The Microbial World. Tree of Life Phylogeny based on 16S ribosomal DNA. Three domains of living...
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Transcript of The Microbial World. Tree of Life Phylogeny based on 16S ribosomal DNA. Three domains of living...
![Page 1: The Microbial World. Tree of Life Phylogeny based on 16S ribosomal DNA. Three domains of living organisms Borderline entities –Viruses –Viroids –Prions.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697c0061a28abf838cc542c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Microbial World
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Tree of Life
• Phylogeny based on 16S ribosomal DNA.
• Three domains of living organisms
• Borderline entities– Viruses
– Viroids
– Prions
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Characteristics of Living Organisms
• Metabolism
• Growth
• Reproduction
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Characteristics of Cells
• Cell membrane separates cell from outside
• DNA as genetic material
• Ribosomes
• Basic structural macromolecules
• Regulate flow of materials in and out
• Reproduce and are the result of reproduction
• Require energy
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Types of Cells
• Prokaryotes
• Eukaryotes
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Generally eukaryotic cells are morphologically complex and biochemically simple; prokaryotic cells are morphologically simple and biochemically complex
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Prokaryotic Cell (Minimal)
• No “true” nucleus
• No internal membrane bound organelles
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Prokaryotic Cell (Maximal)
• Inclusions• External
structures for attachment, genetic exchange, and movement
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Prokaryotic Cell Wall
• Unique chemical composition
• Protects cell from osmotic lysis
• Two major types– Gram positive– Gram negative
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Gram Negative Cell Walls
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Gram Positive Cell Walls
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Structures Exterior to the Wall
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Glycocalyx/Capsule
• Extracellular polymer
• Important in attachment to surfaces - biofilms
• Protects against phagocytosis
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Biofilm Formation
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Pili
• Short hairlike appendages projecting from the bacterial cell surface
• Composed of protein• Function:
– Attachment
– Transfer of DNA
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Flagella
• Long protein (flagellin) appendage
• Motility• Structure and function
like a propeller• Arrangement of flagella
sometimes used in taxonomy/identification of bacteria
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Cell Membrane
• Fluid Mosaic Model
• Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
• Regulates transport of substances into and out of the cell
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Membrane Transport
• Diffusion
• Passive/Facilitated Transport
• Group Translocation
• Active Transport
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Internal Structures
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Nucleoid• Bacterial chromosome• Single circular piece of DNA• No associated histones
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Plasmids• Extrachromosomal small piece of DNA
• Independent of chromosome
• Code of ancillary functions– Antibiotic resistance– Metal resistance– Catabolic pathways
• Self-replicating
• Used in genetic engineering
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Ribosomes• Combinations of protein and RNA
• Essential structures
• Function– Protein synthesis– Expression of genetic information
• Size differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
• Prokaryotes: 70S
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Inclusions
• Magnetosomes• Poly-hydroxybutyrate• Sulfur granules• Glycogen• Polyphosphate granules