Rutter, Jeremy B. the Prepalatial Bronze Age of the Southern and Central Greek Mainland.
The Middle Bronze Age in Mainland Greece & Dating Methods
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Transcript of The Middle Bronze Age in Mainland Greece & Dating Methods
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The Middle Bronze Agein Mainland Greece
&Dating Methods
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Bronze Age Chronology
Crete Minoan (Minos - mythical king) Cyclades Cycladic (Aegean island chain) Mainland Helladic (Hellas = Greece)
• EarlyEBA EM EC EH (3100-2000)• Middle MBA MM MC MH (2000-
1650)• Late LBA LM LC LH (1650-1050)
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Bronze Age Aegean Map
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Alternative Minoan Chronology (Palaces of Knossos, Phaistos,
Mallia & Zakro)• Pre-palatial EM I - MM IA
(ca. 3100/3000-1925/1900 B.C.)• Protopalatial (Old Palace) MM IB - MM IIB
(ca. 1925/1900-1750/1720 B.C.)• Neopalatial (New Palace) MM IIIA - LM IB
(ca. 1750/1720-1490/1470 B.C.)• Post-palatial LM IIIA-C
(ca. 1490/1470-1075/1050 B.C.)
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How do archaeologists date a site?
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Dating Techniques
• Carbon-14 (radiation emission)
• Thermoluminescence Dating (radiation reception)
• Obsidian Hydration (post-flaking water absorption, but temperature, chemical variation)
• Pollen Dating• Deep-Sea Cores• Ice Cores • Dendrochronology • Stratigraphic
Sequence (later on top of older)
• Typological Sequence
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Carbon-14 dating
C-14 dating can determine the age of organic material up to 40,000 years old.
• Living organisms absorb carbon.• C-14 decays at known rate.• After burning a small piece of a sample,
scientists compare the amount of unstable, decaying Carbon-14 to the amount of stable Carbon-12 to determine the age of the organic matter
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Carbon-14, Myth and Archaeology?
A Famous Case?
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Carbon-14, Myth and
Archaeology
• The Shroud of Turin: the burial garment of Jesus?
• 1988 study, C-14 tests showed that the cloth dated from some time between 1260 and 1390. This ruled it out as the possible burial cloth that wrapped the body of Christ.
• Cardinal of Turin admitted the garment was a hoax.
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BUT…• Shroud damaged in several
fires since first recorded in 1357, including church blaze in 1532.
• Said to have been restored by nuns who patched holes and stitched the shroud to reinforcing material.
• chemical tests may indicate material used in the 1988 radiocarbon analysis was cut from medieval patch woven into the shroud to repair fire damage!
• Was C-14 test performed on later repair work, not on original material of shroud?
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Shroud real?
Church very hesitant, very reluctant to do further tests, because they've been given so many conflicting opinions
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Thermoluminescence dating
• Thermoluminsecence is the luminescence of minerals giving off stored nuclear energy when heated.
• not generally accurate enough for archaeological standards
• simple authenticity tests of art object• dates items between the years
300-10,000B.P
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Thermoluminescence & Tanagra
Figurines
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Obsidian Hydration dating• Volcanic glass• Sharper than
surgical steel• Blades, tools (cutting
crops, projectile points, drills, etc.)
• Water absorption “rind”
• Two uses: – relative dating
method: a older than b
– absolute dating method where a calendar date (AD/BC) is produced
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Pollen Dating
• Palynology: the study of pollen & spores• Pollen deposits such in lakes, etc.,
supply a sequential record of changes in vegetation since the last Ice Age
• Pollen analysis of lakes and bogs to study humans as agents of vegetation change rather than causes such as climate
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Deep Sea Core Dating
• oceanic sediments retrieved by the core yields information on temperature changes in the ocean through time.
• changes, suggestive of climatic variation, help chart progress of glaciation and, since they can be dated, the technique assists in the establishment of a chronology for the Quaternary.
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Ice Core Dating• polar ice caps contain layers of compacted ice• continuous record of snow accumulation, air
temperature, and fallout from volcanic, terrestrial, marine, cosmic, and anthropogenic sources
• reconstruction of paleoenvironments & paleoclimatology and as a method of absolute dating
• Record of more than 300,000 years• samples of ancient atmospheres are trapped in air
bubbles within the ice• 6000 years in a core more than two kilometres in
depth, with an excellent level of reliability within around 50 years
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Ice Core Segment
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Ice Cores for BA Aegean
• Some layers of ice contain high levels of dust and acidity caused by volcanic eruptions.
• historical eruptions, e.g. Krakatoa (1883) or Vesuvius (AD 79), can be correlated with ice-cores
• further undocumented eruptions in prehistoric times may also be detected.
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Dendrochronology
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Cornell Dendrochronology Lab: Anatolian Timeline
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Stratigraphy: the law of superposition
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Stratigraphy of Troy
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Typological Sequence
• Barbed?
• Tanged?
• Barbed & Tanged?
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Early Helladic Pottery
• (a) saucer, EHII • (b) sauceboat, EHII • (c) askos, EHII
• (d) plate, EHII-III
• (e) tankard,
patterned ware, EHIII
• (f) 2-handled bowl, EHIII
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EH Pottery
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MH Pottery• a) ring-stemmed
goblet, Grey Minyan ware
• (b) kantharos, Grey Minyan ware
• (c) barrel jar, Aiginetan Matt-painted ware
• (d) kantharos, Matt-painted ware
• (e) Matt-painted cup, with ‘panelled’ style of decoration;
• (f) jug, Mainland Polychrome style
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MH: Gray Minyan Ware
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MH Gray Minyan Kantharos
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MH Pottery
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MH Matt-Painted & Mainland Polychrome
Wares