Foreword

This small book began originally as aHigh School science paper by its author, amember of Lord's Covenant Church, andthen, just 18 years old. His conclusions asto the type of people who must have builtStonehenge were so different from thatwhich is generally presented in the HighSchool text-books, that we thought it aservice to a growing generation, which isso horribly ignorant of the true nature ofour ancestors, to put it in book form thatthey may read it, and think.

In this day when the present and pasthistory of the White Race is so distorted,we do hope this may shed some little lighton those who lived so long ago, from whommany of our people in America aredescended.

The prophet Isaiah wrote to Israel:

“Hearken to me, ye that follow afterrighteousness, ye that seek the LORD:look unto the rock whence ye arehewn, and to the hole of the pitwhence ye are digged.”

(Isaiah 51:1)

He, of course, referred to Jesus Christ,the Redeemer of the House of Israel. It is,also, important to look to history as aguide to the future. If we can learn fromthe very stones fashioned by the ancientBritons at Stonehenge, by all means let usdo so. Pray enter this little book with anopen mind, laying aside all past preju-dices or speculations as to its meanings orits builders. And think with this youngman as he writes of Stonehenge, and pos-sibly YOUR ancestors.

Pastor Sheldon Emry

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The Master Minds oFThe Master Minds oFStonehengeStonehenge

Were they Aborigines? — Or intelligent White Men?

by Paul Bunch

The darkness of an English winternight, uncomfortably cold, shrouds thecountryside. Whipping in gusts and givingmovement to the dark, wet grass on thehill; the icy wind carries the smell of wetrock, grass, and soil through the air. Itwas raining not more than fifteen minutesago, but the frosty drizzle has ceasedabruptly, leaving a sward of mud behind.Now the snake-like mist of a ground fog isbeginning to materialize close to theground. The faint glow of the moon filtersthrough the overcast sky. Silently, almostimperceptibly, the black clouds begin topull apart, and a shadowy luminescencegradually begins to light up the lifelessplain. As the ashen blue light of the cloud-filtered moon reaches the wet earth,"they" appear. It is almost as if the end ofthe rain had been a signal.

"They" are the huge stones of anancient ruin, standing silent and dead onthe deserted plain, like the skeleton ofwhat once must have been a magnificentstructure. Glistening in light, the giantstones drip water, and eerie breathingaround them creates a superstitiousatmosphere.

This is Stonehenge, on the SalisburyPlain in southern England nearSouthhampton.

But what is Stonehenge? What was itspurpose? Who built it? These questionsimmediately enter the mind of all whoview this amazing structure. The purposeof this little book is to consider the "facts"we know, the "legends" that are believedby many, and rational consideration of20th Century "hindsight," to arrive at themost probable truth in answer to theabove questions.

Many legends and stories surroundthis most ancient of England's many

ruins. One story relates that the earlyBritish Kings, slain by the invadingSaxons, were buried here. Anotherexplains how Merlin, the "wizard,"arranged for the devil to whisk these mas-sive rocks from Ireland, all done in onenight! Some say the Romans builtStonehenge as a temple to the sky god,Coelus. Still others claim the Danes erect-ed it as their court royal. But the mostpopular tale is that the Druids usedStonehenge for a place to practice theirreligious rites.

None of these are too hard to believe,while viewing Stonehenge on a shivering,stormy night of rain, fog, and vague moon-light. But all of these explanations arequite inadequate, when Stonehenge isviewed in the clear light of day, AND inthe light of modern scientific methods of"dating;" which prove that these massivestones had already been in place over2,000 years before the Saxons arrived,over 1,500 years before the first Romantrod on English soil, and were veryancient in years (and, probably, partly inruins) long before Druidism seems to haveappeared in Britain.

The light of day, and of science,requires us to assume, for the sake of ourstory, that this remarkable structure wasbuilt in what we call, for want of a bettername, "Prehistoric Times."

Because of this scientifically-estab-lished age for Stonehenge, some psuedo-scholars assume it was structured byearly "savages" who struggled to standthis score or more of massive stonesupright in the ground for some pagan,sacramental worship rites.

But this is a mockery to this monu-mental work. More realistic scientists andengineers, having studied Stonehenge

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with painstaking care, know itwould have required a lengthypreplanning period, both for archi-tectural work and the necessarilyintelligent work of organizing thetremendous numbers of meninvolved in the work force. Thereis also evidence that parts of thisstructure were completed over aperiod of 300 years; an extremelylong time for ignorant "savages" tofollow any original plan or design!Add to this the further studiesthat indicate both planning andexecution were based on geometryand astronomy, and a very highintelligence for its buildersbecomes a foregone conclusion.

Yes, some still remain out inthe cold, wet night,gazing at theshadowy ramparts of Stonehengethrough a vaporous ground fog,and believe the "theory" of super-stitious savages. But, others seeStonehenge's obvious truth on aclear, sunlit day, and know it must havebeen constructed, not by ignorant sav-ages, but by educated and experiencedengineers who lived in the organized soci-ety of an intelligent Race.

Many people, seeing just a photographor drawing of Stonehenge, are notimpressed by it as an engineer's master-piece. But a study of its design, and someknowledge of the size and weight of thestones involved, along with its relation toastronomical data, should arouse interestin any intelligent person.

The ancient crags consist of the largestones in the Sarsen Circle, the largersarsens called trilithons inside the circle,and a horseshoe of small stones calledbluestones inside the Sarsen Circle withthe trilithones. (The name Sarsen was

given these stones in post-Crusade daysand comes from "Saracen," a term ofmockery for anything heathenish, foreign,or vaguely evil) Encircling the SarsenCircle are two pit circles made up of holes:one circle of holes is the Y holes, the otherthe Z holes. Beyond this lies another largecircle of holes, the Aubrey Holes, sur-rounding the crags. (The Aubrey Holes arenamed after their discoverer John Aubrey— 1616-1697)

Just outside the Aubrey Holes thererises a mound which forms another circu-lar frame around Stonehenge. The soilfrom this mound was dug up from theditch on the other side of the mound andthe mound is broken by a broad causewayextending in to the crags from the HeelStone 75 feet away.

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This aerial view of Stonehenge, seen from the west, wastaken before the recent restoration. It shows the earthworkand the Aubrey Holes just inside it. The Avenue and HeelStone can be seen on the left.

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Reproduced from an official 1959 publicationof The Ministry of Public Building and Worksof England. Notice the “cavemen” they por-tray as early Britons!

Is there any significance in this unusu-al and mysterious pattern? What was inthe minds of those who drew up the plans?For there must have been detailed plansfor so orderly an arrangement. Did it com-pose a temple for sun worship, or primi-tive sacrificial rites?

A superficial glance at only this part ofthe structure would not necessarily provethat it was built by educated engineerswho lived in an organized society. In fact,the way the "builders of Stonehenge" areusually pictured in American and Britishtextbooks, and even in some officialtourist literature, is the stereotyped cavedweller; the exact creature who mightpractice sun worship with primitive, sac-rificial rites. To the unsuspecting reader,he is pictured as naked except for a scantybreechclout; a typical caveman of theNeanderthal type, possessed of a largehead with a shaggy beard, slanting fore-head, receding chin, a grotesque face withglazed eyes, wildly dishevelled hair, athick neck, and powerful, stocky build.His mentality would appear to be almostzero except for hunting instinct and a lit-tle mechanical ability with stone axes,arrows, knives, etc. His language wouldbe quite limited to a series of grunts, yells,and other assorted sounds necessary tosurvive with others of his primitive era.That, at least in many books, is the type of"man" that is illustrated as having livedin "Prehistoric" England!

But — is it at all possible that this per-sonification of grace, liveliness, and intel-ligence was ACTUALLY the type of manwho built Stonehenge? Or, has this pic-ture of the apish, inarticulate brute as the"builder" been foisted on us by those who,perhaps for their own reasons, deny the existence of a highly intelligent Race inoccupancy of the British Isles so long ago?

.

Let-us now consider the findings of thetrue scientists who have investigated thescientific and architectural engineeringfacets of this stone edifice.

Gerald S. Hawkins, an astronomer atSmithsonian Astrophysical Observatoryin Cambridge, Massachusetts andChairman of the Department ofAstronomy at Boston University, using amodern IBM 7090 computer, establishedan extraordinary sun-moon correlationthroughout the structure. His research onthe Aubrey Holes, also, revealed that theycould have been used as a computer topredict the eclipses of the moon and thesun and other celestial events!

Alexander Thorn, Emeritus Professorof Engineering Science at Oxford, has dis-covered that in the many rings and cir-cles, varying in diameter from a few yardsto 370 feet and scattered over Englandand Scotland, there is evidence that theprehistoric occupants of the British Islesknew geometry and were trying to obtain,through practice, circles whose “pi” (cir-cumference-diameter ratio) equaled exact-ly 3. Some of these "practice circles,"which appear to be modified or egg-shaped are really true ellipses, fairlyadvanced mathematical figures.

Science writer Alexander Marshak,believes that these prehistoric men werecounting days of the month. As far back as30,000 to 35,000 years ago (by estimation)men of prehistoric Europe were noting, incave drawings and many other ways, the30 or 29 days (or nights) from full moonthrough the three phases to full again.

C. A. Newham, an avid student of theastronomy and geometry indications ofStonehenge, proves the builders ofStonehenge chose the best latitude toplace their observatory in order to get the

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most from the sun and the moon align-ments. This latitude is the exact one inthe northern hemisphere at which the sunand the moon azimuths, at their lowestdeclinations, are separated by 90 degrees!

As mentioned previously, GeraldHawkins' research, also, reveals anextraordinary sun-moon correlationthroughout Stonehenge, corroborating thefact that the designers must have had adefinite interest in the sun and moon.With his IBM 7090 computer, he discov-ered that the stones of the original struc-ture were positioned so that 27,060 align-menis existed between 165 positions inthe monument.

To understand what Mr. Hawkinsmeant by an "alignment," visualize analignment as a person standing at a cer-tain point inside Stonehenge and lookingacross the edges or the top of a stone tothe horizon or sky. The point where thisstraight line of vision meets horizon or skyis called a "declination." A well knownalignment at Stonehenge is viewing theHeel Stone from the exact center ofStonehenge at Midsummer sunrise — thesun rises almost exactly over the HeelStone.

Because of the great number of align-ments between the 165 positions, anyalignment could point to anything in thesky. So Mr. Hawkins chose 120 pairs ofcharted points to study with the computerto ascertain their "declinations." (Actuallythis means 240 celestial declinations aseach alignment of 120 pairs was consid-ered as pointing in both directions.)

What special heavenly bodies rose or-set at these declinations? An obvious clueto follow was the frequent duplication ofthree sets of declinatio.n figures, north 29degrees, north 24 degrees, and north 19degrees, with their southern counterparts

of south 29 degrees, south 24 degrees, andsouth 19 degrees. Disregarding the otherdeclinations, Hawkins searched for thecelestial bodies that would line up at thosespecific declinations and found the sunand the moon in their extreme positions!

Of course, this was present day evi-dence. So Hawkins obtained sun-moonextreme positions as of 1500 B.C. by usingthe computer. These figures varied fromthe present by less than a degree to amaximum of a degree and a half. Thismeant that 12 of the significantStonehenge alignments point to anextreme position of the sun, and 12 of thealignments point to an extreme position ofthe moon. The stones had apparently beenaligned so carefully that the extreme posi-tions of sunrises, sunsets, moonrises, andmoonsets could be noted by definite align-ments using the stones for sightings!

Could a hairy, Neanderthal type brute,knowing little but sheer survival, sudden-ly come up with those strangeellipses,with the days of the month, withthis amazingly NECESSARY latitude andlongitude, even the sun-moon align-ments in their ris ing and setting? Hardly.Even if he were huddled up some coldnight under an extremely crude wind-breaker, gazing at the moon, he stillwouldn't be inspired by the fact that thiswas the thousandth time he had seen themoon in its first phase. He would morelikely grunt, scratch himself, and occupyhis mind with thoughts of how he wouldfill his belly in the morning.

The designers of Stonehenge wouldhave had to possess intelligence, purpose,and patience, as well as physical skill andstrength to complete such a monumentaltask over a period of 300 years. Each gen-eration had to have more intelligencethan anyone has dared ascribe to "cave-

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men" and, also, to know varied skillsbeyond those possessed by many twenti-eth century occupants of this planet! Theyhad to, also, maintain the single purposeinitiated by the first designers until theproject was complete.

Crumbling under the scientific investi-

gations of Stonehenge, the "savage brute"theory fades into the myth, which it is.Instead, we can visualize a man almostexactly like the modern Caucasian, hav-ing an intelligent countenance, clear eyes,a high forehead, an erect body and supplehands. In fact, anthropologists say thatthe men who existed in the last part of the

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The locations of existing stones are shown in solid black above, with missingstones drawn in to show the structure as it must have been when complete. Only afew of the astronomical “alignments” are shown on this drawing. Missing stones arebelieved to have been broken up during the past centuries by farmers using themfor building foundations, etc.

Old Stone Age, or the Upper PaleolithicEra (just before the building ofStonehenge) were men of large brains,well developed foreheads and chins, andsometimes reached exceptional heights.From then on, passing through the MiddleStone Age, or the Mesolithic Era, into theNew Stone Age, or Neolithic Era, thesemen, commonly known as "Caucasians,"existed.

But perhaps the term "existed" should-n't be used to describe the Caucasian, forbeing quite intelligent, he has alwaysfound much more to do than just "exist." Alook at the Stonehenger’s origins, legends,and history, reveal many of the thingsthey did accomplish.

The earliest recorded history of theBritons locates them in Central Asia inthe fertile crescent watered by the Tigrisand Euphrates rivers. Their border is toMount Ararat on the north and thePersian Gulf on the south. To this area theearliest settlers of Britain trace their ori-gins. The Book of, Conquests, a collectionof ancient Irish legends, corroborates thisgeneral area of origin. Scholars believethat, although many of the details of theselegends are fallacious, the general storythey relate is based on reality as to theorigin of the people.

This is shown in the talents of the dif-ferent people and their origins. TheFormorians were warlike and farmers,who built towers. The Partholonians andFomorians brought skills from Africa byway of Spain. The Nemedians came fromGreece, bringing political skill. The FirBolk were industrious and competentfarmers, coming from Greece in ships. TheTuatha de Danaan were very knowledgable people; knowing wizardry, lore,diplomacy and science. They also came viaGreece. The Milesians had federations ofaristocratic republics and a consistent for-eign policy; their bards, or poets, couldmemorize twelve books, along with 350kinds of poetic meter, relating history andlegend.

These were the people of the legends.But the people who followed them showthe same talents and skills. The real peo-ple of Stonehenge and England fit well thedescription of the people of the ancientlegends.

History does give us some definitelinks with those who built Stonehenge. Apeople from Holland and the Rhinelandknown to archeologists as the "Beaker"People (from the pottery drinking-vesselsfound in their graves) invaded southernEngland about 1700 B.C. They did notdrive out the native people, but subdued

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them and established trade betweenEngland and Ireland. Ireland was asource of metal, which the Beaker Peopleused for weapons AND TOOLS. In time,the Beaker People were fused with thenative people, forming the Wessex People.About that time the Bronze Age began.These Wessex People increased theirtrade and use of metals and extendedtheir trade as far as central Europe,Scandinavia, and, even, to Crete andGreece. This is revealed in the resem-blances found in certain coins in Englandand those found in Greece and in Creteand, also, in certain designs on pottery.

This metal trade brought wealth andpower to the people of southern England.Indications are that they lived by agricul-ture and trade, developing a wealthy com-mercial aristocracy dominated by adynasty of commanding chieftains or"kings." Evidence of this is found in therich furnishings of their barrow-burialsclustered around Stonehenge andAvebury.

A more correct picture has now beenpainted. Instead of the builders ofStonehenge being typical brute "cave-men," living in caves or primitive mudhuts, or as wandering nomads living bythe hunt, we find a much more complexand intelligent Race living in a ratherorganized society, complete with an upperclass of commanding chieftains; with thestability of an agricultural class, and withrather extensive trade with distant, yetrelated, cultures. These were the WessexPeople, and a people who obviously, pos-sessed a working knowledge of astronomyand geometry.

Their affluence, or surplus wealth,would have had to be such that many hun-dreds, perhaps thousands of men, couldhave been employed for many years in the

construction of Stonehenge. Mindless,poverty-stricken societys do NOT buildmonuments!

And yet surplus wealth could not bethe reason Stonehenge was built. It mayhave provided the means, but certainlynot the motive. The purpose the WessexPeople and their predecessors had forStonehenge must have been fairlyadvanced. One theory, probably the onlyfeasible one, suggests that theStonehengers had a religion. They won-dered about the creator of the world. SinceHe never changes he couldn't be in thisworld, which is forever changing.Therefore, they looked toward objects inthe heavens, which seemed never tochange. Concluding that the Creator wasmanifested there, they patternedStonehenge after what they saw in theheavens. That there is a relationshipbetween the universe and Stonehenge isproven by Gerald Hawkins' research. Thisancient, curious circle of stones wouldthen be their "astronomical temple;" builtfor religious, as well as scientific, reasonsby these prehistoric Britons. In Babylonand Persia, as in Britain, no ruins ofpalaces or dwellings are found, onlyremains of magnificent temples, witness-es to the importance the people of thosecountries attached to their religious wor-ship.

Now, the Stonehengers brought theirknowledge of astronomy and geometryinto play. Taking their time to plan outStonehenge, the architects first observedthe sky; watching the moon and the sun.Erecting wooden posts in the ground bytrial and error, they may have establishedthe paths the sun and moon followed, andfinally, over a period of years or genera-tions, the Stonehengers achieved the cor-rect calculations. They would then beready to replace their wooden marking

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posts with stones, which would make thetemple or observatory more permanent.

The type of stone needed was not closeto the location prescribed by their astro-nomical observations; so they had tosearch out Britain for a source of a good,permanent type of stone. They found twotypes of stone, sarsens and bluestones.The sarsen stones, comprising the SarsenCircle and the trilithons, are a form ofsandstone found on the MarlboroughDowns, 24 miles away. These stones aver-age 30 tons each, with the largest, thetrilithons, weighing up to 20 tons more!(The very massiveness of these stonesalmost precludes their erection by "sav-ages.")

The eighty or more bluestones, whichlined the inside of the Sarsen Circleweighed up to 5 tons each, and the threemain types,dolerite, rhyolite" and volcanicash, occur naturally close together in oneplace. This is a small area, a mile square,in the Prescelly Mountains of southwest-

ern Wales, 140 miles away. One can read-ily-see the problems the engineers werefaced with as they prepared to extractthese monstrosities from the earth andtransport them to the correct location.

The chieftains of Stonehenge were notworrying about transporting the stones,however. They had strict control of a verylarge proportion of the local population,and with this available manpower, theycould move the giant stones and fashionthem to their requirements.

Doubtless, some rough shaping of thestones: sarsens and bluestone, was doneat the sources at Marlborough Downs andWales, respectively. After excavating alikely looking boulder, the cutters wouldbegin to shape it, using maul stones orfire. Pounding continuously on the sarsenor bluestone with maul stones made of thesame material and weighing as much assixty pounds, one or two men could haveshaped the stones, slowly. One archeolo-gist has estimated that it took fifty

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The bluestones were probably carried on rafts from Wales

masons three years to beat the sarsensinto final form.

If big chunks of stone had to be brokenoff to achieve the right shape, theStonehenge masons would, probably, lighta brisk fire on the large boulder; thenwhen it was hot, pour water on it, pound-ing with their maul stones, while it was instress. With skill, the boulder would crackdirectly along the water mark.

Partially shaped, the stones wereready for transport to the building site.

The Stonehengers, probably pulledthe huge boulders along onsledges, which rolled over an end-less belt-tread of tree trunks; thesledges being pulled by teams ofmen using ropes of twisted hides.At the rate of 16 men per ton, itwould have taken 800 men to pullone sarsen stone, with perhaps200 more needed to move the logrollers, level the roadbed, guidethe sledge, and so on. The task ofmoving the sarsens from Avebury -after being brought to there fromthe Marlborough Downs — toStonehenge would have kept 1,000haulers busy for seven full years!

Of course, the engineerscould have utilized the winters ofancient England to move theirstones more easily. We have noabsolute way of knowing what theBronze Age British winters werelike, but if they were colder thanthe winters of the present, whichaverage 40 degrees Fahrenheit,smooth ice or snow on the gentleslope extending 17 of the 20 milesfrom Marlborough Downs toStonehenge could have reducedthe number of men necessary topull a 50 ton stone to as little as

25. There is, also, the possibility of part ofthe move being made on natural water-ways or man-made canals dug for thatpurpose. No evidence of such remainstoday, but whatever manner was used, itwould have required a high degree of engi-neering skill, organization, and coopera-tion among many people.

After reaching Stonehenge the stonesprobably underwent a more delicate shap-ing with small maul stones before finalerection and exact finishing.

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As pictured in an official British tourist guide.Can you imagine “Neanderthals” organizing this?

The method of erection, whichlong puzzled the archeologists, butwhich modern engineers nowbelieve was used, will be describedfor our readers.

To erect the huge stones, thebuilders first dug holes, threesides of which were vertical andthe fourth sloping at a 45 degreeangle. This sloped side formed areception ramp for the blunt end ofthe stone. In order that the bluntend of the stone would not gougethe opposite side, while being slidinto the hole, thick wooden stakeswere placed vertically against theopposite side. The enormoussarsen, resting on the rollers oftree trunks, was positioned withits base towards the hole, thenmoved forward until its base wasover the hole and its center ofgravity just behind the leadingroller. At that point, the top endwould be levered up on more logs,tilting the base down ward into thehole until it overbalanced, tippedon over, and slid downward intothe hole, corning to rest in anupright position. Ropes of leatheror cowhair were then tied to thetop of the sarsen to pull; poleswould be used for pushing, and several score of men could manipulatethe towering rock into a perfectupright position, while other men quicklyfilled the hole in with dirt and smallerstones. Thankfully, for our studies today,in their haste, they sometimes droppedtools into the hole, which have been dugup by modern scientists and furnish proofof the types of tools used by the builders.

When the hole had been packed tightso that the stone could not move, thatsarsen was finished and the builders

would have to continue the strenuousprocess with the others until the completecircle materialized.

The lintels, or crosspieces, topping thecolumns were next. But, how did theseancient people manage to lift them to thetop of the sarsens with none of today'smodern machines? One theory suggeststhat they hauled or slid the giant slabs onrollers up timber ramps to the top.

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It is probable that stones were transported onsuch rafts — but it is highly doubtful that the menwere such “cavemen” as this British drawingshows!

13

From an English Tourist guide.

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Laborious and exhausting, this method isfeasible, but is probably not the one used.It is more likely that they used the leverand crib method.

A crib is a tower built of layers of tim-bers, with each layer running in oppositedirections. After the stone arrived at thesite on the sledge or log rollers, it wasmanuevered into position against theupright sarsens, then one end levered upto place the timbers under it. Each endwould be raised, alternately, until itreached a position level with the top of thesarsen, at which it would be then levered,pushed and pulled into place atop thesarsen.

As in all other phases of this construc-tion, human strength supplied the powerto move huge stones.

The illustrations on page 13 and 25 arequite accurate, except for the "caveman"type of humans the artist portrayed. Also,in the case of the lever (in the drawing),the more intelligent engineers, who actu-ally built stonehenge would havehad all ropes fastened at the veryend of the lever to gain additionalleverage. A minor point perhaps,but one which would not haveescaped the master minds ofStonehenge.

To get a clear picture of thispainstaking construction opera-tion, the tools the Stonehengersused must be visualized.Stonehenge is cluttered withthem. Many were bone tools suchas picks that were antlers of reddeer and shovels that were theshoulder bones of oxen. Woodentools, leather bags, and vegetablebags were, also, used. These wereused to dig the holes and to move

the dirt from the hole or trench to the sur-face. With such primitive tools, we canwell-understand why it took many, manyyears to cut, trim, and transport thesegigantic stones to Stonehenge, and to digand move the great amounts of dirt at thesite.

But, was Stonehenge really finishedwith the last stone being put into place? Afinal item to note on the construction ofStonehenge is the odd use of mortise andtenon, or tongue and groove. The horizon-tal crosspieces, lintels, on the trilithonshave a groove or hole in them, which fitsover a projecting piece of stone on the topof the sarsen. It is similar to a tenon,something which is usually found only incarpentry in wood! Therefore, it has beenproposed that the builders were morefamiliar with the techniques of carpentrythan of masonry. Thus, it would be onlynatural for these builders to top all thestones with a timber ceiling! If the weath-er during the Bronze Age, was similar totoday's, England with an annual averageof 50 degrees Fahrenheit, a person would

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gladly have a roof over his head toward off the cold, drenching rainsor possible snow. The type of roofthey might have added, we shallhave to leave to the imagination ofour readers, for nothing of woodremains at Stonehenge. Whateverit might have been, it would makeStonehenge take on an additionalappearance indicating the veryhigh intelligence and civilizationof its builders.

There is additional evidence that thepeople of that time lived in log houses.The wood is long since gone, but remnantsof cooking and family utensils have beenfound contained within a square or a rec-tangle. Archeologists conclude from thisand other evidence they built homes oflogs. It is almost axiomatic that a peoplepossessing sufficient intelligence to uselog rollers and log platforms to buildStonehenge would have known how toconstruct log buildings.

With this rather brief story ofStonehenge, we have given you to consid-er, the men who built it should, also, takeon a completely different appearance thanthat so commonly presented. Instead ofignorant savages erecting these massivestones for some sinister religious purpose,it is obvious that intelligent men, in a

highly-organized society, were theplanners and builders of this, themost ancient of astronomicalobservatories. Only a Race ofexceptional men could have pro-duced Stonehenge. They havebeen underestimated too long andwere more intelligent thanTwentieth Century man had imag-ined. ———

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Remember the days of old, considerthe years of many generations: ask thyfather, and he will shew thee; thy eld-ers, and they will tell thee. When theMost High divided to the nations theirinheritance, when He separated thesons of Adam, He set the bounds of thepeople according to the member of thechildren of Israel.

Deuteronomy 32:7-8

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Appendix 1

StoneworkIntriguesHistorians

By DAVID HASKELL

GREENFIELD, Mass.(upi) — Atop a Mountain about12 miles west of here stand ahalf-dozen stones — smallerthan a man, larger than a child— mysterious in their symme-try and curious because,archaeologically, they are in thewrong part of the world.

Their meaning and the originof whoever placed them thereare a matter of conjecture, butto some experts they are furtherevidence an ancient Europeanculture had settled in NewEngland long beforeChristopher Columbus madehis Atlantic crossing.

The standing stones are con-trary to popularly held beliefsabout New England’s antiquity.

some Archaeological quartersclaim there was no Europeancontact with North Americaprior to Columbus.

“Those stones shouldn’t bethere,” according to James P.Whittall, Jr. of Loudon, NH,Head archaeologist for the NewEngland Antiquities ResearchAssociation (NEARA), a groupdedicated to unraveling themystery surrounding manystrange stone structures and for-mations found throughout NewEngland.

Whittall said there are noother known formations in thisregion quite like that found atopthis particular hill in westernMassachusetts. But, he empha-sized, “I have seen many simi-lar sites in the British Isles,places where a megalithic(stone building) culture thrivedthousands of years ago.”

Whittall has made severaltrips in Europe seeking toestablish links between thestrange stone works in this part

of the world and those knownto have been part of the oldMegalithic culture. The correla-tion between what he has seenand this site, he said, isextremely strong.

What makes him so certainhe said, is the patterns in whichthe stones are laid out. Also,they are on top of a mountain(1,858 feet above sea level)which provides a nearly unob-structed view in all directions, apoint to be seriously consideredin view of the fact the ancientstone cultures used similarlocations and layouts for reli-gious and astrological purpos-es.

Those ancients, it is believed,selected high places because itbrought them nearer to theheavens. From this hilltop onecan see for more than 40 miles,to Mt. Monadnock in NewHampshire on the distant hori-zon. It is also ideal for viewingthe movements of the sun,moon and stars.

“And the stones obviously

have been shaped.” Whittallsaid, “an important distinction.”Most of the stones—about 4 to5 feet high—are tapered to apoint, as stones found standingat sites in the British Isles andon the European continent.

Robert Stone of Derry, NH,president of NEARA, said thereare more than 200 strange stonesites in New England, which hesees as supporting the theory anancient Megalithic culturemade the Atlantic crossing hun-dreds and perhaps more than athousand years beforeColumbus.

Whittall concedes the hilltopstanding stones could havebeen placed there by someonesince colonial days, but consid-ers this unlikely because thereis not known reason for doingso. It definitely was not thework of Indians, he said,because Indians in NorthAmerica did not work in stone.

The article below appeared in the Phoenix Gazette, August 4, 1971

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Building Bridges Between Diciplines: Stonehenge as anAstronomical Observatory, Science News, vol. 92, November 4, 1967,pp 440-441.

England, Collier’s Encyclopedia, 1967 ed., vol. 9, pp181.

Prehistoric London: Its Mounds and Circles, The CovenantPublishing Co., Ltd., London, 1946.

Stonehenge and Avebury, R. Atkinson, J. C., Her Magesty’s StationeryOffice, London, 1959.

Stonehenge Decoded, Gerald S. Hawkins, Doubleday and Company,Inc., New York, 1965.

Stonehenge; New Light on an Old Riddle, Harold E. Egerton,National Geographic, June 1960, vol. 117, pp 853, 860.

The “preface,” which follows, is from“The Story of Britons by Hubert M.Skinner, PhD, published in 1903. He tellsof the founding of London by descendantsof the Trojans prior to 1100 B.C., and thehistory of trade and commerce with theMediterranean civilizations of Greece andCrete a thousand years before Christ. ThePreface tells of 20-year schools, fortifiedtown, and weapons superior to theRomans at the time of Caesar! Americaschool children learn none of this today,but are led to understand the early inhab-itants of Briton were little more than sav-ages until recent centuries!. . .

PREFACE

Why should the legendary story of theancient Britons be less familiar toAmerican readers than that of the earlyRomans? Is it less connected with out lit-erature? Is it less interesting in itself? Arewe quite sure that it has less of truth forits foundation?

When the Romans entered Britain,about a half century before the Christianera, they found there a people possessingfortified towns, and employing superiorarms and war chariots. They found a peo-ple who had traded for many centurieswith the most progressive people of theFar East — the Phoenicians — and whohad long possessed an alphabet. Theyfound a priesthood singularly learned,whose course of instruction covered a peri-od of twenty hears, and whose system ofculture carried to human perfection theart of memorizing, since they preferredthat their learning should be preserved inunwritten verse.

So much for the “savages” whom theRomans found, according to popular con-ception. Those who would place the tradi-tions of such a people in the same classwith the vague and often meaninglesstales of savage tribes, would seem to bebiased in their judgment.

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Appendix 2