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KANNUR UNIVERSITY

Sanskrit core courses offered in Malayalam PG Programrne and Sanskrit Elective courses offered inHindi PG Programme- under Credit Based Semester System in affiliated colleges -Revised Scheme,Syllrbi& Mrd-lqr.

ACADEMIC BRANCH

U.O. No.Acad /C3 I 4853/2D74 Dated, Civil Station.p.O.28 -10--2014Read: L. U.O No.Acad /CL13-7460/2013,dated !2.3.2074

2. . Minutes of the meeting of Faculty of Laiiguage & Literature held on 26-3-201,43. Letter dated nil from the Chairrnan, Board of studies in Sanskrit (cdl

-

ORDER1,. Revised Regulations for U.G Programmes under Credit Based Semester System were

implemented in the University with e,tect from 20L4 admissicn, as per paper read {1) above.

2 A.s per paper read{2J above,the meeting of Faculty of Language & Literature, held on263.2a14 has approved the scheme, syllabus and model question papers for Sanskrit core coursesoffered in Malayalam PG Programme and Sanskrit Elective courses offered in Hindi pG programme,as finalized and recommended by the Board of Studies in Sanskrit(Cd) to be implemented in affiliatedcolleges, with effect from 2014 admission.

3. As per the paper read {3) above, the Chairman, Board of Studies in Sanskrit(Cd}hasforwarded the finalized copy of the Scheme , Syllabi & rnodel question papers for Sanskrit corecourses offered in Malayalam PG Programme and Sanskrit Elective courses offered in Hindi pGProgramme for implementation with effect from 2OL4 admission in affiliated colleges.

4.The Vice-Chancellor, after considering the matter in detail, and in exercise of the powers ofthe Academic Council, as per Section 11 {1) of Kannur University Act, 1g9G and all other enablingprovisions read together with, has accorded sanction to implement the revised Scheme , Syllabi &model question Papers for Sanskrit core courses offered in Malayalam pG programme and SanskritElective oourses offered in Hindi PG Programme under Credit Based Semester System with effecttrorn2OL4 admission in affiliated colleges .

5' Orders are therefore issued implementing the revised Scheme, Syllabi & Model euestionPapers for Sanskrit core courses offered in Malayalam PG Programme and Sanskrit Elective coursesoffered in Hindi PG Programme under Credit Based Semester System, in affiliated colleges, witheffest from 2014 admission, subject to report to the Academic council.

5. The implemented Scheme, syllabi & Model euestion papers are appended.

Tqt

sd/DEPUTY REGTSTMR (ACADEM|C )

For REGTSTRAR

The Principals of Affiliated Colleges offering M.A.in Hindi Language and Literature programmeand Malayalam Language and Literature Prograrnme-

Copyto;1.The Examination Branch

,

2. The chairman, Board of studies in sanskrit(cui,ttindilRe l,Malayalam(pG).3. PS to VCIPA to pVC/pA to Registrar/pA to CE

4.DR/AR-I{Academic) 5.SF/DF/FC5.The Computer Programrner(for uploading in the website)

For more details log on to www kannur university.ac.in

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KANNUR UNIVERSITY

RESTRUCTURED CURRICULUM FOR 

POST GRADUATE COURSE

OFFERED BY THE BOARD OF STUDIES IN SANSKRIT (CD)

2014 ADMISSION ONWARDS   

PREPARED AS PER THE REGULATION OF KANNUR UNIVERSITY, 2014

 

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KAVYA AND KAVYMIMAMSA

SEMESTER II

Sanskrit for Malayalam main-1

Syllabus

Course code: MAL2C08 (SKT)

Number of credits: 4

No. of contact hrs: 5

Aim of the Course

Sanskrit poetics has greatly influenced all modern Indian vernaculars.

Literary theories of these vernaculars were formed mainly as the basis of poetics in

Sanskrit. This modules aim to give a general view of Sanskrit poetics to the post

graduate students.

Objectives:

1. The students will be highly benefitted by the basic knowledge of Sanskrit

poetics.

2. This will also be useful to them to have a thorough understanding of the

literature that they are mastering.

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Course out line

Module I 20 hr

General views of Sanskrit poetics. Kavi, kavya, Kavyaprayojana, kavyahetu,

sahrudaya- definitions. Rasa theory of Sage Bharata-Number of Rasas-

Different Rasas, Bhavas etc.Alamkara school- Major schools-Major works-

Bhamaha, Udbhata, Rudrata. Definition of Guna of Dandin- ten types of

Gunas (names only)- Definition of Reeti of Vamana- Types , Definition of

Dhwani of Anandavardhana- Definition of Vakrokti of Kuntaka –Anumana-

major works and authors- Definition of Auchithya of Kshemendra.

Module II 10 hr

An introduction to Sanskrit literature, Kavyas, Types of Kavyas, sravya

kavya Mahakavya - Mahakavya lakshana of Dandin- major mahakavyas

and authors-Panchamahakavyas, Kalidasa, Bharavi, Sreeharsha and Magha.

Kalidasa and his works.Poetic style, Kalidasa as a poet of nature.

Kumarasambhava- A brief summary of Kumarasambhava.

Module III 30 hr

Textual study of Kumarasambhava - Canto VII- 1 to 45 slokas.

Module IV 30 hr

Textual study of Kumarasambhava - Canto VII- 46 to 95 slokas.

An appreciation of the canto.

Prescribed Texts

1. Textual study of Kumarasambhava - Canto VII- of Kalidasa

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Additional Reading:

1. Kumarasambhava of Kalidasa - Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi.

2. A Short history of Sanskrit literature - T. K. Ramachandra Iyer.

3. Samskritha Sahithya Charithram Edited by Dr. Kunjunni Raja and Dr.M S

Menon, Kerala Sahitya Academy, Trissur.

4. A history of Sanskrit Literature - A.B. Keith.

5. A Short History of Sanskrit Literature - T. K. Ramachandra Iyer.

6. Indian Kavya Literature (6 volumes) - A. K. Warder.

7. Samskritha Sahityethihasa, Acharya Sree Ramachandramisra, Chaucamba

Vidyabhavan, Varanacy (1979)

8. History of Indian Literature, Maurice Winternitz, Vol.I, Mothilal

Banarsidass, Delhi, (1981).

9. Samskritha Sahityethihasa, Acharya Lokamani Dahala, Krishnadas

Accademi.

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KAVYA AND KAVYMIMAMSA

SEMESTER II

Sanskrit for Malayalam main-1 Course code: MAL2C08 (SKT)

Texts: Kumarasambhava of Kalidasa - Canto VII

Time: 3 hours Credit : 4

Maximum marks: 80

Question paper should be set in Sanskrit and English. Answer may be written either in Sanskrit or in the main language.

Distribution of marks

Grammar (Split & Combine) 4out of 6 each (module III&IV) 8

Vigrahavakyas 3out of 6 (module III) 6

Short answer type question 8 out of 10 (module I, II) 16

Explain fully 3 out of 5 (module III&IV) 15

Annotation 4 out of 6 (module III&IV) 16

Essay question 1 out of 2 (module II, III&IV) 15

Translation of verses 2 out of 3 (module III&IV) 4

Components of Continuous Evaluation (CE)

Component Mark( total 20) a. Attendance (25%) 5 b. Assignment/viva/seminar (25%) 5

c. Test paper (50%) 10

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Model of question paper

KAVYA AND KAVYAMIMAMSA

SEMESTER II

Sanskrit for Malayalam main-1

Course code: MAL2C08 (SKT)

Time: 3 hours Credit : 4

Text: Kumarasambhava of Kalidasa - Canto VII Maximum marks: 80

Instructions:

Answer may be written either in Sanskrit or in main language. In writing Sanskrit Devanagiri script should be used.

I 1. Split any four: 1X 4= 4

a. o˘π]‰ı¥… b. i…n‰˘¥… c. <¥……¥…¶……∫…i…‰

d. i…®…‰EÚo˘∂™…®…¬ e. <¥……∫…®…¬ f. ∫¥…™…®…‰¥…

2 .Combine any four 1X 4= 4

a. BEÚ…+B¥… b. S…I…÷&+<¥… c. i……Ë+ Bi™…

d. Ø˚q˘&++ {… e. i…®…¬ +=¥……S… f.  ¥…¶…EÚi™…… + <¥…

II. Write the vigrahavakya of any three of the following 2X3=6

3. i…n˘“™…®… ¬ 4. {… i…{…÷j…¥…i™…& 5.  x…¥…«S…x…®…¬

6. ∂…∂……R¬ÛEÚƉ˙J…… 7. +∂…‰π… ™…i¥…… 8 ∫l……x……xi…Æ˙®…¬

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III Answer any eight in one or two sentences 2X8=16

9. What is the kavyaprayojana according to mammata?

10. How many Rasas are there? Write their names.

11. what are the works of Aswaghosha?

12. Write the names of Panchamahakavyas and It's authors.

13. What are the dramas of Bharavi?

14. Define Kavya according to mammata?

15. what Is Pratibha?

16. what is Uttamakavya?

17. What is Vakrokti according to Kuntaka?

18. Define Bharatas Rasasutra

IV. Explain fully any three 5X3=15

19. §…¶…⁄¥… ¶…∫®…Ë¥…  ∫…i……R¬ÛM…Æ˙…M…& EÚ{……±…®…‰¥……®…±…∂…‰J…Æ˙∏…“&* ={……xi…¶……M…‰π…÷ S… Æ˙…‰S…x……R¬ÛEÚ… M…V…… V…x…∫™…Ë¥… n÷˘E⁄Ú±…¶……¥…&**

20. {…i™…÷&  ∂…Æ˙∂S…xp˘EÚ±……®…x…‰x… ∫{…fi∂…‰ i… ∫…J™…… {… Æ˙Ω˛…∫…{…⁄¥…«®…¬* ∫…… Æ˙\V… ™…i¥…… S…Æ˙h……Ë EfiÚi……∂…“- ®……«i™…‰x… i……Δ  x…¥…«S…x…Δ V…P……x…**

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21. ¡“®……x…¶…⁄n¬˘ ¶…⁄ ®…v…Æ˙…‰ Ω˛Æ‰˙h… j…˱……‰C™…§…xt‰x… EfiÚi…|…®……h…&* {…⁄¥…» ®… Ω˛®x…… ∫…  Ω˛ i…∫™… n⁄˘Æ˙- ®……¥…ÃV…i…Δ x……i®…∂…Æ˙“Æ˙…Δ  x…¥…‰n˘**

22. BEËÚ¥… ®…⁄Ãi…ç… ¶…n‰˘  j…v…… ∫…… ∫……®……x™…®…‰π……Δ |…l…®……¥…Æ˙i¥…®…¬*  ¥…πh……‰Ω«˛Æ˙∫i…∫™… Ω˛ Æ˙& EÚn˘ S…- u‰˘v……∫i…™……‰∫i……¥… {… v……i…÷Æ˙…t…Ë**

23. ¥…v…⁄«Ã¥…v……j…… |… i…x…xti…‰ ∫®… EÚ±™…… h…! ¥…“Æ˙|…∫…¥…… ¶…¥… i…* ¥……S…∫{… i…& ∫…z… {… ∫……‰%π]ı®…⁄i……Í i¥……∂……∫™… S…xi……Œ∫i… ®…i……‰ §…¶…⁄¥…**

V. Annotate any four 4X4=16

24. =®……  ¥…∂…‰π……‰SU¬Ù¥… ∫…i…Δ §…¶…⁄¥…* 25. §…¶……Ë {…i…n¬˘M…R¬ÛM… <¥……‰k…®……RÛM…‰*

26.  j…∫j……‰i…∫…& EÚ…Œxi…®…i…“i™… i…∫l……Ë*

27. {…i™…÷& |…V……x……Δ  ¥…°Ú±……‰%¶… ¥…π™…i…¬*

28. ™…™……Ë ∂…±……EÚ…®…{…Æ˙… ¥…Ω˛xi…“*

VI. Translate any two in to main language 2X2=4

29. ®…Ëj…‰ ®…÷Ω˛⁄i…Ê ∂…∂…±……\…¬UÙ±…‰x… ™……‰M…Δ M…i……∫…⁄k…Æ˙°Ú±M…÷h…‰π…÷* i…∫™……& ∂…Æ˙“Ɖ˙ |… i…EÚ®…« S…G¬Ú÷§…«xv…÷Œ∫j…™……‰ ™……& {… i…{…÷j…¥…i™…&**

30.  ¥…±……‰S…x…Δ n˘ I…h…®V…x…‰x… ∫…Δ®¶……¥™… i…u˘Œ\V…i…¥……®…x…‰j……* i…l…Ë¥… ¥……i……™…x…∫…Δ x…EÚπ…« ™…™……Ë ∂…±……EÚ…®…{…Æ˙… ¥…Ω˛xi…“**

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31 +J…Œhb˜i…Δ |…‰®… ±…¶…∫¥… {…i™…÷ Æ˙i™…÷S™…i…‰ i…… ¶…Ø˚®…… ∫®… x…©……* i…™…… i…÷ i…∫™……v…«∂…Æ˙“Æ˙¶……V…… {…∂S……iEfiÚi……& Œ∫x…Mv…V…x…… ∂…π……%‰ {…**

VII. Write essays on two of the following : 15X1=15

32. {……¥…«i…“{…Æ˙®…‰∑…Æ˙™……‰&  ¥…¥……Ω˛ ¥… v…EÚ®…« ∫…Δ I…{…i…

Narrate the marriage rituals of Parvathi and Parameswara. Or

EÚ… ±…n˘…∫…∫™… EÚ…¥™…∂…˱…“  ¥…∂…n˘™…i…

Explain the narrative style of Kalidasa  

 

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NATAKA COMMUNICATIVE SANSKRIT AND TRANSLATION

Semester III

Sanskrit for Malayalam main-2

Syllabus

Course Code : MAL3C13 (SKT)

Credit : 4

No of contact hrs: 5

Aim of the Course:

The course is intended to provide a general awareness of Sanskrit dramas.

The course is also helps to improve the communicative skill among

students.

Objectives 1. To acquire ability and proficiency in literary tastes and translation.

2. To introduce Indian tradition of Dramatic arts.

3. To know about the Sanskrit dramatic literature with special reference to

‘Pratimanataka ’

Course outline

Module I 5 hr

Introduction to Sanskrit Dramas– Bharata & Natayasastra – Origin and

Development- Characteristics and types of Sanskrit Dramas (Dasaroopakas),

Special features of Sanskrit Dramas -Sanskrit dramatic techniques. Major

Dramatists- Kalidasa, Sudraka, Bhavabhuti, Visakhadatta and Bhasa. Bhasa-

13 Dramas.

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Module II 35 hr.

Textual study of the drama- Pratimanataka of Bhasa I ,II &III. Acts.

Module III 20 hr

Textual study of Pratimanataka of Bhasa IV, VActs.

Module IV 20 hr

Textual study of Pratimanataka of Bhasa VI& VII Acts.

Module V 10 hr

Translation and communicative Sanskrit

• Translate verses from the drama -Pratimanataka.

• Translate simple sentence in to Sanskrit.

• Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

(simple sentences: eg:- ---------vidyalayam gachami., Twam kutra-----------?)

• Answer the questions based on a simple passage.

Prescribed texts:

Pratimanataka of Bhasa.

Reference texts:

1. Bhasanataka sarvaswam- Dr. Sudhamsu Chaturvedi

2. A short history of Sanskrit Literature- T.K.Ramachandra Iyer.

3. A history of Sanskrit literature- A B Keith.

4. History of Sanskrit literature- Krishna Chaitanya.

5. Historyof Sanskrit literature- Acharya Lokamani Dahala.

6. Essays on Sanskrit Literature- Sadhuram, R. S. Vadhyar & Sons, Palghat

7. Samskrita sahitya charitram- Krishna Chaithanya.

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NATAKA AND COMMUNICATIVE SANSKRIT

SEMESTER III

Sanskrit for Malayalam main-2 Course code: MAL3C13 (SKT)

Texts: Pratimanataka of Bhasa.

Time: 3 hours Credit : 4

Maximum marks: 80

Question paper should be set in Sanskrit and English. Answer may be written either in Sanskrit or in the main language.

Distribution of marks

Short answer type question 5 out of 8 (module – I, II&III) -10

Annotation 3 out of 5 (module –II, III&IV) -12

Explain fully 2 out of 4 (module –II, III&IV) -10

Paragraph question 3 out of 5 (module –II, III&IV) -15

Essay question 1 out of 2 (module – I, II, III &IV)` -15

Fill in the blanks with suitable words 5 out of 7 (module V) -5

Translate two verses out of three (module II, III &IV) -4

Translate simple sentences in to Sanskrit 4 out of 6 (module V) -4

Answer the questions based on a simple passage (module V) -5

13  

NATAKA AND COMMUNICATIVE SANSKRIT

SEMESTER III

Sanskrit for Malayalam main-2

Course code: MAL3C13 (SKT)

Time: 3 hours Credit : 4 Maximum marks: 80

Instructions:

Answer may be written either in Sanskrit or in main language. In writing Sanskrit Devanagiri script should be used.

I Answer any five in one or two sentences 2X5=10

1. what is Pravesaka? 2. +±… ®…n˘…x…” μ…h…‰ |…Ω˛i…÷«®…¬- Who said this? Why?

3. Who is EÚ…\S…÷EÚ“™…&?

4. x……‰i∫…Ω‰˛ ∂±……P…x…“™…‰ EÚ…±…‰ ¥……Æ˙ ™…i…®…j…¶…¥…i…“®…¬? Who said this? When?

5. ∫…x……l…Ëπ…… ¶… ¥…π™… i… - Who ? Why?

6. øn˘™…{… Æ˙i……{…& J…±…÷ ®…Ω˛…x…¬? Who said this? When? 7. Who is Sumantra?

II. Annotate any three 3X4=12

8. ∫…¥…«∂……‰¶…x…“™…Δ ∫…÷∞¸{…Δ x……®…*

9. Æ˙…V™…Δ x……®… ®…÷Ω⁄˛i…«®… {… x……‰{…‰I…h…“™…®…¬*

10. x… x™……™™…Δ {…Æ˙n˘…‰π…®… ¶…P……i…÷®…¬*

11. §…Ω÷˛¥…fik……xi…… x… Æ˙…V…E÷Ú±…… x… x……®…*

12. x… ®…™…… M…÷Ø˚¥…S…x…®… i…GÚ…xi…{…⁄¥…«®…¬*

14  

III. Explain fully any two 5X2=10

13. øn˘™…! ¶…¥… ∫…EÚ…x…Δ ™…iEfiÚi…‰ ∂…R¬ÛEÚ∫…‰ i¥…Δ

∏…fih…÷  ¥…i…fi x…v…x…Δ i…n¬˘ M…SUÙ v…Ë™…» S… i……¥…i…¬*

∫{…fi∂… i… i…÷ ™… n˘ x…“S……‰ ®……®…™…Δ ∂…÷C±…∂…§n˘-

∫i¥…l… S… ¶…¥… i… ∫…i™…Δ i…j… n˘…‰π……‰  ¥…∂……‰v™…&**

14. i™…Ci¥…… ∫x…‰ΩΔ˛ ∂…“±…∫…R¬ÛGÚ…xi…n˘…‰{…Ë&

{…÷j……∫i……¥…z…x¥…{…÷j……&  GÚ™…xi…‰

±……‰E‰%{…÷¥…» ∫l……{…™……®™…‰π… v…®…»

¶…i…fi«p˘…‰Ω˛…n˘∫i…÷ ®……i……{™…®……i……**

15. M…SUÙŒxi… i…÷œπ]ı J…±…÷ ™…‰x… E‰Úx…

x… B¥… V……x…Œxi…  Ω˛ i……Δ n˘∂……Δ ®…‰

<SUÙ… ®… {…⁄V……Δ S… i…l…… {… EÚi…÷»

i……i…∫™… Æ˙…®…∫™… S… ∫……x…÷∞¸{…®…¬**

16. +x…÷S…Æ˙ i… ∂…∂……R¬ÛEÚ Æ˙…Ω÷˛n˘…‰π…‰% {… i……Æ˙…

{…i… i… S… ¥…x…¥…fiI…‰ ™…… i… ¶…⁄À®… ±…i…… S…*

i™…V… i… x… S… EÚƉ˙h…÷& {…R¬ÛEÚ±…Mx…Δ M…V…‰xpΔ˘

μ…V…i…÷ S…Æ˙i…÷ v…®…» ¶…i…fi«x……l……  Ω˛ x……™…«&**

IV. Write a paragraph on any three of the following : 5X3=15

17. ¶……∫…x……]ıEÚ…x……Δ {… Æ˙S…™…®…÷{…∫l……{…™…i…*

18. Æ˙…®……™…h…®…⁄±™…EÚl……J……& |… i…®……x……]ıEÚ∫™… EÚl……¥…∫i…÷x…&  ¶…z…i……Δ  ¥…∂…n˘™…i…

19. "EÚ…¥™…‰π…÷ x……]ıEΔÚ Æ˙®™…®…¬' - + HÚ ®…x……Δ ∫……v…™…i…?

20. |… i…®……x……]ıE‰Ú  S… j…i… ±…I®…h…∫™… {……j… S…j…h…Δ E÷ÚØ˚i…*

15  

V. Write an essay on any of the following : 15X1=15

21. |… i…®……x…x……]ıEÚ∫™… S…i…÷l……Í%R¬Û∫™… EÚl……∫……ÆΔ˙ =Ci¥……  ¥…∂…n˘™…i…?

1. Or ¶……∫…x……]ıE‰Úπ…÷ |… i…®……x……]ıEÚ∫™… ∫l……x…Δ  ¥…∂…n˘™…i…*

VI. Translate any two of the following 2X2=4

22. ∫¥…M…» M…i…‰ x…Æ˙{…i……Ë ∫…÷EfiÚi……x…÷™……j…‰

{……ËÆ˙…∏…÷{……i…∫… ±…±…ËÆ˙x…÷M…®™…®……x…&*

p˘π]÷Δı |…™……®™…EfiÚ{…h…‰π…÷ i…{……‰¥…x…‰π…÷

Æ˙…®…… ¶…v……x…®…{…ÆΔ˙ V…M…i…& ∂…∂……R¬ÛEÚ®…¬**

23. i……i…‰ v…x…÷x…«®… ™… ∫…i™…®…¥…‰I…®……h…‰

®…÷\S…… x… ®……i… Æ˙ ∂…ÆΔ˙ ∫¥…v…x…Δ Ω˛Æ˙xi™……®…¬*

n˘…‰π…‰π…÷ §……¡®…x…÷V…Δ ¶…Æ˙i…Δ Ω˛x…… x…

ÀEÚ Æ˙…‰π…h……™… Ø˚ S…ÆΔ˙  j…π…÷ {……i…E‰Úπ…÷**

24.  {…i…÷Ãx…™……‰M……n˘Ω˛®……M…i……‰ ¥…x…Δ

x… ¥…i∫…! n˘{……«z… ¶…™……z…  ¥…ß…®……i…¬*

E÷Ú±…Δ S… x…& ∫…i™…v…x…Δ μ…¥…“ ®… i…‰

EÚl…Δ ¶…¥……x…¬ x…“S…{…l…‰ |…¥…i…«i…‰**

VIII. Translate in to Sanskrit 1X4=4

25. The birds flew from the branches of the tree 26. Girls are dancing. 27. Shall I go to school? 28. She sings well. 29. The boys are playing 30. When will she come? 31. Where are you coming from?

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VII. Fill in the blanks with suitable words any two of the following 1X5=5

32. i¥…Δ E÷Új…Ú......?

33Æ˙…®…& ......... ∫…Ω˛ M…SUÙ i…*

34Æ˙®…… ........... ¶…V… i…*

35+ΩΔ˛ {…÷∫i…EΔÚ .............*

36Æ˙…®……& {… j…EÚ…Δ ..............*

37............ +±…®…¬*

38...............M…SUÙ ∫…*

IX. Read the passage and answer the following questions 1X5=5

39.EÚ∂S…x… ∏…fiM……±…& V…±…Δ {……i…÷Δ ¥……{…” M…i……‰ V…±…‰ ®…®…VV…* i…‰x… §… Ω˛M…«xi…÷Δ §…Ω˛¥……‰ ™…ix……& EfiÚi……&*  EÚxi…÷ i…‰

∫…¥…Ê ®…÷v……%¶…¥…x…¬* +j…xi…Ɖ˙ EÚ…‰%{™…V…&  {…{……∫……E÷Ú±…& {… Æ˙ß…®…x…¬ i…j……M…i…&* +{…fiSUÙi… ∏…fiM……±…®…¬ "∫…J…‰ + {…

®…v…÷Æ˙®…¬ V…∫…®…¬' - < i…* ®…v…÷Æ˙ ®… i…  EÚ®…÷S™…i…‰* E‰Ú¥…±…Δ {…“™…⁄π…®…‰¥…! |…¶…⁄i…Δ  {…§…i……‰% {… x… ®…‰ ¥……\UÙ…  x…¥…i…«i…‰*

x… ∂…Cx……‰®™…‰i……Δ ¥……{…” Ω˛…i…÷®…¬' - < i…*

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