Chapter 18 WWII and its Aftermath The Global Conflict: Allied Successes.
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![Page 1: The Lebanon - Israel Conflict of 2006 The Global Effects and its Aftermath Colonel (Dr) Emmanuel Kotia Visiting Lecturer, International Conflict Management.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062217/5697c02a1a28abf838cd7f57/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Lebanon - Israel Conflict of 2006The Lebanon - Israel Conflict of 2006The Global Effects and its The Global Effects and its
AftermathAftermath
Colonel (Dr) Emmanuel KotiaColonel (Dr) Emmanuel Kotia Visiting Lecturer, International Conflict Management Visiting Lecturer, International Conflict Management
Kennesaw State UniversityKennesaw State University
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IntroductionIntroduction
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Aims and ObjectivesAims and Objectives• To give a brief background of the crisis between Israel
and Lebanon with timelines since 1967 • To highlight the immediate causes of the 33-day war in
Lebanon which started on 12 July 2006• To outline the Hezbollah weaponry and Israeli tactics
during the height of the 33 day war• To examine the Global Effects of the crisis in Lebanon
and the way forward for the international community• To briefly highlight the UN Peace Efforts in Lebanon• To make some conclusions
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Background of the Conflict Background of the Conflict
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Background of ConflictBackground of Conflict Timeline NotesTimeline Notes
• Palestinians used Lebanon as a base for activities against Israel since 1967
• Israel raided Beirut airport on 28 December 1968 in retaliation after the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) attack on an Israeli plane in Athens – 13 civilians planes destroyed
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Background of ConflictBackground of ConflictTimeline NotesTimeline Notes
• On 14/15 March 1978 Israel launched a major invasion of Lebanon in reprisal for a Palestinian attack into its territory. Israel occupied Lebanese land as far as the Litani River
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Background of ConflictBackground of ConflictTimeline NotesTimeline Notes
• UNSC passed Resolution 425 and 426 calling on Israel to withdraw from all Lebanese territory and established UNIFIL in 1978
• By 13 June 1978 Israel handed over the occupied territory in South Lebanon not to UNIFIL but to its proxy mainly Christian Lebanon
• In 1982 following the attempted assassination of the Israeli Ambassador to United Kingdom (Shlomo Argov), Israel launched a full scale invasion of Lebanon (Operation Peace for Galilee)
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Background of ConflictBackground of Conflict Timeline NotesTimeline Notes
• Hezbollah militia group formed in Lebanon in 1982 aimed at pursuing Israel to withdraw from Lebanese territory
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Background of ConflictBackground of Conflict Timeline NotesTimeline Notes
• On 14 September 1982 Israeli forces occupied West Beirut
• On 24 September 1982 a MNF from US, France and Italy arrived in Beirut at the request of Lebanon and created a Buffer Zone – Israel withdrew from Beirut
• On 23 October 1983, 241 US Marines and 56 French paratroopers were killed in two bomb explosions in Beirut claimed by Shia groups – withdrawal of MNF
• On 28 July 1989 Hezbollah leader in Jibshit is abducted by Israeli forces@ekotia
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Background of ConflictBackground of Conflict Timeline NotesTimeline Notes
• Israel and Lebanon signed an agreement on Israeli withdrawal, ending hostilities and establishing a security zone in South Lebanon on 17 May 1983
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Background of ConflictBackground of Conflict --Timeline NotesTimeline Notes
• In 1991 the National Assembly of Lebanon ordered the dissolution of all militias but Hezbollah was allowed to remain active and the South Lebanese Army refused to disband
• On 16 February 1992, Shaykh Abbas al-Musawi Secretary General of Hezbollah is killed by Israeli helicopter gunship attack in Sidon
• On 11 April 1996 Israel bombed Hezbollah bases in South Lebanon, South Beirut and Biqa (Operation Grapes of Wrath)
• The US negotiates a truce and an understanding under which Hezbollah and Palestinian guerrillas agreed not to attack civilians in Northern Israel and recognized Israel’s right to self defense but also Hezbollah’s right to resist Israeli occupation
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Background of ConflictBackground of Conflict• Israel withdraws from South Lebanon in May 2000Israel withdraws from South Lebanon in May 2000• Hezbollah raises Shebaa Farms issue Hezbollah raises Shebaa Farms issue
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Immediate Causes of WarImmediate Causes of War• Hezbollah stepped up demands for Israel to
withdraw from Shebaa Farms• Linkage of the capture of an Israeli soldier at Gaza• Hezbollah launched rockets at Israeli Defense Forces
(IDF) positions along the Blue Line on 28 May 2006• A major counter attack by IDF destroying major
Hezbollah positions along the Blue Line • Capture of two Israeli soldiers in an ambush and
subsequent Israeli attacks on 12 July 2006• An immediate Israeli response with artillery and air
raids on all Hezbollah positions followed leading to outbreak of war
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The Hezbollah MilitiaThe Hezbollah Militia
• Began as a guerrilla force in South Lebanon in 1982
• Over the years evolved a complex military infrastructure
• Long range arsenal comes from assorted missiles
• Holds in stock short range Katyushas capable of striking targets of about 25 km (16 miles)
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Ra-ad 1 MissileRa-ad 1 Missile333 m – Diameter, 100 KG warheads333 m – Diameter, 100 KG warheads
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Hezbollah WeaponsHezbollah Weapons--Fajr 3 – 45 KmFajr 3 – 45 Km-Fajr 5 – 75 Km-Fajr 5 – 75 Km-Zelzal 2 – 200 Km-Zelzal 2 – 200 Km-Radar guided C--Radar guided C-802 missile 802 missile (Chinese made) (Chinese made)
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KatysushaKatysusha
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Zelzal – 2 Rockets LaunchersZelzal – 2 Rockets Launchers
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Hezbollah Rocket ArsenalHezbollah Rocket Arsenal
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Hezbollah Potential Targets in IsraelHezbollah Potential Targets in Israel
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Israeli Attacks and TacticsIsraeli Attacks and Tactics• Air raids on Hezbollah Targets/Supply Points Air raids on Hezbollah Targets/Supply Points
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Israeli Attacks and TacticsIsraeli Attacks and Tactics• Use of Jet Fighters, Helicopters. Artillery, Tanks to Use of Jet Fighters, Helicopters. Artillery, Tanks to
weaken Hezbollah infrastructure and strong pointsweaken Hezbollah infrastructure and strong points
• Blockade of Lebanon by Land, Air and Sea Blockade of Lebanon by Land, Air and Sea
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Effects of Israeli AttacksEffects of Israeli Attacks
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Effects ofEffects of Israeli Israeli AttacksAttacks
Qana Attack Qana Attack on Schoolon SchoolChildren by Children by Israeli Air Israeli Air RaidsRaids
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Cross Border AttacksCross Border Attacks• Major casualties on Israelis by HezbollahMajor casualties on Israelis by Hezbollah
MEDEVAC at HaifaMEDEVAC at Haifa
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Global Effects of the WarGlobal Effects of the War• Emergence of the devastating effect of long range
missiles in urban areas • Attacks on airport and economic infrastructure –
airline business was affected seriously
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Global Effects of the ConflictGlobal Effects of the Conflict• Political and military successes of a militia group in
public opinion- Hezbollah
Provision of social services/popularity in elections/served as inspiration to Palestinian factions in Gaza
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Global Effects of the ConflictGlobal Effects of the Conflict• Traditional and Human Security Issues
Refugees to SyriaDisplaced PersonsFood/Shelter/Health
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Global Effects of the ConflictGlobal Effects of the Conflict• Oil prices hike above $78 per barrel• Definition of self defense and proportionality
– UN Charter• The limitations of air war experienced by the
Israelis – unable to stop firing of missiles and movement by Hezbollah forces
• The use of tunnels in asymmetric warfare – Hezbollah and Hamas
• Created political tension in the Middle East vis-à-vis USA Foreign Policy@ekotia
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Global Effects of the ConflictGlobal Effects of the Conflict• International attention shifted swiftly to Lebanon International attention shifted swiftly to Lebanon
and Israel at the expense of other conflict areasand Israel at the expense of other conflict areas
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Global Effects of the ConflictGlobal Effects of the Conflict• Anguish and anger in the Muslim worldAnguish and anger in the Muslim world
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Global Effects of the ConflictGlobal Effects of the Conflict• Created international media attention with Created international media attention with
imbedded journalistimbedded journalist
Images from the media in LebanonImages from the media in Lebanon
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The UN Peace Plan for The UN Peace Plan for LebanonLebanon
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UN Mandate - UN Mandate - UNSCR 1701UNSCR 1701• Monitor the cessation of hostilities• Accompany and support the LAF as they deploy throughout
South Lebanon• Coordinate its activities related to the preceding task with
the Governments of Lebanon and Israel• Extend assistance to help ensure humanitarian access to
civilian populations and the voluntary and safe return of displaced persons
• Assist the Government of Lebanon to secure its borders and other entry points to prevent entry into Lebanon without its consent arms or related material
• Assist LAF in taking steps towards establishment between the Blue Line and Litani River area of free armed personnel, assets and weapons
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Strategic End state of UNIFIL Strategic End state of UNIFIL • The government of Lebanon exercises its sovereign The government of Lebanon exercises its sovereign
authority within its internationally recognized authority within its internationally recognized borders. Full implementation of the relevant borders. Full implementation of the relevant provisions of the Taif Accords. No weapons or provisions of the Taif Accords. No weapons or authority in Lebanon other than of the Lebanese authority in Lebanon other than of the Lebanese State – Conditions are established to support a State – Conditions are established to support a lasting peace in the regionlasting peace in the region
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Main Phases of UN Peace PlanMain Phases of UN Peace Plan• Phase 1 – Cessation of hostilities• Phase 2 – IDF Disengagement• Phase 3 – Transitional Phase, Assistance to
the LAF in the achievement of its full operational capacity
• Phase 4 – Stabilization Phase (verification and monitoring)
• Phase 5 – UN Military draw down
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Mission with UNIFILMission with UNIFIL
Cross Boundary OperationsCross Boundary Operations
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Mission with UNIFILMission with UNIFIL
Protection of Engineers - Border Marking Protection of Engineers - Border Marking
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Mission with UNIFILMission with UNIFIL
Protection for Border Marking Teams along the Blue Line
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40MASCAL EXERCISE at Position 5-MASCAL EXERCISE at Position 5-
6666
8 March 20078 March 2007
Mission with UNIFILMission with UNIFIL
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Mission with UNIFILMission with UNIFIL
Started Joint Patrols and Training with LAFStarted Joint Patrols and Training with LAF
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Liaison VisitsLiaison Visits
Mission with UNIFILMission with UNIFIL
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Mission with UNIFILMission with UNIFIL
New GHANBATT HQ ComplexNew GHANBATT HQ Complex
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Mission with UNIFILMission with UNIFIL
Medal DayMedal Day
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Ghana Army Mission with UNIFIL
ConclusionConclusion
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ConclusionConclusion• Israeli raids in Lebanon can be traced as far back as 1968 when
the Palestinians used Lebanon as a base to attack Israel• Hezbollah was formed as a militia group in 1982 with the aim of
forcing Israel to withdraw from the occupied territory in South Lebanon in which Israel eventually withdrew under pressure in 2000
• The immediate causes of the war was as a result of the capture of two Israeli soldiers by Hezbollah on the 12 July 2006. This was followed by air, artillery and Katyusha attacks by both sides causing panic and humanitarian problems
• The main global effects created by the conflict was the general economic devastation created, humanitarian crisis, creation of a refugee situation due to the unlimited air raids and the political tension created in the Middle East with fury from Muslims countries
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Questions/ContributionsQuestions/Contributions
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References• Erskine Emmanuel, (1989), Mission with UNIFIL, Hurst and Company: London. • Robert Fisk, (2001) Pity the Nation – Lebanon at War, 3rd ed., Oxford, Oxford
University Press• Kotia, Emmanuel W. "Understanding the Geopolitics of the War in Southern
Lebanon." KAIPTC Occasional Paper No. 35. Accra, Ghana: Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre, 2013
• Ozlem, Tur, The Lebanese War of 2006, (2007), Reasons and Consequences, Perceptions, Spring, 2007
• Helena Cobban, “The 33-Day War: Hizbullah’s victory, Israel’s choice” , Boston Review, November/December 2006, http://bostonreview.net/BR31.6/cobban.html
• 15 Robert Blecher, “Converging upon War”, Middle East Report Online, July 18, 2006,www.merip.org/mero/mero071806.html
• Gilbert Achcar, “Lebanon: The 33-Day War and UNSC Resolution 1701”, Online Magazine: IV380 - July-August 2006, http://www.internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?article1101
• Dov Waxman, “Between Victory and Defeat: Israel after the War with Hizballah”, p. 33
• UN Security Council, S/RES/1701 (2006), 11 August 2006 • Shibley Telhami, “Lebanese Identity and Israeli Security in the Shadows of the 2006
War”, Current History, January 2007• Morten Valbjorn and André Bank, “Signs of a New Arab Cold War – The 2006
Lebanon War and the Sunni-Shi’i Divide”, Middle East Report, No. 242 (Spring 2007)
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The Lebanon - Israel ConflictThe Lebanon - Israel ConflictThe Global Effects and its The Global Effects and its
AftermathAftermath
Colonel (Dr) Emmanuel KotiaColonel (Dr) Emmanuel Kotia Visiting Lecturer, International Conflict Management Visiting Lecturer, International Conflict Management
Kennesaw State UniversityKennesaw State University