The Nervous System The Lay of the Land. Nervous system Central nervous system Peripheral nervous...
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Transcript of The Nervous System The Lay of the Land. Nervous system Central nervous system Peripheral nervous...
Nervous system
Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
Brain Spinal cordSomatic
nervous systemAutonomic
nervous system
Nervous system
Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
Brain Spinal cordSomatic
nervous systemAutonomic
nervous system
Afferent nerves
Efferent nerves
Afferent nerves
Efferent nerves
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Generally speaking…
• Sympathetic nervous system– Gets body ready for
“fight or flight”
• Parasympathetic nervous system– Saves energy, slows
things down to normal after danger is over
Figure 2.12 Structures that protect the CNS Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology© 2007 by Worth Publishers
Meninges: Layers of protection
• Dura mater (tough mother)
• Arachnoid mater (spiderweblike membrane)
• Pia mater (pious mater)
The Blood-Brain Barrier
• Prevents harmful substances in the blood from entering the brain
• The cells that make up the walls of the blood vessel walls are squeezed close together, so many molecules cannot pass through
The Blood-Brain Barrier
• Substances that are important for brain and body functioning can pass through
• Psychotropic drugs, anti-histamines
NeuronsFigure 2.5 A typical neuron and synapse Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology© 2007 by Worth Publishers
Figure 2.6 The four major types of synapses Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology© 2007 by Worth Publishers
2. Glial cells
• Oligodendrocytes– Myelin sheath of central nervous system
• Schwann cells– Myelin sheath of peripheral nervous system
2. Glial cells• Astrocytes
– Astro = star– Helps maintain the
blood-brain barrier– Provide neurons with
nutrients– Support neurons:
protect and hold neurons in place
– Keep neurons separated to prevent messages from being mistakenly transmitted
• 31 pairs of spinal nerves– 8 cervical– 12 thoracic– 5 lumbar– 5 sacral– 1 coccygeal
Figure 2.10 The 31 pairs of spinal nerves Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology© 2007 by Worth Publishers
Figure 2.15 Section of the spinal cord Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology© 2007 by Worth Publishers
Gray matter: cell bodies
White matter: axons
Figure 1.3 A cross-sectional view of part of the spinal cordKlein/Thorne: Biological Psychology© 2007 by Worth Publishers
Major Structures of the Brain
• Hindbrain
Figure 2.17 The hindbrain Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology© 2007 by Worth Publishers
Major Structures of the Brain
• Midbrain
Figure 2.18 The midbrain Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology© 2007 by Worth Publishers
• Thalamus• Hypothalamus
• Cerebral cortex• Limbic system• Basal ganglia
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10401930
• Thalamus• Relays information
from all senses except smell
• Like a telephone switchboard that conveys information from vision, hearing, touch.
Figure 2.21 The thalamus Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology© 2007 by Worth Publishers
• Hypothalamus– Controls release of
hormones – that stimulate
growth– when under
stress
• Controls temperature, hunger, thirst
Figure 2.22 The hypothalamus Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology© 2007 by Worth Publishers
• The cerebral cortex
Figure 2.25 The cerebral cortex Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology© 2007 by Worth Publishers
• Frontal lobe– Movement – Memory – Decision-making– Emotion– Conscious control of
behavior– Personality
Figure 2.25 The cerebral cortex Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology© 2007 by Worth Publishers
Damage to the frontal lobe
• Difficulty with responding to the environment– Not following rules– Impaired learning
• Changes in personality
• Temporal lobe– Hearing– Memory– Language
Figure 2.25 The cerebral cortex Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology© 2007 by Worth Publishers
• Parietal lobe– Information from touch– Making sense of
spatial relationships in the environment
Figure 2.25 The cerebral cortex Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology© 2007 by Worth Publishers
• Occipital lobe– Vision
Figure 2.25 The cerebral cortex Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology© 2007 by Worth Publishers
• The limbic system
Figure 2.23 The limbic system Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology© 2007 by Worth Publishers
• The basal ganglia
Figure 2.23 The basal ganglia Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology© 2007 by Worth Publishers