*$#'+"'1.),#'-&#'+$*+'+0$'&$:'()*+"&*\'

''J'N'3-/0)&$'*0"('(%"6)#$#'1='-&'-.+0"%'.*$#'4"%'3-;)&7'()*+"&'(-%+*'T,-+0$<'3),,<'#%),,<'*-:*U'

''J'M-.&/0'$2.)(3$&+'-&#'4)$,#*'(%"6)#$#'1='MgX>_'TM)6$%3"%$'g&)+'"4'+0$'X-+)"&-,'>**"/)-+)"&'"4'_"/;$+%=U'-&#''9aa'T9%)(",)'a$&+%-,'a-,)4"%&)-U8'

''J'a-*)"'SbJKcYR'0)70'*($$#'/-3$%-'Tm]GGU<'":&$#'1='"&$'-.+0"%'

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