Mughal Safavid
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Transcript of Mughal Safavid
Safavid-Mughal Relationsthe numismatic evidence
Dr Sanjay GargAssistant Director
National Archives of India,Ministry of Culture,
New Delhi 110 001 (INDIA)
The Mughal & Safavid Empires
The Mughal Dynasty
• Descendents of Tamerlane and Chingiz Khan
• Ruled India from AD 1526 to 1858
Shah Ismail I and Babur1511:
Provided military assistance to Babur to recover his Transoxanian dominions.
In return, Babur promised to have coins stuck and Khutba read in the name of Shah Ismail.
Babur captured Samarqand in October, sends back the Iranian troops.
1512, May:Uzbegs drive Babur out of Samarqand and Bokhara.
Shah Ismail I sends a force under the command of the vaqil Amir Yar Ahmad Isfahani to rescue Babur from Hisar-i Shadman.
Shah Ismail I and Babur
Tahmasp I and the Mughals
Tahmasp I (1524-76) 1. Babur (1526-30)
2. Humayun (1530-40 – 1st reign)
Suri Dynasty (1540-55)
Humayun (1555-56 – 2nd reign)
3. Akbar (1556-1605)
Tahmasp I and Humayun15 May 1540:
Humayun is defeated by Sher Shah Suri at the battle of Bilgram near Kannauj.
Unable to find asylum in India, he fled to Persia.
September 1545:Humayun occupied Kabul and Qandahar.
1555 Humayun captured Lahore (February), Agra and Delhi (July) and once again became the ruler of northern India.
Tahmasp I and Humayun
Qandahar, nd Shahrukhi std.
Vassal Coinage: Shah Tahmasp of Persia
Tahmasp I and Humayun
Kabul, 952 AH Shahrukhi std.
Akbar and the Safavids
Akbar 1. Ismail II (1556-1605) (1576-77)
2. Mohd. Shah Khudabanda (1578-87)
3. Shah Abbas I (1587-1629)
Nad-e Alian mazhar-ul AjayebTajid hu unan laka fin nawayabKullouhammin wa ghammin SayenjaliBe walayete ka ya Ali ya Ali ya Ali
Call upon Ali, the manifestor of miracles;Thou shalt find him a help unto thee in adversities.All care and grief shall vanishBy thy holiness, O Ali, O Ali, O Ali
Shah Ismail I
Persian Bait us-Sikka
Shah Ismail II : Coin dated 984 [AD 1576]
Ze mashriq ta ba magrib gar Imam ast
Ali wa Aal-i-U mara tamam ast
If an Imam there be between the East and the West
Ali along with Ali’s house for us is best.
Akbar
Couplet Type
Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh by Mulla Abdul Qadir Badauni.• Akbar came to Allahabad in AH 991 (28 Ilahi/ AD 1583);
• Coins were struck there with the following Persian couplet composed by Sharif Sarmadi:
Hamesha hamchu zar Mihr-o-Mah raij badBa Gharb-o-Sharq-i Jahan, Sikka-i Ilahabad
May always be the gold current like Sun and MoonIn the East and West of the World, the coin of AIlahabad.
Allahabad
Jahangir
Jahangir
Obv. Qaza bar Sikka-i-zar kard tasveerShabih-i-Hazrat Shah Jahangir
Rev. Haruf-i-Jahangir-o-Allah-o-AkbarZe roz-i-Azal dar ’adad barabar
Obv. Destiny has drawn a picture on Coin of gold(Of) the portrait of Hon’ble Shah Jahangir.
Rev. The letters of ‘Jahangir’ and ‘Allah-o-Akbar’are equal in value from the beginning of the time
Jahangir
Jahangir and Shah Abbas I
1000 Muhr, Agra
“I gave one gold muhr of 1,000 tolas, which is called Kaukab-i Tali to Yadgar Ali, the ambassador of the Shah of Iran” Tuzuk-i Jahangiri (19 Farwardin RY 8 = 10 Apr. 1612).
Jahangir and Shah Abbas I
Jahangir
Obv. (in the Centre)
Abu al-Muzaffar Nur ud-din Muhammad Jahangir Badshah Ghazi
(around)Hazar guna sharf yaft ru-i Sikka-o-zarZe naqsh-i nam-i Jahangir Shah AkbarAjab na bashad agar zar zu-i Sikka-i u
Ba Sikka-khanah ash ayad ze asman Akhtar
The face of the Coin and gold received a thousand kinds of honour
From the impression of the name of the Jahangir, son of Shah Akbar
It would not be surprising if in the yearning of his coin
Stars come from the sky to his Coin-house.
Jahangir
Rev.(in the Centre)
Sanh-i Julus 8 Mutabiq 1022 Hijri , Zarb Dar al-Khilafah Agra
(around)Ze Faiz-i-didan-i-Muhr-i-hazar tolach ashHazar bar bi balad ze zauq-i-nur-i-nazarBa nam-i-nami-i-u bad Sikka-o-Khutbah
Ba dahr ta buwad az Sikka-o-ze Khutbah athar
Through the bounty of seeing his 1000 tola MuhrThe light of vision increases thousand-folds in
ecstasyMay the Coin and Khutbah be (current in) his
illustrious nameAs long as there is vestige of Coin and Khutbah
in the world.
Shah Jahan
Sikka-i Shahjahanabad raij dar jahanJawidan bada banam-i Sani Sahib Qiran
May the Coin of Shahjahanabad, be current in the worldForever in the name of the Second Lord of the Conjunction
Sāhib-i Qirān
(lit. Lord of the [Fortunate] Conjunctions)
Shah Jahan
Shah Abbas II
Legacy of Timur
Legacy of Timur
Sāhib-i Qirān Murad Bakhsh and Jahandar Shah
Sāhib-i Qirānī Shah Alam Bahadur Shah I and Shah Alam II
Sāhib-i Qirān Sānī Shah Jahan I, Shah Shuja, Muhammad Shah and Akbar Shah II
Sānī Sāhib-i Qirān Shah Jahan ISālis Sāhib-i Qirān Farrukhsiyar
Nine Mughal emperors have adopted the ‘alāmāt Sāhib-i Qirān (lit. Lord of the [Fortunate] Conjunctions) in its five distinct variants.
The same title was adopted in two variants by four Safavid rulers.
Abbas IIShah Safi II (Sulaiman I)Tahmasp II
Abbas III
Aurangzeb
Sikka zad dar jahan chu Mihr [or Badr]-i munirShah Aurangzeb Alamgir
[Struck coin in the world like the shining Sun [or Moon]King Aurangzeb, the World Seizer]
Parody of the Coin Couplet of Auragngzeb
Coin Couplet:
Sikka zad dar jahan chu Mihr-i munir
Shah Aurangzeb Alamgir[Struck coin in the world like the shining Sun
King Aurangzeb, the World Seizer]
Parody:
Sikka zad ba qurs-i panir
Aurangzeb Beradar-kush Pidar-gir[Struck coin on frozen cheese
Aurangzeb, brother-slayer, father seizer]
Successors of Aurangzeb Azam Shah, Qutb ud-Din Muhammad (1707)
Kam Bakhsh, Muhammad (1707-1709)
Shah Alam Bahadur Shah I, Qutb ud-Din Muhammad (1707-1712)
Azim ush-Shan, Azim ud-Din Muhammad (1712)
Jahandar Shah, Muiz ud-Din Muhammad (1712-1713)
Farrukhsiyar, Muin ud-Din Muhammad (1712-1719)
Rafi ud-Darjat, Shams ud-Din Muhammad (1719)
Shah Jahan II (1719)
Nekusiyar (1719) [No coin found]
Ibrahim, Zahir ud-Din Muhammad (1720)
Muhammad Shah, Nasir ud-Din (AD 1719-1748)
Ahmad Shah, Mujahid ud-Din Muhammad (1748-1754)
Alamgir II, Aziz ud-Din Muhammad (1754-1759)
Shah Jahan III, Muhi ud-Din Muhammad (1759-1760)
Shah Alam II, Jalal ud-Din Muhammad (1759-1806)
Bedar Bakht, Nasir ud-Din Muhammad (1788)
Akbar II, Muin ud-Din Muhammad (1788, 1806-1837)
Bahadur Shah II, Siraj ud-Din Muhammad (1837-1857)
10: Regular Kings8: Claimants/Puppets
Nadir Shah Afshari (1688-1747) TAHMASP II, Ag, Abbasi
Zarb Mashhad Muqaddas, 1140 AH
Az Khorasan sikka bar zar shud ba Tawfiq-i KhudaNusrat-o-Imdad-i Shah-i Din Ali-ye Musa Raza
From Khorasan coins minted in gold with God’s graceWith victorious help from the King of Faith, Ali Musa Reza
As Viceroy of the East (Khorasan)
Nadir Shah Afshari (1688-1747) ABBAS III, Ag, AbbasiZarb Qazvin, 1147 AH
Sikka bar zar zad ba Tawfiq-i Ilahi dar JahanZill-i Haq, Abbas Salis, Sani Sahib-i Qiran
In this world struck coin on gold by the grace of GodThe Shadow of God, Abbas III, Second Lord of the
[Fortunate] Conjunctions
As Waqil ud-Daulah and Naib us-Sultanat
Nadir Shah Afshari (1688-1747) Ag, Rupee
Zarb Qazvin, 1149 AH
Sikka bar zar kard nam Saltanat ra dar JahanNadir-i Iran Zamin wa Khusru-i Gaiti Sitan
The stamp on the Gold has famed the kingdom in the worldThe Phoenix of land of Iran, The world-conquering King
As King of Iran
Nadir Shah Afshari (1688-1747) Ag, Rupee
Zarb Shahjahanabad, 1151 AH
Hast Sultan bar Salatin-i JahanShah-i Shahan Nadir Sahib Qiran
Over the Kings of the World, is the King King of Kings, Nadir, the Lord of Conjunctions
Nadir Shah in India
Thank You