The New Imperialism - The Bronx High School of Science€¦ · 29/8/2012 · The New Imperialism...
Transcript of The New Imperialism - The Bronx High School of Science€¦ · 29/8/2012 · The New Imperialism...
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Imperialism
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The Old Imperialism
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The New Imperialism
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The New Imperialism
• The Profit Motive:– Overseas profits
crucial in imperialist dynamic.
– “Colonial policy is the daughter of industrial policy,” French Prime Minister Jules Ferry, 1884.
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The New Imperialism
• Overseas Export Markets, c 1914:– France’s colonies
represented 12% of its foreign trade.
– Britain’s colonies comprise 33% of its foreign trade.
– German colonial trade amounts to less than 1% of its exports.
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The New Imperialism
• Places to Resettle the Poor:– Colonies could resolve
social as well as economic issues.
– Places to vent domestic frustrations and disperse the multiplying poor.
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The New Imperialism
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The New Imperialism
• Continental Envy:– Although the real
source of British power was is industrial base, continental Europe envied the wealth and power its colonies gave it.
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The New Imperialism
• Strategic Concerns:– To protect route to
India, in 1882 Britain makes Egypt a protectorate; later they take control over Nile Valley.
– Russia and Great Britain play the “great game” in central Asia.
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The New Imperialism
• Dividing rather than Conquering:– Rivalry among Great
Powers keep some regions from falling under a single European dominion.
– Britain and France establish Siam (Thailand) as a buffer zone.
– Western powers seize Chinese “treaty ports.”
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The New Imperialism
• Rationalizing Conquest:– Technological superiority
convinced many that it was Europe’s duty to develop Asia and Africa.
– Viewed colonial populations as inferior.
– Social Darwinists believe white race destined to succeed, non-whites to succumb.
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The New Imperialism
• Rudyard Kipling:– Take up the White Man's
burden--Send forth the best ye breed--Go bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives' need;To wait in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild--Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and half-child.
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The New Imperialism
• The White Man’s Burden:– Even as rivalries persisted,
empire building underscored belief in common European destiny.
– Performing feats akin to ancient Rome or medieval Crusaders.
– Colonial acquisitions spark public clamor for further expansion.
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The New Imperialism
• Man’s Work:– Literature of empire
building written in masculine terms.
– European women follow the men as helpmates or missionaries
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The New Imperialism
The Writing of Mary Kingsley (1862-1900)
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The New Imperialism
• Conquest and Administration:– Industrialization give Europeans the means to conquer and the
tools to administer—gunboats and telegraphs.
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The New Imperialism
Conquest and Administration
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The New Imperialism
• Conquest and Administration:– In 1890s, France to
save administrative costs puts rubber companies in control of large tracts of land in Congo. Local people brutally coerced to collect sap
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The New Imperialism
• Conquest and Administration:– King Leopold II of Belgium rules the Belgian Congo as a private domain
without any accountability to domestic parliament.– He brutally exploits the Congolese and is internationally condemned.
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The New Imperialism
• Westernization:– Western states build cities modeled on European grid systems; Great
Britain constructs twice as much rail lines in India as existed at home.
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The New Imperialism
• Westernization:– European empire builders
create never before seen political units and ignore tribal and indigenous differences.
– Some intellectuals in Europe’s colonies adopt west’s ideologies—particularly nationalism, e.g. Young India and Young Algerians
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The New Imperialism:Co-opting colonial culture
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The New Imperialism
• Great Britain’s territorial reach:– Although the real
source of British power was is industrial base, continental Europe envied the wealth and power its colonies gave it.
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The New Imperialism
Great Britain and Africa
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The New Imperialism
England and India
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The New Imperialism
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The New Imperialism• Europe and the scramble for Africa:
– 1881, French occupy Tunisia.– 1882, revolt in Egypt (against British
and French influence) prompts British occupation.
– 1884, Germany acquires South West Africa, Togo, Cameroon; Berlin Conference.
– 1885, King Leopold of Belgium acquires Congo.
– 1886, Britain and Germany divide East Africa; discovery of gold in South Africa.
– 1889, Italy establishes colonies in Eritrea and Somaliland; British South Africa Company starts colonization of Rhodesia.
– 1894, Britain occupies Uganda.– 1896, Abyssinian (Ethiopean) army
defeats invading Italian army.– 1898, Fashoda crisis.– 1899-1902, Boer War.
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The New Imperialism
• Europe and the scramble for Africa:– 1884 Berlin conference
sets terms for African colonization.
– Bismarck doesn’t press German acquisitions; plays British and French ambitions against each other.
– Guns make the (imperial) man.
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The New Imperialism
• The Nile and Northeast Africa:– In 1898, the Fashoda Crisis
between Britain and France erupts over influence in the Upper Nile.
– To secure Egypt (and the Suez Canal) Britain seeks control of Nile valley.
– Battle of Omdurman.– French interests overcome,
resentment follows, and results in Entente Cordiale in 1904.
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The New Imperialism
• Southern Africa:– Until end of 19th century,
southern Africa (except for the Cape area) largely untouched agrarian territory.
– In 1867, diamonds discovered; 20 years later gold discovered in the Transvaal in the Boer Republic.
– British plans were to absorb Boer territory into a federation; resistance led to annexation.
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The New Imperialism
• The South African Gold-rush:– In 1881, gold found on the
Witwatersrand and two years later on the great reef. The rush was on.
– The value of South African exports doubles in three years.
– Cecil Rhodes attempts to topple Transvaal and fails.
– British government presses for federation of south African territories.
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The New Imperialism:The Second Anglo-Boer War, 1899-1902
(First Anglo-Boer War, 1880-1881)
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The New Imperialism:Europe and Asia
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The New Imperialism
• France and Indochina:– French presence in
Indochina goes back to Napoleon III and the French colony of Cochin China in Mekong delta.
– In 1863, France established protectorate over Cambodia.
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The New Imperialism
• France and Indochina:– Kingdom of Annam
considered most important to French colonial interests.
– In 1883, France dispatches military expedition to Tonkin, and blockade Hue.
– Settlement leads to clashes with Chinese troops
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The New Imperialism
• France and Indochina:– French annexation of
Indochina, primarily a matter of treaties and wars.
– Annam court grudgingly accepts French protectorate and military conflict breaks out in 1885, the Scholars Rebellion.
– Conflict in Annam lasts 12 years and causes government of Jules Ferry to fall.
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The New Imperialism
• France and Indochina:– Cochin China a colony
governed by colonists themselves.
– Population of Vietnam rose from 10 million in 1878 to 17 million in 1913; by then the country had fewer than 24,000 French inhabitants.
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The New Imperialism
• France and Indochina:– Small and concentrated, French population depended on Chinese labor.– Native Christian population fearful and with reason.– Vietnamese upper classes resist French acculturation.– Armed resistance persists.
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The New Imperialism