THE LIFE CYCLE OF ALKALINE BATTERIES

TEAM #3 EAGLES

SULTAN ALNAJDI

RUSS HEIST

MICHAELA DEBENEDETTO

ALEC HOOPER

OUTLINE The life cycle of batteries consists of seven stages :Stage 1: Research and developmentStage 2: Marketing.Stage 3: Manufacturing.Stage 4: packaging.Stage 5: Sale, distribution, and transportation.Stage 6: Consumer use.Stage 7: Final disposition.In the following slides we will cover each of these specific steps in depth.

RESEARCH AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

- Alkaline batteries have been in existence since 1949, developed by Lew Urry at The Eveready Battery Company

- It contains Zinc and manganese dioxide, which allow it to supply more total energy at higher currents than previous batteries.

- The first alkaline batteries contain mercury but after realizing the hazards of use of mercury, producers were forced to limit mercury use because of safety regulations.

- “Approximately 80% of portable batteries manufactured in the US are so‐called alkaline dry cells with a

global annual production exceeding 10 billion units”

http://www.allaboutbatteries.com/history-of-batteries.htmlhttp://www.epbaeurope.net/documents/NEMA_alkalinelca2011.pdf

MARKETING - Alkaline batteries have dominated the battery market, for

years due to their 10 year shelf life and ability to have a much higher energy density than ordinary or secondary batteries.

- On this graphical statistic it shows the amount of demand of primary alkaline batteries over two decades.

- The battery’s properties also play a role in the market:(1) It powers day to day devices and for a sufficient amount of time.(2) Is available in various sizes.(3) And is environmentally friendly, due to its ability to be recycled and reused. - Based on (batterypoweronline), the battery market netted

6.5 to 7 billion dollars during just 2010, and it is expected to grow 4% annually.

- http://www.batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/battery_statistics

- http://www.batterypoweronline.com/main/markets/batteries/the-world-of-alkaline-batteries/

MANUFACTURING

- http://ehso.com/ehshome/batteries.php

http://www.fdk.com/cyber-e/pi_bt_process.html

- All batteries utilize the same procedures, creating electricity and having two opposite cell parts, the anode and cathode.

- The process: - (1) The cathode will take most of the space and it will be

mixed with metals and other ingredients. For example, manganese dioxide, graphite and an electrolyte. Then the mixer is pressed and compacted into hollow cylinders. After that, a conducting film is added for good conductivity.

- (2) The separator: is a paper solution soaked into an electrolyte solution. It separates the cathode and the anode, preventing them from reacting. So, before they place the anode, they have to place the separator to prevent the materials from contacting each other.

- (3) The anode mainly is composed in Zinc powder with an electrolyte over the separator.

- (4) The final stage of the manufacturing process of batteries is the concealing of the anode and cathode, which prevents the battery from leaking and drying.

PACKAGING - Most world wide companies, for instance (Energizer) package their alkaline batteries by using 100% recyclable and sufficient products that both hold and carry the batteries, while protecting them from hazardous equitment - Packaging batteries depends on the type and shape of the battery. So they can be classified as the following: (1) class 8 → wet batteries (2) class 9 → lithium batteries (3) class 4.3 → metal batteries (alkaline batteries) - The company that is responsible for packaging will insert the batteries in a non-conductive material layer (ex. plastic), to keep them from being crushed and inflating with fire. Also, between each battery, they place another non-conductive layer to prevent them from conducting electricity or producing short circuits.

http://energizerbatteries.com.au/programs/responsibility/http://www.ups.com/media/news/en/pack_ship_batteries.pdf

Sale, distribution, and transportation.- The price range of alkaline batteries is from $0.39 to $8.70. - The variation in price of Alkaline batteries depends on their size, which ranges from A76 as the smallest and PC1300 as the largest.- The larger the battery gets in size, the more expensive it will get because bigger batteries contain a larger amount of chemicals then their smaller versions and they last longer than the small sized batteries. - The famous sales distributes companies that manufacturer and sell alkaline batteries are Duracell, Energizer, PG batteries, Maxell, Panasonic, Sanyo, Rayovac, Varta and Vinnic. - Alkaline batteries can be shipped by sea, if it is over 100kg it will be classified as type 9 (hazard goods) based on the International hazard material transportation. Also, It can be transported by air. However, alkaline batteries have to be well concealed and have to be isolated from any metal contact. For safety regulations, transporting batteries can be hazard and it is required to follow these regulations to prevent any disaster (fire or electric tension).

http://www.batteryprice.com/alkalinebatteries.aspx http://safetravel.dot.gov/PHMSA_battery_guide.pdf

CONSUMER USE - Alkaline batteries can last longer, which gives good and long performance in activating devices, especially household devices. And provide up to 1.5V. - They can be reused for more over 25 times, and they can be chargeable as well. That means that alkaline batteries work much more better than the old NiCd rechargeable battery. And as a result, it can save hundreds of dollars in useage. - Alkaline batteries are used in many electronic devices such as:CD players, electronic games, electronic toys, cameras, flashlights, remote controls, etc… Thereby, they are popular in use and provide a much longer use per charge than heavy batteries.- They can be considered the most economical batteries because they are made from pure metals, provide a long life span and they are much more cheaper than the other types of batteries. - Alkaline batteries are made up from non-toxic chemicals and they do not leak, which makes them more safer and raise the demand of consumption. http://www.pureenergybattery.

com/pdf/batterytypes.pdfhttp://www.mpoweruk.com/alkaline.htm

Final disposition -Alkaline batteries are 100% recyclable-After being properly disposed of by the consumer they are separated in a special “room temperature” mechanical separation process, which is all done by the “ Oxy Reducer”. -The phases of this process are:(1) Heating and drying by using thermal radiation to evaporate water. (2) Reduction and evaporation to extract Zn, CO and a mixer of elements. (3) Gas oxidization to combine these mixers with O which is easily collected to reuse in the future.

This process separates the battery’s components into groups. The first group is Zinc and Manganese concentrate, the second group is steel and the last is paper and plastic.

http://www.batteryrecycling.com/battery+recycling+processhttp://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=12&ved=0CEUQFjAL&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erp-recycling.co.uk%2Fget_document.php%3Fid%3D293&ei=KDb5UvT5MbTI0AG4_IHAAQ&usg=AFQjCNHFvGk0poywy9kf_HJiWOjncGDtrw&sig2=ra2oMjVU2QxMjK5JyltNOg&bvm=bv.60983673,d.dmQ http://haltonrecycles.wordpress.com/2012/10/25/true-or-false-batteries-should-not-go-in-the-garbage/

ConclusionSociety as a whole is presently running on a system of taking,making,selling, and buying that can not last indefinitely. As the video where does all the stuff go stated “We are running on a linear system, and no linear system is sustainable.” At the rate that we are going we will lose our planet to hazardous gases from products and lack of natural resources, including fresh water. In order to prevent this from happening we need to turn our linear system into a cycle that can sustain itself, by recycling and acting more conservatively with the amount we buy. Imagine how much space we could save in landfills if we would all use our cell phones until they stopped working rather than tossing them aside when the new model comes out. Batteries are also used and abused way more than they should be. Alkaline in particular are being tossed directly into the garbage even though they are 100% recyclable!!! Its or world and our responsibility to protect it.