1.INDEX 1. Interaction and coordination in human beings 2. Nervous tissues and neurons 3. Receptors 4. Nervous system 5. Diseases related to the nervous system

2. All organisms need to: interact with the environment get information from their own bodies coordinate their activities The interaction process is the set of processes through which an organism: obtains information from the environment takes decisions, controls its actions coordinates the functioning of the body. 3. The process of interaction has 3 steps: Obtaining information by the receptors, which get information from the exterior and the interior of the body. Analysis of the information and elaboration of a response by the nervous system and the endocrine system Execution of the response by the effectors, like muscles or glands 4. Systems involved in interaction and co-ordination System Main features Receptors They are isolated organs, like the eyes, the ears, etc. Nervous system It is made up by neurons Endocrine system Its glands produce hormones, which travel through the blood Muscular and skeletal systems They carry out the responses requiring movement or displacement Activity 2, 3 and 4 page 97 5. Cell body: thickest part of the neuron. It contains the nucleus and the majority of the organelles. Axon: a large prolongation which comes out of the cell body and branches out at the end. Dendrites: small branching prolongations of the body of the cell. Schwann cells: they protect and isolate the axon. 6. Neurons are conected to each other by means of the dendrites and the branched ends of the axon. Dendrite and axon are separated by a small gap known as the synapse. 7. Nervous impulses are weak electric currents which are transmitted by the axon at a speed of as much as 100 m/s 8. Neurotransmitters are chemical substances released by the axon of a neuron when it is reached by a nervous impulse. This substances are detected by the following neuron which produces another nervous impulse. 9. Sensory Neurons They carry information from the receptors to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) Motor Neurons They take information to the effectors Interneurons They connect sensory neurons and motor neurons Activity 2 and 4 page 99 10. Sensory receptors are the structures of our body which are specialised in capturing stimuli. Some of them are concentrated in the organs of the five senses Others are in our viscera, muscles and joints 11. Type of receptor Stimulus Organ Mechanoreceptors Pressure, sound Skin, muscles, viscera, ear Thermoreceptors Heat and cold Skin Chemoreceptors Chemical substances (smell, flavour) Olfactory mucus (nose), taste buds (tongue) Photoreceptors Light Retina of the eye Nocireceptors Pain Skin, muscles, viscera 12. Eye Activities 13. Ear http://www.nucleusanimationlibrary.com/animation-preview?ccat=all&clang=English&animationid=71615 (video hearing) 14. Nasal Cavity Olfactory bulb Nostril 15. Tongue 16. Skin Sensitive corpuscle 17. The nervous system consists of : A. Central nervous system A. 1. The encephalon A. 2. The spinal cord B. Peripheral nervous system The nerves 18. A. Central nervous system A. 1. Encephalon Parts: cerebrum or brain Cerebellum brain stem (bulbo raqudeo) limbic system with: hypothalamus thalamus 19. A. pituitary gland B. cerebrum or brain C. skull D. corpus callosum E. thalamus F. hypothalamus G. brain stem H. cerebellum I. medulla J. spinal cord 20. Cranium (bone) Meninges (3 membranes) Cerebro-spinal fluid 21. analyses all the information from the receptors and orders voluntary responses. It is the centre for language, thought, creativity learning and memory. It is the only conscious structure of the encephalon. intervenes in the control of muscles, balance and the posture of the body. controls the heartbeat, breathing, deglution, contracting and dilating of blood vessels, etc. It also causes reflexes such as coughing, vomiting and sneezing 22. The limbic system is the basis of our emotions. It contains the thalamus, hypothalamus and other parts. It controls instinctive behaviour related with feeding, agression and sexuality. filters the information from the receptors. controls the temperature of the body and blood pressure. 23. Spinal column or vertebral column (bone) Meninges (3 membranes) Cerebro-spinal liquid A. 2. Spinal cord 24. A nerve contains a mixture of nerve fibres (axons) B. Peripheral nervous system: the nerves Nerves can be: -Cranial linked to the brain -Spinal linked to the spinal cord 25. Sensory nerve brain Motor nerve 26. 1. A stimulus is produced on a receptor. 2. A sensory nerve captures the information. 3. The spinal cord acts as integration centre: it orders the response. 4. The information is collected by interneurons and sent to the motor nerve. 5. The motor nerve conects to an effector, the muscle, which produces the response. 27. Thanks to the reflex arc a rapid response is achieved in situations of danger. For example: if we puncture ourselves we immediately (and unconsciously) remove the part of our body which is in danger. 28. Alzheimer and Parkinson are degenerative illnesses in which neurons are destroyed. Alzheimers Disease produces a progressive loss of memory and ability to reason. 29. Parkinson affects movement and causes trembling and rigidity. 30. Otitis is an inflammation of the ear, at times accompanied by the secretion of pus, Which causes pain but it can be cured with antibiotics. Conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctive membrane, which causes redness, itching, tears and a secretion. Cataracts consist of the transformation of the lens of the eye, which become opaque.