The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires1500-1700

Foundations of Ottoman PowerClever rulers

Mehmed II Suleiman the Magnificent

Geography - Gallipoli Control of trade routes Control of the Mediterranean (Venice) Mecca, Medina

Gunpowder, slaves, and Turks Early adopters of cannon Janissaries and Devshirme System Turkish cavalry, and the composite bow

Military and government become a privileged social class Dhimmi System

Challenges of the 16th and 17th CenturiesMilitary Challenges

Portuguese challenge in the Indian Ocean Galley navy (Battle of Lepanto, 1571) Reduction of cavalry caused banditry Decline of the Janissaries

Economic Challenges Inflation from New World silver (who is affected most?) Decline in importance of Silk Road Growth of cash crops for European use Capitulations on Yemeni coffee and other trade

Challenges of the 16th and 17th CenturiesSocial Challenges

Isolation of the elite (Tulip Period) Janissaries became a social class

Religious Challenges Wahhabism - founded by the ulama Abd al-Wahhab (17031792) Return Islam to an earlier purity Absolute monotheism, no veneration of saints, strict adherence to the sharia Sufi Islam? Shia Islam? Traditional legal schools? Abd al-Wahhab allied with Muhammad Ibn Saud Kingdom of Saudia Arabia Closely linked with resistance to western culture

Challenges of the 16th and 17th CenturiesResults

Jannissary rule in Syria Mamluk rule in Egypt Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab in Arabia, Mecca,and Medina

The Safavid Empire

FoundationsIsmail, shah of Iran (r. 1502 - 1524)

Shi'a Islam and militant Sufi order Distinctly Persian cultural identity Battle of Chaldiran (1514)

Abbas I (r. 1587 - 1629) Ghulams, convert slaves armed with cannon and firearms New, central capitol at Isfahan Patron of the arts, Islam, and Sufism Trade links with India and Europe

Decline Similar problems as Ottomans Expensive firearms and slave soldiers Decline in trade, inflation Economic crisis causes a military and political crisis

Mughal EmpireEstablished by Babur c. 1525, alleged descendant of Timurlane and Genghis Khan 20% Turkic Muslim, 80% Indian Hindus Akbar (r. 1556 - 1605)

Married Hindu rajaputs Abolished the jizya Built Hindu temples Appointed Hindu elite to government office House of Worship State Cult based on Islam, Hinduism, and Zoroastrianism Ramayana translated into Persian, Persian texts into Hindi and Sanskrit

Mughal EmpireAurangzeb (r. 1658 - 1707)

Overthrew his father Shah Jahan Ended religious toleration Banned sati, music, dance, gambling, drinking, prostitution, narcotics Destroyed some Hindu temples, reimposed the jizya and sharia Raised taxes for massive wars of expansion