Mughal Safavid

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Safavid-Mughal Relations the numismatic evidence Dr Sanjay Garg Assistant Director National Archives of India, Ministry of Culture, New Delhi 110 001 (INDIA) [email protected]

Transcript of Mughal Safavid

Page 1: Mughal Safavid

Safavid-Mughal Relationsthe numismatic evidence

Dr Sanjay GargAssistant Director

National Archives of India,Ministry of Culture,

New Delhi 110 001 (INDIA)

[email protected]

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The Mughal & Safavid Empires

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The Mughal Dynasty

• Descendents of Tamerlane and Chingiz Khan

• Ruled India from AD 1526 to 1858

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Shah Ismail I and Babur1511:

Provided military assistance to Babur to recover his Transoxanian dominions.

In return, Babur promised to have coins stuck and Khutba read in the name of Shah Ismail.

Babur captured Samarqand in October, sends back the Iranian troops.

1512, May:Uzbegs drive Babur out of Samarqand and Bokhara.

Shah Ismail I sends a force under the command of the vaqil Amir Yar Ahmad Isfahani to rescue Babur from Hisar-i Shadman.

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Shah Ismail I and Babur

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Tahmasp I and the Mughals

Tahmasp I (1524-76) 1. Babur (1526-30)

2. Humayun (1530-40 – 1st reign)

Suri Dynasty (1540-55)

Humayun (1555-56 – 2nd reign)

3. Akbar (1556-1605)

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Tahmasp I and Humayun15 May 1540:

Humayun is defeated by Sher Shah Suri at the battle of Bilgram near Kannauj.

Unable to find asylum in India, he fled to Persia.

September 1545:Humayun occupied Kabul and Qandahar.

1555 Humayun captured Lahore (February), Agra and Delhi (July) and once again became the ruler of northern India.

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Tahmasp I and Humayun

Qandahar, nd Shahrukhi std.

Vassal Coinage: Shah Tahmasp of Persia

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Tahmasp I and Humayun

Kabul, 952 AH Shahrukhi std.

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Akbar and the Safavids

Akbar 1. Ismail II (1556-1605) (1576-77)

2. Mohd. Shah Khudabanda (1578-87)

3. Shah Abbas I (1587-1629)

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Nad-e Alian mazhar-ul AjayebTajid hu unan laka fin nawayabKullouhammin wa ghammin SayenjaliBe walayete ka ya Ali ya Ali ya Ali

Call upon Ali, the manifestor of miracles;Thou shalt find him a help unto thee in adversities.All care and grief shall vanishBy thy holiness, O Ali, O Ali, O Ali

Shah Ismail I

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Persian Bait us-Sikka

Shah Ismail II : Coin dated 984 [AD 1576]

Ze mashriq ta ba magrib gar Imam ast

Ali wa Aal-i-U mara tamam ast

If an Imam there be between the East and the West

Ali along with Ali’s house for us is best.

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Akbar

Couplet Type

Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh by Mulla Abdul Qadir Badauni.• Akbar came to Allahabad in AH 991 (28 Ilahi/ AD 1583);

• Coins were struck there with the following Persian couplet composed by Sharif Sarmadi:

Hamesha hamchu zar Mihr-o-Mah raij badBa Gharb-o-Sharq-i Jahan, Sikka-i Ilahabad

May always be the gold current like Sun and MoonIn the East and West of the World, the coin of AIlahabad.

Allahabad

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Jahangir

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Jahangir

Obv. Qaza bar Sikka-i-zar kard tasveerShabih-i-Hazrat Shah Jahangir

Rev. Haruf-i-Jahangir-o-Allah-o-AkbarZe roz-i-Azal dar ’adad barabar

Obv. Destiny has drawn a picture on Coin of gold(Of) the portrait of Hon’ble Shah Jahangir.

Rev. The letters of ‘Jahangir’ and ‘Allah-o-Akbar’are equal in value from the beginning of the time

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Jahangir

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Jahangir and Shah Abbas I

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1000 Muhr, Agra

“I gave one gold muhr of 1,000 tolas, which is called Kaukab-i Tali to Yadgar Ali, the ambassador of the Shah of Iran” Tuzuk-i Jahangiri (19 Farwardin RY 8 = 10 Apr. 1612).

Jahangir and Shah Abbas I

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Jahangir

Obv. (in the Centre)

Abu al-Muzaffar Nur ud-din Muhammad Jahangir Badshah Ghazi

(around)Hazar guna sharf yaft ru-i Sikka-o-zarZe naqsh-i nam-i Jahangir Shah AkbarAjab na bashad agar zar zu-i Sikka-i u

Ba Sikka-khanah ash ayad ze asman Akhtar

The face of the Coin and gold received a thousand kinds of honour

From the impression of the name of the Jahangir, son of Shah Akbar

It would not be surprising if in the yearning of his coin

Stars come from the sky to his Coin-house.

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Jahangir

Rev.(in the Centre)

Sanh-i Julus 8 Mutabiq 1022 Hijri , Zarb Dar al-Khilafah Agra

(around)Ze Faiz-i-didan-i-Muhr-i-hazar tolach ashHazar bar bi balad ze zauq-i-nur-i-nazarBa nam-i-nami-i-u bad Sikka-o-Khutbah

Ba dahr ta buwad az Sikka-o-ze Khutbah athar

Through the bounty of seeing his 1000 tola MuhrThe light of vision increases thousand-folds in

ecstasyMay the Coin and Khutbah be (current in) his

illustrious nameAs long as there is vestige of Coin and Khutbah

in the world.

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Shah Jahan

Sikka-i Shahjahanabad raij dar jahanJawidan bada banam-i Sani Sahib Qiran

May the Coin of Shahjahanabad, be current in the worldForever in the name of the Second Lord of the Conjunction

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Sāhib-i Qirān

(lit. Lord of the [Fortunate] Conjunctions)

Shah Jahan

Shah Abbas II

Legacy of Timur

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Legacy of Timur

Sāhib-i Qirān Murad Bakhsh and Jahandar Shah

Sāhib-i Qirānī Shah Alam Bahadur Shah I and Shah Alam II

Sāhib-i Qirān Sānī Shah Jahan I, Shah Shuja, Muhammad Shah and Akbar Shah II

Sānī Sāhib-i Qirān Shah Jahan ISālis Sāhib-i Qirān Farrukhsiyar

Nine Mughal emperors have adopted the ‘alāmāt Sāhib-i Qirān (lit. Lord of the [Fortunate] Conjunctions) in its five distinct variants.

The same title was adopted in two variants by four Safavid rulers.

Abbas IIShah Safi II (Sulaiman I)Tahmasp II

Abbas III

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Aurangzeb

Sikka zad dar jahan chu Mihr [or Badr]-i munirShah Aurangzeb Alamgir

[Struck coin in the world like the shining Sun [or Moon]King Aurangzeb, the World Seizer]

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Parody of the Coin Couplet of Auragngzeb

Coin Couplet:

Sikka zad dar jahan chu Mihr-i munir

Shah Aurangzeb Alamgir[Struck coin in the world like the shining Sun

King Aurangzeb, the World Seizer]

Parody:

Sikka zad ba qurs-i panir

Aurangzeb Beradar-kush Pidar-gir[Struck coin on frozen cheese

Aurangzeb, brother-slayer, father seizer]

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Successors of Aurangzeb Azam Shah, Qutb ud-Din Muhammad (1707)

Kam Bakhsh, Muhammad (1707-1709)

Shah Alam Bahadur Shah I, Qutb ud-Din Muhammad (1707-1712)

Azim ush-Shan, Azim ud-Din Muhammad (1712)

Jahandar Shah, Muiz ud-Din Muhammad (1712-1713)

Farrukhsiyar, Muin ud-Din Muhammad (1712-1719)

Rafi ud-Darjat, Shams ud-Din Muhammad (1719)

Shah Jahan II (1719)

Nekusiyar (1719) [No coin found]

Ibrahim, Zahir ud-Din Muhammad (1720)

Muhammad Shah, Nasir ud-Din (AD 1719-1748)

Ahmad Shah, Mujahid ud-Din Muhammad (1748-1754)

Alamgir II, Aziz ud-Din Muhammad (1754-1759)

Shah Jahan III, Muhi ud-Din Muhammad (1759-1760)

Shah Alam II, Jalal ud-Din Muhammad (1759-1806)

Bedar Bakht, Nasir ud-Din Muhammad (1788)

Akbar II, Muin ud-Din Muhammad (1788, 1806-1837)

Bahadur Shah II, Siraj ud-Din Muhammad (1837-1857)

10: Regular Kings8: Claimants/Puppets

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Nadir Shah Afshari (1688-1747) TAHMASP II, Ag, Abbasi

Zarb Mashhad Muqaddas, 1140 AH

Az Khorasan sikka bar zar shud ba Tawfiq-i KhudaNusrat-o-Imdad-i Shah-i Din Ali-ye Musa Raza

From Khorasan coins minted in gold with God’s graceWith victorious help from the King of Faith, Ali Musa Reza

As Viceroy of the East (Khorasan)

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Nadir Shah Afshari (1688-1747) ABBAS III, Ag, AbbasiZarb Qazvin, 1147 AH

Sikka bar zar zad ba Tawfiq-i Ilahi dar JahanZill-i Haq, Abbas Salis, Sani Sahib-i Qiran

In this world struck coin on gold by the grace of GodThe Shadow of God, Abbas III, Second Lord of the

[Fortunate] Conjunctions

As Waqil ud-Daulah and Naib us-Sultanat

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Nadir Shah Afshari (1688-1747) Ag, Rupee

Zarb Qazvin, 1149 AH

Sikka bar zar kard nam Saltanat ra dar JahanNadir-i Iran Zamin wa Khusru-i Gaiti Sitan

The stamp on the Gold has famed the kingdom in the worldThe Phoenix of land of Iran, The world-conquering King

As King of Iran

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Nadir Shah Afshari (1688-1747) Ag, Rupee

Zarb Shahjahanabad, 1151 AH

Hast Sultan bar Salatin-i JahanShah-i Shahan Nadir Sahib Qiran

Over the Kings of the World, is the King King of Kings, Nadir, the Lord of Conjunctions

Nadir Shah in India

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Thank You