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April 2010 BULLETIN NO. 24 ISSN 1520-3581 CONTENTS PACIFIC CIRCLE NEWS ........................................................................................ 2 HSS NEWS ................................................................................................................. 3 RECENT CONFERENCE REPORTS ..................................................................... 3 FUTURE MEETINGS, CONFERENCES, and CALLS FOR PAPERS ....................................................................................... 3 BOOK, JOURNAL, PUBLICATION and RESEARCH NEWS .......................... 5 SELECTED RECENT PACIFIC BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................. 6 BOOK REVIEWS .................................................................................................... 12 SUBSCRIPTION and STAFF INFORMATION .................................................. 21 THE PACIFIC CIRCLE
Transcript of THE PACIFIC CIRCLEthepacificcircle.com/wp-content/uploads/24.Apr10.pdf · 2018-05-11 · but not...
April 2010 BULLETIN NO. 24 ISSN 1520-3581
CONTENTS
PACIFIC CIRCLE NEWS ........................................................................................ 2
HSS NEWS ................................................................................................................. 3
RECENT CONFERENCE REPORTS ..................................................................... 3
FUTURE MEETINGS, CONFERENCES,and CALLS FOR PAPERS ....................................................................................... 3
BOOK, JOURNAL, PUBLICATION and RESEARCH NEWS .......................... 5
SELECTED RECENT PACIFIC BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................. 6
BOOK REVIEWS .................................................................................................... 12
SUBSCRIPTION and STAFF INFORMATION .................................................. 21
THE PACIFIC CIRCLE
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PACIFIC CIRCLE NEWS
Recent and Forthcoming Publications and Scholarly Activities by Circle Members
WarwickAnderson,“FromSubjugatedKnowledgetoConjugatedSubjects:ScienceandGlobalisation,orPostcolonialStudiesofScience?”Postcolonial Studies12:4(2009),389-400.
DavidF.Branagan,“TheGeologicalSocietyontheOtherSideoftheWorld,”apaperdeliveredtotheGeologicalSocietyofLondon.
DavidA.Feller,“DogFight:DarwinasAnimalAdvocateintheAnti-vivisectionControversyof1875,”Studies in History and Philosophy of Biology and Biomedical Sciences40(2009),265-271.
DonGarden,Droughts, Floods and Cyclones: El Niños That Shaped Our Colonial Past,Kew,Victoria:AustralianScholarlyPublishing,2010.
JohnGascoigne,“TheRoyalSociety,NaturalHistoryandthePeoplesofthe‘NewWorld(s),’1660-1800,”The British Journal for the History of Science42(2009),539-562.
DanielR.Headrick,Power over Peoples: Technology, Environments, and Western Imperialism, 1400 to the Present,Princeton,NJ:PrincetonUniversityPress,2010.
SandraHerbert,S.Gibson,D.Norman,D.Geist,G.Estes,T.Grant,andA.Miles,“IntotheFieldAgain:ReexaminingCharlesDarwin’s1835GeologicalWorkonIslaSantiago(JamesIsland)intheGalapagosArchipelago,”Earth Sciences History 28:1(2009),1-31.
RoyMacLeod,Archibald Liversidge, FRS: Imperial Science under the Southern Cross,Sydney:RoyalSocietyofNewSouthWalesandSydneyUniversityPress,2009.
MacLeod,“Oceania,”SarvepalliGopalandSergeiL.Tikhvinsky,eds.UNESCO History of Humanity: Scientific and Cultural Development, Volume VII.TheTwentiethCentury,NewYork:UNESCOandRoutledge,2009,788-798.
EricL.Mills,The Fluid Envelope of Our Planet: How the Study of Ocean Currents Became a Science,Toronto:UniversityofTorontoPress,2009.
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HSS NEWS
ThenextannualmeetingoftheHistoryofScienceSocietyisscheduledforNovember4-7,2010,inMontreal,Canada.ThiswillbeajointmeetingwiththePhilosophyofScienceAssociationandorganizersexpectmanyattendees.Additionalinformationisavailableathttp://www.hssonline.org.
RECENT CONFERENCE REPORTS
JanetGarberhasbeenkindenoughtofilethefollowingreportontheNovember2009AnnualMeetingoftheHistoryofScienceSociety,heldinPhoenix:
“Therewere16papersonthePacificregionplusfouronIndia…SixpapersonChinacoveredChinesemedicineinthe10th-12thcenturies,ChineseindifferencetoEuropeanculture,claimsoftheequivalenceofChineseandEuropeanmathematicsinthe17thcentury,thedevelopmentoftheChinesetypewriter,naturalhistoryin17th-18thcenturyChina,andGermanengineers,geology,andminingin19th-centuryChina.OnepaperconcernedDutchnaturalhistorycollectorsinSoutheastAsiaintheseventeenthcentury.SevenpapersonJapancovered18th-centurynaturalhistory,late19th-centuryJapanesetheoriesofsocialplanning,JapanesechemistryandtheRusso-JapaneseWarof1904-1905,thedevelopmentofahybridsilkworminthe1910s,late20th-centuryeugenics,thescienceofwhales,andresearchinChinaandKoreaunderJapaneseruleinthe1930s.Finally,onepaperconcernedengineersfromEuropeandtheU.S.workinginChileinthe19thcentury.SubjectsofpapersonIndiaincludednuclearandotherscience,railroads,andpsychology.InformationmaybeobtainedfromtheHistoryofScienceSociety,UniversityofFlorida,orwww.hssonline.org.”
FUTURE MEETINGS, CONFERENCES, and CALLS FOR PAPERS
29April–2May,2010.AnnualMeetingoftheAmericanAssociationfortheHistoryofMedicine,tobeheldonthecampusoftheMayoClinicinRochester,NewYork.Foradditionalinformation,pleasevisithttp://histmed.org.
12–16May2010.AnnualMeetingoftheNorthAmericanSocietyforOceanicHistory(NASOH),tobeheldattheUniversityofConnecticut–AveryPointandtheMysticSeaport.Thethemewillbe“MaritimeEnvironments”andpresentationswillexplorethescholarlycontextforcontemporaryoceaniccrises,including,butnotlimitedto,piracy,shippingpolicies,depletedfishstocks,andmarine
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safety.PleasedirectquestionstotheProgramCommittee:MatthewMcKenzie([email protected]),BrianPayne([email protected])andVicMastone([email protected]).
14May2010.SawyerSeminarSessionSeven:“HumanBiologyandHealthinthePacificField,”tobeheldattheUniversityofSydney.PapersconsiderhowWesternEuropeanandNorthAmericanintrusionsandempiresreshapedthePacific’sdiseaseenvironment,aswellasproducednewknowledgeaboutbothhumansandthepathologicalconsequencesoftheirmanyinterpersonalandecologicalinteractions.Foradditionalinformation,[email protected].
22–25June2010.ThirdInternationalConferenceonTheHistoryofMedicineinSoutheastAsia(HOMSEA2010),tobeheldinSingaporeandorganizedbytheDepartmentofHistory,STSResearchCluster&AsiaResearchInstitute(ARI)attheNationalUniversityofSingapore.Papersandpanelsfocusonthethemeof“NewMedicines,Markets,andtheDevelopmentofMedicalPluralism.”Thatthemewillexplorehowbothlocalandmetropolitanactorsintheregionhavecontributedhistoricallytothegrowthanddevelopmentofmedicalmarkets–traditional,colonialandpostcolonial.Papersandpanelswillfocusonaseriesoftopics,including:WomenandHealthinSoutheastAsia;MedicalPluralisminSoutheastAsia:AHistoricalPerspective;MedicalMarketsinSoutheastAsia;SoutheastAsianBiopoleis;andNewSources,NewMethodologies,NewHistoriographies.Forinformation,[email protected].
24–27June2010.NineteenthAnnualWorldHistoryAssociationConference,tobeheldattheSanDiegoMarriottMissionValley.Thethemesare“GenderinWorldHistory”and“ThePacificinWorldHistory.”Questions?Pleasevisitwww.thewha.org.
25June2010.SawyerSeminarSessionEight:“TheAntarcticLaboratory:Science,Culture,andtheLaw,”tobeheldattheUniversityofSydney.PleasecontactKatherineAndersonatkatherine.anderson@usyd.edu.au.
5–8July2010.EighthConferenceoftheEuropeanSocietyforOceanists,tobeheldinSt.Andrews,Scotland.Thethemeoftheconferenceis“ExchangingKnowledgeinOceania.”Questions?Pleasevisithttp://www.besiteproductions.com/esfo2010.
19–21August2010.FirstLatinAmericanRegionalConferenceoftheInternationalHistory,PhilosophyandScienceTeachingGroup(IHPSTLA),tobeheldatMaresiasintheStateofSa~oPaulo,Brazil.Themeetingwillbedevotedtopapersontheuseofhistoryandphilosophyofscienceinthetreatmentofpedagogical,curricularandtheoreticalproblemsinscienceteaching.Forinformation,pleasevisit:http://www.hpsstbrazil2010.org/IHPSTLA/index.html.
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7–9October2010.“Climate,EnvironmentandDisease:CrossingHistorico-GeographicalBoundaries,”TheFifthAsianSocietyfortheHistoryofMedicineConference,tobeheldinSuwon,SouthKorea.TheSocietylooksforwardtopapersandpanelsonthefollowing,amongothertopics:ComparativeEcologyofClimateandDiseasebetweentheEastandtheWest;Nature,HumanityandRace;AsianBlackDeathandGlobalEnvironment;LittleIceAge,GlobalWarmingandEpidemiologicalTransformation;TropicalDiseasesandHygiene;andtheRelationshipbetweenGlobalizationandNationalismintheMakingofModernMedicine.Pleaseaddressquestionsto:Jong-ChanLee,OrganizingCommitteeChair,DepartmentofMedicalHumanitiesandSocialMedicine,SchoolofMedicine,AjouUniversity,Suwon422721,RepublicofKorea.Email:[email protected].
4–8July2012.TheNinthInternationalCongressoftheHistoryofOceanography(IXHOIX),tobeheldinAthens,Greece.Forinformation,pleasecontactDr.GeorgeVlahakis,thelocalorganizer.Email:[email protected].
August2012.34thInternationalGeologicalCongress,tobeheldinBrisbane,Queensland.HighlightsincludeasymposiuminhonorofDavidF.Branaganandahistoryofgeologyintropicalregions.
BOOK, JOURNAL, and PUBLICATION NEWS
KatharineAnderson’sThe Narrative of the Beagle Voyage,1831–1836,willprovidethefirstcriticalversionofCaptainRobertFitzRoy’sNarrative.ThefourvolumeswillbepublishedbyPickeringandChattoinJune2011.
Signals 89(December2009–February2010),theofficialjournaloftheAustralianNationalMaritimeMuseum,includesthefollowingarticlesofpossibleinteresttoCirclemembersandreaders:“OmaiRelicsfromtheFurneauxCollection,”pp.10-15andMichaelDyer,“WhalingLinkedOurNations,”pp.34-39.
Polar Record46:1(2010)isaspecialissueentitled“50YearsOn:InvitedReflectionsontheAntarcticTreaty,”andincludeseightshorter“reflections,”aswellastwolongerresearcharticlesonthattheme.
Isis100:3(September2009)includedaspecial“Focus”sectionon“DarwinasaCulturalIcon.”JamesSecord(CambridgeUniversity)providedthe“Introduction”totheseriesofarticles,includingJanetBrowne’s“LookingatDarwin:PortraitsandtheMakingofanIcon,”pp.542-570andAresonClark’s“‘YouareHere:’MissingLinks,ChainsofBeing,andtheLanguageofCartoons,”pp.571-589.
TheRoyalSocietyhasgenerouslymadeavailableonlineandfreeofchargemanyjournalsandpublications,includingbothhistoricalandcurrentones.Theycan
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befoundathttp://royalsocietypublishing.org/journals.
East Asian Science, Technology, and Society: An International Journal3:23(2009)isaspecialdoubleissueon“EmergentStudiesofScienceandTechnologyinSoutheastAsia.”Theissue’sguesteditorsareWarwickAnderson,SuzanneMoon,andSulfikarAmir.Articlescoveravarietyofissues,includingpublichealth,medicine,botany,andtheantinuclearmovement.Forfurtherinformation,pleasevisit:http://www/springerlink.com/content/120877/.
TheEuropeanPhilosophyofScienceAssociation(EPSA)ispleasedtoannounceitsnewjournal,The European Journal for Philosophy of Science(EJPS).Thejournalwillbepublishedthreetimesperyear,startinginJanuary2011.Submissionsinallareasofthephilosophyofsciencecanbetransmittedviatheportalat:http://www.editorialmanager.com/epsa.
TheNeedhamResearchInstitute(includingtheEastAsianHistoryofScienceLibrary)atCambridgeUniversityregularlypublishesanewsletter,whichmightincludematerialofinteresttoCirclemembers.Thenewsletterisonlineat:http://www.nri.org.uk/newsletterhome.html.
TheCentersforDiseaseControlandEradicationandEmoryUniversityannounceanewwebsitedevotedtodocumentingandpreservingpublichealthhistory.Theemphasiswillbeonoralhistories,unpublisheddocuments,photographs,andartifacts.Thesiteisglobalhealthchronicles.org.
SELECTED RECENT PACIFIC BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS and BOOK CHAPTERS
Aphrodite’s Island: The European Discovery of Tahiti, byAnne Salmond,Berkeley,CA:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,2010.
Birds of Borneo: Brunei, Sabah, Sarawak, and Kalimantan,bySusan Myers,Princeton,NJ:PrincetonUniversityPress,2009[Princeton Field Guides Series].
Darwin in Galapagos: Footsteps to a New World,byK. Thalia GrantandGregory B. Estes,Princeton,NJ:PrincetonUniversityPress,2009.
History of Oceanography: Papers of the 4th International Conference,ed.byVictor Stryjuk,Kaliningrad:MuseumoftheWorldOcean,2009.
Leprosy and Empire: A Medical and Cultural History,byRod Edmond,NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress,2009[Cambridge Social and Cultural Histories Series].
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A Maritime History of Baja California,byEdward W. Vernon,prefacebyRodney J. Taylor,Albuquerque,NM:UniversityofNewMexicoPress,2009.
Na Manu Kai: Hawaiian Birds of the Sea,byRobert J. Shallenberger,Honolulu:HI:UniversityofHawai‘iPress,2009.
A Photographic Guide to the Birds of Hawai‘i: The Main Islands and Offshore Waters,byJim Denny,Honolulu,HI:UniversityofHawai‘iPress,2009.
Plants of the Canoe People: An Ethnobotanical Voyage Through Polynesia,byW. Arthur Whistler,Honolulu:UniversityofHawai‘iPress,2009.
ARTICLES and ESSAYS
“AccuracyofGenomicSelectionUsingStochasticSearchVariableSelectioninAustralianHolsteinFriesianDairyCattle,”byKlara L. Verbyla, Ben J. Hayes, Philip J. Bowman, and Michael E. Goddard,Genetics Research91(2009),307-311.
“AnAssessmentofPhysiologicalEffectsofSystemofRiceIntensification(SRI)PracticesComparedwithRecommendedRiceCultivationPracticesinIndia,”byA. K. Thakur, Norman Uphoff, and Edna Antony,Experimental Agriculture46(2010),77-98.
“AsymmetricHybridizationinRhododendronagastum:AHybridTaxonComprisingMainlyF1sinYunnan,China,”byHong-Guang Zha, Richard I. Milne, and Hang Sun,Annals of Botany105:1(2010),89-100.
“Australia’sGreatCometHunter,”byRagbir Bhathal,News and Reviews in Astronomy and Geophysics51:1(2010),1.23-1.25.
“ClassicLocalitiesExplained,3:TheKarstLandsofSouthernChina,”byTony Waltham,Geology Today25:6(2009),232-238.
“ClassificationandDiversityofSacredandAmericanNelumboSpecies:TheGeneticRelationshipsofFloweringLotusCultivarsinJapanUsingSSRMarkers,”byNakao Kubo, Masashi Hirai, Akio Kaneko, Daizo Tanaka, and Kumaji Kasumi,Plant Genetic Resources 7(2009),260-270.
“ComparativeFlightPerformanceofThreeImportantPestAdelphocorisSpeciesofBtCottoninChina,”byY. H. Lu, K. M. Wu, K. A. G. Syckhuys, and Y. Y. Guo,Bulletin of Entomological Research99:6(2009),543-550.
“AComparisonofAlternativePlantMixesforConservationBioControlbyNativeBeneficialArthropodsinVegetableCroppingSystemsinQueensland,Australia,”byS. A. Qureshi, D. J. Midmore, S. S. Syeda, and D. J. Reid,Bulletin of Entomological Research100(2010),67-73.
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“Corrigendum:GeometricalFiguresandGeneralityinAncientChinaandBeyond:LiuHuiandZhaoShuang,PlatoandThabitibnQurra,”byKarine Chemla,Science in Context22:4(2009),647-650.
“CrossandSelf-FertilizationofPlants—Darwin’sExperimentsandWhatWeKnowNow,”bySimon J. OwensandRenee Miller,Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society161:4(2009),357-395.
“CrypticSpecies,GeneRecombinationandHybridizationintheGenusSpiraeanthemum(Cunoniaceae)fromNewCaledonia,”byYohan Pillon, Helen C. F. Hopkins, Jerome Munzinger, Hamid Amir,andMark W. Chase,Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society161:2(2009),137-152.
“CytotypeDiversityandGenomeSizeVariationinEasternAsianPolyploidCardamine(Brassicaceae)Species,”byKarol Marhold, Hiroshi Kudoh, JaeHong Park, Kuniaki Watanabe, Stanislav Spaniel, and Judita Lihova,Annals of Botany105:2(2010),249-264.
“DageletandDawes:TheirMeeting,TheirInstrumentsandtheFirstScientificExperimentsonAustralianSoil,”byDoug MorrisonandIvan Barko,Historical Records of Australian Science,20(2009),1-40.
“DarwinandSeeds,”byMichael Black,Seed Science Research19:4(2009),193-199.
“De/GeneticizingCaste:PopulationGeneticResearchinSouthAsia,”byYulia Egorova,Science as Culture18:4(2009),417-434.
“DetritalZirconAgesandHfNdIsotopicCompositionofNeoproterozoicSedimentaryRocksintheYangtzeBlock:ConstraintsontheDepositionAgeandProvenance,”byWei Wang, Fang Wang, Fukun Chen, Xiyan Zhu, Ping Xiao, and Wolfgang Siebel,The Journal of Geology118(2010),79-94.
“EcologyandManagementofExoticandEndemicAsianLonghornedBeetleAnoplophora Glabripennis,”byJiafu Hu, Sergio Angeli, Stefan Schueltz, Youqing Luo, and Ann E. Hajek,Agricultural and Forest Entomology11:4(2009),359-375.
“EffectivePollinatorsofAsianSacredLotus(Nelumbo nucifera):ContemporaryPollinatorsMayNotReflecttheHistoricalPollinationSyndrome,”byJiao-Kun LiandShuang-Quan Huang,Annals of Botany104:5(2009),845-851.
“ForestHistoryandtheGreatDivergence:China,Japan,andtheWestCompared,”byOsamu Saito,Journal of Global History4(2009),379-404.
“FruitsandLeavesofUlmusfromthePaleogeneofFushun,NortheasternChina,”byQing Wang, Steven R. Manchester, Chengsen Li, and Baoyin Geng,International Journal of Plant Sciences171:2(2010),221-226.
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“InflorescenceMorphologyandSystematicsoftheGenusThotteaRottb.(Aristolochiaceae)fromtheWesternGhats,India,”byP. N. Shiju and N. Omanakumari,Systematics and Biodiversity7(2009),445-451.
“Lagokarpos lacustris,aNewWingedFruitfromthePaleogeneofWesternNorthAmerica,”byDanette M. McMurran and Steven R. Manchester,International Journal of Plant Sciences171:2(2010),227-234.
“TheLeprosyAsyluminIndia:1886–1947,”byJo Robertson,Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences64:4(2009),474-517.
“MeaslesandtheSpatio-TemporalStructureofModernJapan,”byAkihito Suzuki,The Economic History Review62:4(2009),828-856.
“MedicalModernizationandMedicalNationalism:ResistancetoMassTuberculosisVaccinationinPostcolonialIndia,1948–1955,”byChristian W. McMillen and Niels Brimnes,Comparative Studies in Society and History52(2010),180-209.
“MesoproterozoicSulphidicOcean,DelayedOxygenationandEvolutionofEarlyLife:SulphurIsotopeCluesfromIndianProterozoicBasins,”byA. Sarkar, P. P. Chakraborty, B. Mishra, M. K. Bera, P. Sanyal, and S. Paul,Geological Magazine147(2010),206-218.
“MetazoanEndoparasitesof14SpeciesofSkinks(Squamata:Scincidae)fromPapuaNewGuinea,”byStephen R. Goldberg, Charles R. Bursey, and Fred Kraus,Journal of Natural History44:78(2010),447-467.
“ANewGenusandNewSpecies(Orthoptera:Acrididae:Gomphocerinae)fromsoutheastXizang,China,”byZhe-Min Zheng, Shao-Li Mao, and Fu-Ming Shi,Journal of Natural History44:56(2010),301-306.
“NewPaleomagneticandStable-IsotopeResultsfromtheNanxiongBasin,China:ImplicationsfortheK/TBoundaryandtheTimingofPaleoceneMammalianTurnover,”byWilliam C. Clyde, Suyin Ting, Kathryn E. Snell, Gabriel J. Bowen, Yongsheng Tong, Paul L. Koch, Qian Li, and Yuanqing Wang,The Journal of Geology118:2(2010),131-143.
“ANewSpeciesofRiedelia(Zingiberaceae)fromPapua,Indonesia,”byM. F. Newman,Edinburgh Journal of Botany67(2010),65-68.
“PalaeoscolecidScleritomeFragmentswithHadimopanellaPlatesfromtheEarlyCambrianofSouthAustralia,”byTimothy P. Topper, Glenn A. Brock, Christian B. Skovsted, and John R. Paterson,Geological Magazine 147(2010),86-97.
“PhenotypicandMolecularDiversityAmongLandracesofSnapmelon(Cucumismelovar.momordica)AdaptedtotheHotandHumidTropicsofEastern
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India,”byN. P. S. Dhillon, Jugpreet Singh, Mohamed Fergany, Antonio J. Monforte, and A. K. Sureja,Plant Genetic Resources7(2009),291-300.
“PlantMorphometricTraitsandClimateGradientsinNorthernChina:AMetaanalysisUsingQuadratandFloraData,”byTing-Ting Meng, Jian Ni, and Sandy P. Harrison,Annals of Botany104:6(2009),1217-1229.
“PlantWaterUseAffectsCompetitionforNitrogen:WhyDroughtFavorsInvasiveSpeciesinCalifornia,”byKatherine Everard, Eric W. Seabloom, W. Stanley Harpole, and Claire de Mazancourt,The American Naturalist175(2009),85-97.
“ThePostcranialSkeletonofMonolophosaurus jiangi (Dinosauria:Theropoda)fromtheMiddleJurassicofXinjiang,China,andareviewofMiddleJurassicChineseTheropods,”byZhao Xi-Jin, Roger B. J. Benson, Stephen L. Brusatte, and Philip J. Currie,Geological Magazine147(2010),13-27.
“ProducingandUsingthe‘HistoricalRelationofCeylon:’RobertKnox,theEastIndiaCompanyandtheRoyalSociety,”byAnna Winterbottom,The British Journal for the History of Science42(2009),515-538.
“ProjectionsoftheRevolutionaryNation:FrenchExpeditionsinthePacific,1791–1803,”byCarol E. Harrison,Osiris24(2009),33-52.
“ARevisionofBegoniaSectionDiploclinium(Begoniaceae)onthePhilippineIslandofPalawan,IncludingFiveNewSpecies,”byM. Hughes, C. Coyle, and R. R. Rubite,Edinburgh Journal of Botany67(2010),123-140.
“ReproductiveBiology,Post-FireSuccessionDynamicsandPopulationViabilityAnalysisoftheCriticallyEndangeredWesternAustralianShrubCalytrixbrevisetasubsp.breviseta(Myrtaceae),”byAndrew P. Nield, Philip G. Ladd, and Colin J. Yates,Australian Journal of Botany57:6(2009),451-464.
“TheRoleofAfter-RipeninginPromotingGerminationofAridZoneSeeds:AStudyonSixAustralianSpecies,”byLucy E. Commander, David J. Merritt, Deanna P. Rokich, and Kingsley W. Dixon,Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society161:4(2009),411-421.
“SeasonalFloweringandEvolution:TheHeritagefromCharlesDarwin,”byR. W. King and O. M. Heide,Functional Plant Biology36:12(2009),1027-1036.
“SeedDormancyandGerminationintheAustralianBaobag,AdansoniagregoriiF.Muell.,”byS. R. Turner and K. W. Dixon,Seed Science Research19:4(2009),261-266.
“’SignsoftheTimes:’MedicineandNationhoodinBritishIndia,”byPratik Chakrabarti,Osiris24(2009),188-211.
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“SpatialDistributionofMajorBactroceraFruitFliesAttractedtoMethylEugenolinDifferentEcologicalZonesinGoa,India,”byV. R. Satarkar, S. V. Krishnamurthy, J. R. Faleiro, and A. Verghese, International Journal of Tropical Insect Science29:4(2009),195-201.
“StructuralandGeochronologicalStudyofHigh-PressureMetamorphicRocksintheKekesuSection(NorthwesternChina):ImplicationsfortheLatePaleozoicTectonicsoftheSouthernTianshan,”byBo Wang, Michel Faure, Liangshu Shu, Koen de Jong, Jacques Charvet, Dominique Cluzel, Borming Jahn, Yan Chen, and Gilles Ruffet,The Journal of Geology118(2010),59-77.
“Terrobittacus,aNewGenusoftheChineseBittacidae(Mecoptera)withDescriptionsofTwoNewSpecies,”byJiangli Tan and Baozhen Hua,Journal of Natural History43:4748(2009),2937-2954.
“ThinkingwithCases:SpecialistKnowledgeinPre-ModernChineseHistory,”byCharlotte Furth,Postcolonial Studies12:4(2009),467-479.
“TracingtheOriginsofIguanidLizardsandBoineSnakesofthePacific,”byBrice P. Noonan and Jack W. Sites, Jr.,The American Naturalist175(2009),61-72.
“TriterpeneChemosyndromesandSubtleMorphologicalCharactersCharacteriseLineagesinthePhysciaaipoliaGroupinAustralia(Ascomycota),”byJohn A. Elix, Joel Corush, and H. Thorsten Lumbsch,Systematics and Biodiversity7(2009),479-487.
“TwoNewSpeciesofGentianaceaefromIndo-China,”byS. Hul,Edinburgh Journal of Botany67(2010),155-160.
“TwoNewSpeciesoftheGenusAlloclubionoides(Aranaea:Amaurobiidae)inKorea,”byByungWoo Kim,Journal of Natural History43:4748(2009),2925-2935.
“Ultra-high-temperatureMetamorphismandDecompressionHistoryofSapphireGranulitesfromRajapalaiyam,SouthernIndia:ImplicationsfortheFormationofHotOrogensduringGondwanaAssembly,”byT. Tsunogae and M. Santosh,Geological Magazine147(2010),42-58.
“ZonedOlivineXenocrystsinaLateMesozoicGabbrofromtheSouthernTaihangMountains:ImplicationsforOldLithosphericMantleBeneaththeCentralNorthChinaCraton,”byJi-Feng Ying, Hong-Fu Zhang, and Yan-Jie Tang,Geological Magazine147(2010),161-170.
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DISSERTATIONS and THESES
Listsofrecentdoctoraldissertationsinthehistoryofscienceandalliedfields,suchastechnology,publichealth,andmedicine,areprovidedbytheUniversityofPittsburghat:http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/histmed/research/resources/dissertations/index_html.
BOOK REVIEWS
BiswamoyPatiandMarkHarrison,eds.,The Social History of Health and Medicine in Colonial India,London:Routledge,2009.Pp.xii+241.ClothUS$170.00andISBN978-0-415-462310.[Routledge studies in South Asian history]
ThiscollectionbringstogetheracompellingsetofcontributionsthatanalysethediversefacetsofthesocialhistoryofhealthandmedicineincolonialIndia.Basedoninterdisciplinaryresearch,thecontributionsshowcasetheworkofprimarilyyoungerscholarsandoffervaluableinsightsintotopicswhichhaverecentlyreceivedincreasedscholarlyattention.Asabasisforthesecase
studies,editorsPatiandHarrisonprovideinthefirstchapteranexpertsurveyofrecenthistoriographicaldevelopmentsinthefield.ThegeneralimpressionofthesedevelopmentsisthatthefieldofthesocialhistoryofhealthandmedicineincolonialIndiahasnowmaturedtoadegreewhichmakesitispossibleandindeednecessarytobothinvestigatesubjectsinamuchlargerinternationalperspectiveandgomuchclosertotheeverydaypractiseofimplementingmedicalpolicies.Becauseontheonehandthemostimportantcolonialinterventionsoftencameaboutinresponsetoexternalpressure,yetontheotherhandthefracturednatureofcolonialpowercreatedmanyproblemsinpolicymakingandimplementation,whichemphasisetheroleof“indigenous”agency.
ParthoDatta’scontributioninvestigatesRanaldMartin’smedicalsurveyofCalcutta(1837),whichgivesaglimpseintonotionsofthepublicandpublichealththatgraduallybecamethenorminIndiainthefollowingdecades.Atthistimetheconceptsof“public”and“health”werechanging,whichreflectedanewwayofgovernancefollowingideasofutilitarianreformandtheeconomicimperativesofthecolonial
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stateinIndia.Martin’sposition,whichlaterbecamethatofthegovernment,wasthatintheinterestsofthe“public,”thecolonialgovernmenthadtherighttoregulateandintervene,evenwhenviolatingtherightsofprivateproperty.ThisredefinitionofthebordersbetweenpublicandprivateinthefieldofhealthwasnotspecialtoIndiaasthesameideaswereemployedinEuropeatroughlythesametimeinearlyexamplesofmodernurbanplanning.
TheinternationalconnectionsofthehistoryofhealthandmedicineincolonialIndiaarebroughttocentrestageinSaurabhMishra’scontributionontheHajpilgrimagefromtheIndiansubcontinent,1865–1920.MishrainvestigatesthechangeintheorganisationoftheHajduetomedicalnecessities,theprocessofevolutionofthecolonialpositionontheHajandthechangesinthemeaningsoftheHajbothforcolonialofficialdom,IndianMuslimsandtheHajpilgrims.TheopeningoftheSuezCanalin1869wasaturningpointinEuropeanandcolonialperceptionsoftheHajbecauseofthethreatofcholera.Aninternationalmedicalsystemwascreatedtocheck,sanitizeand,ifneeded,quarantinethepilgrimsfromIndia,sinceIndiawasconsideredthehomeofcholera.ThecolonialmedicalestablishmentinIndiastubbornlymaintainedtheviewthatcholerawasnotcontagiousbutdueto“localinfluence”inIndia,andaccordinglycouldnotspreadfromthere.HenceintheirviewquarantineofBritishshipsfromIndiawasnotneeded.Thisperceptionwasbasedonthecommercialinterestoftheadministration.Yet,MishrafindsthatfortheBritishIndianadministrationtheHajwasnotonlyrelatedtocholerabutalsototradeandthepoliticalsignificanceofIslam.Thus,theadministration’spolicyremainedoneofnoninterference.
WithAmnaKhalid’schapterontheroleofintheimplementationofhealthmeasures,thefocusturnsto“indigenous”agency.TheroleofindigenoussubordinatestaffisalargelyunderstudiedfieldbecausehistoriansofIndianpublichealthhavefocusedontheprocessofpolicymakingintheupperechelonsofthesanitaryadministration.Yetthelowerlevelstaffformedthebackboneofthesanitarysystem.Thechapterfocusesonthepoliceforce,thebulkofwhichwascomposedofIndians.ItexaminesthevariousrolesplayedbysubordinatepoliceinimplementingsanitarypolicyatthemainpilgrimagesitesintheNorthWesternProvincesandanalysesthemannerinwhichsubordinatepersonnelinfluencedthemakingofhealthpolicy.Khalidconcludesthatthesubordinatepolicewereneitherinnocentaccomplicesintherepressionexecutedbythecolonialregime,norcantheybeseenasmeresubalternsinrelationtothesuperiorpolice.Theywerethinkingagentswhooften(mis)usedtheirofficialpositiontofurthertheirownself-interestandtheiractionsimpactedtheformulationofpolicy.
InthefollowingcontributionbySanchariDuttaonBritish-IndiansanitarystrategiesinCentralAsia,1897–1907,thefocusagainreturnstotheinternationalmacrolevel.Thechapterinvestigatestheinteractionbetweeninternationalpoliticsand
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publichealthinitiativesintheemergenceofbubonicplagueasacriticalfactorintheAnglo-RussiancompetitionforinfluenceandcontroloverCentralAsia.Duttarevealstheintimatelinkagesbetweensanitaryregulationandimperialexpansionbyshowingthatsanitaryregulationwasessentiallyastrategicdecisionguidedbycommerceandthepromiseofwiderpoliticalgains.Thus,acutecolonialcompetitionoccasionedtheemergenceofquarantine–withitsvariousadjuncts–asaviablemeansofexertinginformalimperialcontrolinCentralAsia.
AchintyaKumarDutta’sstudyofKalaazarinBritishIndiashiftsoncemorethefocustotheproblemsofmedicalpolicyandimplementation.ThechapterinvestigatesthegrowthofmedicalresearchrelatedtoBlackFeverorKalaazarandthewaythecolonialgovernmentrespondedtoit,whileatthesametimedelineatingtheextenttowhichtheworkoftheresearcherswasutilizedbythecolonialgovernmentinordertocontrolthedisease.Kalaazarbecameamatterofconcernforthecolonialgovernmentfromtheearly1880swhenitbegantobeaseriousmenaceincertainpartsofAssam.Duttafindsthatdespitetheavailabilityofmethodslikelytoeradicateit,includingprophylaxis,Kalaazarcouldnotbeprevented.Thegovernmentdidnotmanagetoutilizetheexistingmedicalknowledgeandthebenefitsofresearchtodealwiththedisease.Thelackoffundsandlackofpositivewillonthepartofthegovernmentunderminedthecompleteconquestofthedisease.
WithBiswamoyPatiandChandiP.Nanda’scontributiononleprosyincolonialOrissa,1870–1940s,theissueof“indigenous”agencyreappears.InthebeginningoftheperiodthefeudalKeonjhardurbar(i.e.court/council)acceptedleprosyasasignificantdiseaseandprovidedspaceforitstreatment.Thisapproachwasconnectedtothefeudalorder’ssearchforlegitimacyvis-à-vistheBritishcolonialpower.Later,whenthecolonialadministrationtookchargeofmedicalmatters,itperceivedleprosyasrelatedonlytothepoorandgaveitlowpriority.ThefewinitiativesthatthecolonialadministrationdidinstigatedweresupportedbytheOriyamiddleclassbasedontheirclassperceptionsofthepoor.Theseinitiativeswereessentiallyaclassoffensiveinwhichthoseaffectedwithleprosywereeffectivelyputtojail.BysupportingthisapproachtheOriyamiddleclassattemptedtobeincorporatedinthecolonialorder.Accordingly,atvariouspointsintimedifferent“indigenous”groupstriedinvariouswaystoutilizeinitiativestowardsleprosypatientstoalignthemselveswiththecolonialstate.
ThechapterbyWaltraudErnstfocusesontheinstitutionalhistoryofpsychiatricinstitutionsestablishedbytheBritishinBengalduringthenineteenthcentury.However,thisisnotareturntothewellestablishedfieldofthehistoryofmedicalinstitutionsinIndian,becausethefocusisagainonthedaytodaymanagement,theproblemsofimplementationofregulationsandtheroleofIndiansub-assistants.Ernstinvestigatesthesegregativeadmissionpolicies,themixedeconomyofmentalhealth
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careandthepluralityofapproachespursuedbydifferentpractitionersandasylumstaff.Theargumentisthatactualmedicalregimes,managementstructuresandpatient-doctorrelationshipswerediverseandnotalwaysfuelledbythepreoccupationsofcolonialandmedicalhegemonicpoweralone.Itappearsthatthecolonialstaterelied,onapracticallevel,ontheverysameindigenousinstitutionsandpracticesthatitsoforcefullycondemned.Theday-to-daymanagementofasylumsandtheimplementationofsuperintendents’regulationswereleftalmostentirelytotheIndiansub-assistants.Ernstconcludesthatmoreemphasismayneedtobeputonthepowerofmedicaldiscourseaswellasonpeople’sembraceofcolonialinstitutionsasjustoneofapluralityofoptionsavailabletothemwithinthemixedeconomyofprivateandpublichealthcareprovision.
ThenextchapterbySamikshaSehrawatalsodealswiththeimplementationofmedicalpolicyinaninstitutionalsetting,namelythequestionofethnicityintheIndianarmyandhospitalsforsepoys,c.1870s–1890s.SehrawatinvestigatesthehistoryofmilitaryattitudesanddecisionsregardinghospitalsforIndiantroopsfocusingontheformationofmilitaryessentializationsregardingIndiantroopsbyBritishofficerswhorealizedthecloserelationshipbetweenthetroops’ethnicityandmilitaryservice.TheanalysisrevealsthattheessentializationofIndiantroopsasirrationallyattachedtocustomspredatedthewellknown“martialracediscourse.”EquallysignificantisthediscoveryoftheextenttowhichtheIMSandtheinterestsofitsmembersplayedaroleinshapingdecisions.ThisbringsoutthepowerofBritishmedicalprofessionalsinthecolonialcontext.
WithMarkHarrison’schapteronmorbidanatomyandracialpathologiesinBritishIndia,1770–1850,theinternationalperspectiveisbroughtbackinwhiletheconstructionofracestaysatthecentre.Inthiscasestudy,HarrisonfindsthatthesignificanceofcolonialexpansionforthedevelopmentofBritishmedicinewasprofound.MedicalpractitionersworkinginIndianotonlymodifiedEuropeanmedicalknowledgebutalsomadeimportantandindependentcontributionstothedevelopmentofmedicineathome.MorbidanatomywasonebranchofEuropeanmedicineinwhichcolonialexpansionmadeagreatdealofdifference.Thiswasbecausepost-mortemdissectionswerecarriedoutroutinelyinIndianmilitaryandnavalhospitalsfromthemiddleoftheeighteenthcentury,contrastingsharplywiththesituationinBritainitself.TheobviousexplanationforthisdifferenceistheabundanceofEuropeancadaversfordissectionandtheabsenceofanylegalorethicalrestrictionsupontheiruse.TheinformationandpracticesdevelopedinmorbidanatomyprovidedthebasisfornewideasofracialdifferencethatbegantoemergeinBritishcultureintheearlynineteenthcentury;ideasthatstressedthestableandhereditarynatureofdifferencesbetweenEuropeansand“Asiatics.”
ThefollowingchapterbyProjitBihariMukharjionpharmacology,“indigenousknowledge”andnationalismchangestheperspectivefrommedicineperseto
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pharmacologyandthetangledstoryoftheacquisitionanduseof“indigenousknowledge.”MukharjifindsthatinthecolonialeratheEuropeanknowledgeofSouthAsianflorachangedfromaformermodeofinformationcollectedthrough“native”intermediariesinasocio-culturalmilieutodiscoveriesmadebytravellingEuropeanbotanistsinapre-cultural“natural”frame.ThischangereflectedadeeperimpulsetowardsthediscursiveframingofIndianbotanicalmaterialinwayswhichenabledtheireasyalienationfromtheirlocalsocio-culturalmilieubytheremovaloftheneedforlocalintermediaries.However,theuseofintermediariesdidcontinuebuttheybelongedtoelite/learned“indigenous”botanicalcultures.Thisallowedtheseveryculturestogaindominancewithinapre-existingfracturedandpluralworldof“indigenous”botanyandinturnempoweredthelaternationalisteffortstofurthermarginalizesubalternbotanicalculturesintheconstructionofanationalIndianmedicine.
MadhuriSharma’schapteronmedicaladvertisementsincolonialIndiaturnstheattentionbacktomedicineyettothelittlestudiedfieldofadvertisingandconsumption.Basedonastudyofnewspaperadvertisementsandtheiruseofculturalcodestoincreasethemarketformedicalproducts,thechapterexploresthewayEuropeanentrepreneursadvertisedmedicalproductsincolonialIndia.ItalsoassessestheinitiativestakenbyIndiandrugmanufacturerstocreateaspacefortheirproductsinthemarket.SharmafindsthatadvertisementsrepresentedanadvancedstrategydeployedbyEuropeandrugentrepreneurstocreateconsumersfortheirproducts.FortheindigenouspractitionersadvertisementsalsobecameanecessitybecauseofthedeclineoftheoldpatronagesystemincolonialIndia.
ThefinalchapterbyAmarFarooquiinvestigatestheconstructionofopiumasahouseholdremedyinlatenineteenth-centurywesternIndiaasitemergedintheRoyalCommissiononOpium.Theinvestigationfocusesonindigenousandcolonialperceptionsoftheutilityofopiumasamedicine.Inthecommissionthecolonialconstructionofthepopularindigenousdiscourseaboutopiumwasthatiftakeninmoderationthedrugwasnotharmfulandcouldevenbebeneficial.Inthismanipulativeconstructiontheperceivedmedicalvalueofthesubstancewascrucialtoestablishingitsrelativeharmlessness.However,thosewhospokefortherelativeharmlessnessofopiumwereeitherthemselvesconsumersoropiumdealers,orelsewereofficialsofopium-producingterritoriesinIndia.Theyemphasizedthefinanciallossesandeconomicdistresswhichwouldbetheresultifopiumwasfoundtobeharmful.ThiswouldendangertheBritishopiumexportsfromIndiatoChinawhichwasakeyelementofthecolonialeconomy.
NiklasThodeJensen, EuropeanUniversityInstitute–Florence
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MiltonLewisandKerrieMacPherson,eds.,Public Health in Asia and the Pacific: Historical and Comparative Perspectives,LondonandNewYork:Routledge,2008.Pp.xi+320.Cloth:US$160.00andISBN0-415-35962-7and978-0-415-35962-7[Routledge Advances in Asia-Pacific Studies].
ThisvolumeprovidesacomparativeoverviewofthevarioushistoriesofpublichealthintheAsia-Pacificregion,withseparatechaptersonHongKong/China(byKerrieMacPherson),Japan(MasahiraAnesaki),Korea(In-SokYeo),India(RadhikaRamasubban),Thailand(PaulCohen),Vietnam(LaurenceMonnais),Indonesia(TerenceHull),Timor-Leste(SueIngram),Malaysia(Kai
HongPhuaandMaryLaiLinWong),Singapore(BrendaYeoh,KaiHongPhuaandKellyFu),thePhilippines(WillieOng),Australia(MiltonLewis),PapuaNewGuinea(VickiLuker),andnon-PNGPacificIslandcountries(RichardTaylor),aswellasanintroductionbythecoeditors.Mostchaptersprovidehistoricaloverviewsforthecountrydescribed;others,however,takeupspecificissueswithinthehistoryofpublichealthinthecountrythatilluminatesomelargerdynamics(cf.thehistoryofleprosyinVietnam,orthewaysFilipinoresistancetoAmericanpublichealthsolutionstocholeraepidemicsledtosometransformationofAmericanpractices).
Allchaptersareinterestednotonlyinhowscienceshapespublichealthachievements,butwhatisseenasachievableordesirableinparticularsocial,historical,economicandpoliticalcontexts.Allthechaptersarerichlydetailed,andbringoutavarietyofdynamicsthataredistinctiveabouteachsite(forinstance,populationovercrowdinganddensityinHongKong,ornucleartestinginPacificislands).Nonetheless,thereareseveralthemesraisedthroughoutthevolumethatIwillusetoorganizemydiscussionbelow:(1)thewayscolonialprojectsaffectlaternationalandinternationalinterventionsintopublichealth,(2)thequestionofwherecountriesfallwithinthenotionofanepidemiologicaltransition(and,indeed,whetherthatnotionremainshelpful),(3)therelationshipbetweenbiomedicineandothermedicaltraditions,and(4)emergingchallengesforpublichealthexperts.
Colonialregimesoftenjustifiedtheiroccupationsbydescribingthebenefitsthatoccupationbrought.Onebenefitoftentouted–onewhichhasbeenmuchlesscritiquedthanotheraspectsofcolonialism–isimprovementstopublichealth.Phua
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andWong’schapteroffersamodifiedversionofthisargument,givingcredittothecolonialgovernmentforitstransformationsofpeninsulaMalaysia,asitnotessomeoftheracialandotherinequitieswhichstructuredaccesstohealthcare.Anumberofrecentworksare,however,evenmorecritical,showingthewaysthatpublichealthinitiativestendedtofocusonthehealthofthecolonizerratherthanthecolonized,tendedtobeunderfundedorincomplete,ignoredtraditionalmedicalpractices(regardlessofefficacy),ignoredordownplayedthenegativeimpactofcolonization,andwereshapedbyandcontributedtoracializinglogics.Ramasubban’schapteronmodernIndiastrikesmanyofthesethemes,consideringhowtheexpansionofroadandrailwaylinksexacerbatedmalaria,theconnectionsbetweentroopmovementsandthespreadofcholeraandvenerealdisease,andreviewingtheambivalenceaboutenactingcostlypublichealthlegislationalreadyshowntobeeffectiveinEngland,evenwhereitwasclearlyembracedinIndia(e.g.smallpoxvaccinations,forwhichtherewasalreadyalocalmethod).Thechaptertracksmanycontinuitiesbetweenthecolonialpastandpost-independentpresent,includingthecontinuingchallengeofepidemicdiseases,someofwhich,likemalaria,TBandplague,haverebounded,highinfantandmaternalmortalityrates,andlackofaccesstopotablewaterandsanitarydisposalofwasteforthepoor.Monnais’schapteronleprosyinVietnamnotesthatdespitethecomprehensivenessoftheFrenchcolonialhealthsysteminsomerespects,leprosywaslargelyneglectedbythecolonialgovernment,eveninlightofimprovementsinscientificknowledgeaboutleprosy,inwayssharplycritiquedbythemissionarieswhodidsetupleprosaria(withtheirownulteriormotiveslyinginencouragingpatientstoconvert).Yeo’schaptermakesamuchneededcontributionbydocumentingtheimpactnotjustofWesternimperialism(especiallyintheworkofmedicalmissionariesandtheAmericanmilitarygovernmentinKorea),butalsoJapaneseimperialism.
Furtherworkcomparingthekindsofracializationandinterventionsthatoccurundernon-Westernimperialismwouldbehelpful(seetheworkofJinParkforonesuchinitiative).Ong’schapteronthePhilippinesbuildsonearlierworkbyReynaldoIleto,RodneySullivanandWarwickAndersontopointoutthewaysthatharshmeasuresintendedtocontaincholera(quarantines,thedestructionofinfectedhutsandneighborhoods,theseizureandburialofthedead)wereseenbyFilipinosasacontinuationofwarfare.OngisinterestedinthischaptertoconsidernotonlyhowAmericanstransformedthePhilippines,butalsohowsomeAmericansthemselvescametobetransformedbyFilipinoresistanceandcritique;hethusjoinsrecentworkbye.g.AnnLauraStolerinthinkingnotjusthowcolonialismaffectsthecolonies,butalsohowitaffectsthemetropole.InOng’saccount,VictorHeiser,thenDirectorofHealthinthePhilippines,later,directorofAsia-PacificoperationsfortheRockefellerFoundation,istheauthorofsomeofthemoststringentmeasures.InHull’scomparisonofthepublichealthtacticsoftheRockefellerFoundationandtheDutchcolonialgovernmentinIndonesiaintreatinghookworm,maternalmortalityandother
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publichealthissues,HeiserandhiscolleaguesareseenasadoptingalessdraconianapproachthantheDutch(Heiserappearsathirdtimeinthisvolume,offeringtheassistanceoftheRockefellerFoundationintrainingAustraliansinleadingpublichealthposts).
Thenotionofepidemiologicaltransitionsuggeststhatsocietieswillfacechallengesindealingwithpandemicandfamine,andthatasinfectiousdiseasesareconquered,thechallengeswillbedegenerative,or“lifestyle”diseases,suchasheartdisease,cancer,etc.Butthismodelis,asLuker’schapteronPNGsuggests,anoptimisticone,onewhichassumesprogressandconvergenceuponabetterstateofhealth.Lukerarguesthatthistraditionalperiodizationofpublichealthchallengesmissesacrucialtransitionrelevantfortheearlycolonialera,namelyatransitionintothe“globaldiseasepool.”ThistransitionoccurredrelativelylateforPNG,becauseofthewaysthatmalariathwartedandlimitedtheEuropeanpresence.Nonetheless,themigrationofindenturedlabors,theextensionofmissionsandadministrationsandnewcontactsbetweenpreviouslyhostilecommunitiesledtosignificantmortalityandmorbidity.Interestingly,andinwaysthatcanbeplacedindialoguewithsomechapterswhichoffermorecriticalpicturesofcolonialinterventions,Lukernonethelesswantstoarguethatearliercritiquesofcolonialadministrationsasinexcusablyeffectivemightbetooharsh,giventheongoingchallengesofadispersedpopulation,transportationdifficulties,theshortageofhumanandotherresources,anddifferentideasabouthealth.LukeralsonotesavarietyofotherwaysinwhichthePNGcasechallengesthetraditionalmodel:alessmarkedpopulationdeclinethaninotherPacificIslandandindigenoussocieties,nodeclineintheburdenofinfectiousdisease,populationgrowthevenwithoutreductionsininfantmortality,andchangesinconsumptionpatternsnotlinkedtothemarkedriseof“modern”diseases.ShearguesPNGisexperiencinganepidemicoftraumaandviolenceinahealthsystemthatisdescribedevenbystateofficialsascollapsed.ThechapteronTimor-Lestesimilarlyoffersapictureofapoorandundevelopedstatewhich,becauseofPortuguese,JapaneseandIndonesianoccupations,aswellascontinuingviolence,suffersfrommalaria,dengue,leprosy,filariasis,tuberculosisandhighinfantandchildmortalityratesinwaysthatsuggestthattheepidemiologicaltransitionisnowhereinsight.
ThechaptersonAustralia,JapanandSingaporeperhapsmostclearlyreflecttheclassicepidemiologicaltransitionmodel,thoughtheyalsoraisequestionsaboutit.AnesakidocumentshowJapanbecamethehealthiestnationintheworld.ShebeginswiththeopeningofJapanbythefeudalgovernmentin1853,underpressurefromtheAmericanCommodorePerry.ShedocumentstherejectionofChinesemedicineandtheembraceofGermanmedicineinJapan,aspartofalargermovementtoembracecertainformsofWesternmodernityinparttofortifyJapanagainsttheimperialincursionstakingplaceinvirtuallyeveryothercountryintheAsia-Pacificregion.
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ThischapteralsodocumentshowmedicalcarepaymentwassocializedandbrieflytouchesuponJapaneseimperialmedicineelsewhereinAsia.Anesakinotes,however,thateventhoughJapanhasbeensuccessful,likeotherwealthycountries,infightingseriousbacterialdiseases,morerecentlyviraldiseaseslikeHIV/AIDS,SARS,WestNilefever,avianinfluenza,andEbolaHemorrhagicfeverhavebecomeasignificantconcern.ThechapteronSingaporealsodocumentsconcernsabouttheNipahvirus,hand,footandmouthdisease,SARSandavianinfluenza.Lewis’schapteronAustraliadocumentssomeofthewaysthatpublichealthinitiativesweredevelopedinacountrythatwasasettlercolony,ratherthananoverseascolony.HecomparesandcontrastsAustralianpracticewithEnglish,notingthatitwasmorecentralizedbecauseofthecomparativeweaknessoflocalgovernments.
AsignificantinfluenceinAustraliawasaconcernabout“racialhealth,”withanearly20thcenturyroyalcommissionlinkingAustralia’sfutureasa“white”powertopopulationgrowth.Infantandmaternalhealthbecameaprimaryconcernasthebirthratedeclined.AlthoughinothersettlercountrieslikeCanadaandtheU.S.immigrationwasembracedtovaryingextents,the“WhiteAustralia”policyembracedbyallpoliticalpartiesforthefirsttwo-thirdsofthe20thcenturyinvolvedexcludingAsiansandPacificIslandersbecauseofracismandconcernsaboutcompetitionfromcheaplabor.Therathercelebratorynoteonwhichthechapterends(proudlynotingthedistanceAustraliahascomefromitsfortresspolicytoits“openmultiracialandmulticulturalsociety”now)may,however,bepremature.ThechapterdevotesatokenamountofattentiontothehealthofAboriginalandimmigrantgroups.LikethechaptersonJapan,SingaporeandThailand,thischapterdevotessignificantattentiontoHIV/AIDS.
TheAsia-Pacificregionhasanumberofwell-developedmedicaltraditions,andanumberofchaptersnotethatachallengeforpublichealthremainstakingintoaccountpracticesthatareembracedbymany.Cohen’schapteronThailandconsiderstherolethatAyurvedicmedicinehashistoricallyplayedinThailand,inThairoyalmedicine,andthewaysithasreemergedatkeypoints(duringthe1970schallengestothemilitarydictatorship,andtheeconomiccrisisof1997)tochallengemedicalelitismandasawayofdecentralizinganddemocratizingpublichealth.Holisticapproachestohealthareoftenintertwinedwithafocusonself-reliance,popularismanddecentralizationwhich,whileputativelyjuxtaposedagainsthegemonicpowersalsoresonatewithsomeofthediscoursesjustifyingneo-liberalinitiatives.MacPherson’sthoroughanddetailedchapteronthechallengesthathavefacedHongKongandChinaalsohas,asoneofitsthemes,therelationshipbetweenbiomedicineandtraditionalChinesetreatment,consideringe.g.howeachwaslinkedwiththeestablishmentofdifferenthospitalsinHongKongandwithconflictsoverhowtotreatbubonicplagueinthe19thcentury,debatesovertheputativequackeryofChineseherbaliststhatwereleadingtounnecessarycasesofblindnessinthe1950s,andtheembraceandthen
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sharprejectionoftraditionalChinesemedicinebythePRC.ShealsocarefullylaysouttheimpactofBritishcolonialismonthecity,andtheintricaciesofworkingoutthe“onecountry,twosystems”conceptthathasappliedtoHongKongsinceitwasreturnedtoChinesesovereigntyin1997.
Insum,thisvolumeoffersrichhistoricalaccountsofthevarioustopicsandcountriesincluded.Fewofthechaptersthemselvestakeonanexplicitlycomparativeperspective.Futureprojectscould,forinstance,moresystematicallycomparetheimpactofBritishcolonialismonvariouspublichealthprojects,orcompareJapanesepublichealthprojectsinJapanwiththoseinthecountriesitcolonized.Suchprojectscouldbeinformedbythekindofcomparativeworkthat,forinstance,thatJulianGohasrecentlydoneforAmericanadministrationsinthecolonizedPhilippinesandPuertoRico.Nonetheless,thisvolumeoffersmultipleresourcesforhistorians,anthropologists,sociologists,publichealthexperts,andpolicyanalysts.Itwillbeanindispensablehandbookforthoseinterestedinarapid,butin-depth,overviewoftheissuesfacingeachofthecountriescovered.
BonnieMcElhinny UniversityofToronto
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