STATION 1 - Gutenberg’s Invention THE PRINTING PRESS What is moveable type?
The Internet, the web, and information reliabilityMar 29, 2017 · The Internet, the web, and...
Transcript of The Internet, the web, and information reliabilityMar 29, 2017 · The Internet, the web, and...
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GLOBAL SYSTEMS The Internet - 1
The Internet, the web,
and information
reliability
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Our agenda
What is the ‘Internet’?
What is the ‘World-Wide-Web’?
Who runs things?
Using the web: “Trust but verify”
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The Internet
A global data communications system – a
hardware and software infrastructure that
provides connectivity between computers and
other devices.
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Networks
of
networks
Does
location
matter?
Does time-
of-day
matter?
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Global Internet Network
https://global-internet-map-2018.telegeography.com/
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Typical network
hardware
• Interface devices
• Computers
• Servers
• Routers
• Transmission
channels
• Physical support
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A little Internet history
o 1958: ARPA was created to combat Sputnik
(J C R Licklider, Harvard MIT)
o Packet networks and hierarchical routing (L
Kleinrock, UCLA)
o 1969: ARPANET, leading to TCP/IP ‘Internet’
(Vincent Cerf)
o 1985: NSFNET, university network backbone
opened up access widely
o 1989: World Wide Web invented
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World Wide Web
Consortium
o 1989: Tim Berners-Lee invented the WWW.
o 1991: CERN published the WWW project.
o T B-L gave his invention to the world for free.
o WWW Consortium: All companies and institutions had to provide their contributions ‘free’ to gain access.
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Internet Host Count
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Global Internet usage 2007
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Information spread
Progress:Progress:Progress:Progress:
The oral tradition
Library of Alexandria
Domesday book
Gutenberg’s bible
World Wide Web Consortium
Wikipedia
“big data”
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Digital World
Inhabitants: natives
A digital native is a
person who has
grown up with
digital technology
such as computers,
the Internet, mobile
phones, and MP3.
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Digital World
Inhabitants: immigrants
A digital immigrant is an
individual who grew up
without digital technology
and adopted it later.
A digital native refers to
her phone; a digital
immigrant refers to her
“smart phone".
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Digital World
Inhabitants: dropoutsA digital dropout is
an individual who
chooses not to, or
isn’t able to,
understand or use
digital technology.
“I have to drop my film
off to get it
developed.”
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Other Inhabitants of
the Digital World
Things are
not always as
they seem …
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Update on dogs
Things are
different now …
Oct 2012-Sept 2015
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Worldwide Internet users
2005200520052005 2010201020102010 2017201720172017
World World World World
populationpopulationpopulationpopulation
6.5 billion 6.9 billion 7.4 billion
Users worldwideUsers worldwideUsers worldwideUsers worldwide 16% 30% 48%
Users in the Users in the Users in the Users in the
developing developing developing developing
worldworldworldworld
8% 21% 41.3%
Users in the Users in the Users in the Users in the
developed worlddeveloped worlddeveloped worlddeveloped world
51% 67% 81%
Source: International Telecommunications Union
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The Internet in
developing countries
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The web in developing
countries
Indian fisherman off coast of Kerala deciding
where to take his catch for resale.
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Who controls the use of
the web?
o Parents: filtering kids’ use
o Employers: filtering employees’ use
o Public sites: filtering users’ use
o Governments: see GOOGLE vs. PRC
o Businesses: tend to use influence
rather than control , e.g.,
pop-up ads
o Criminals: phishing, scamming
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Google data center
in Belgium
Cooling
equipment
Servers
in racks
Stacks
of
racks
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Google offshore data
center patent application
United States Patent ApplicationUnited States Patent ApplicationUnited States Patent ApplicationUnited States Patent Application 20080209234200802092342008020923420080209234
Kind CodeKind CodeKind CodeKind Code A1 A1 A1 A1
ClidarasClidarasClidarasClidaras; Jimmy ; ; Jimmy ; ; Jimmy ; ; Jimmy ; et al.et al.et al.et al. August 28, 2008 August 28, 2008 August 28, 2008 August 28, 2008
Water-Based Data Center Abstract
A system includes a floating platform-mounted computer
data center comprising a plurality of computing units, a
sea-based electrical generator in electrical connection with
the plurality of computing units, and one or more sea-water
cooling units for providing cooling to the plurality of
computing units.
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Innovative data centers
Startup Nautilus Data Technologies … a floating data
center on a barge that it believes would save companies
money on their energy bills by providing easy access to
seawater.
In Sweden Facebook constructed a data center that
uses chilly Arctic wind to prevent the computer servers
inside from overheating.
Microsoft is researching how to build underwater data
centers that would require less energy to cool.
The World’s 6 Coolest Data CentersFortune, March 29, 2017
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The knowledge economy
in the Information Age
• Definition
Economy based on creating, evaluating, and
trading knowledge. In a knowledge economy,
labor costs become progressively less
important and traditional economic concepts
such as scarcity of resources and economies of
scale cease to apply.
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The knowledge economy
in the Information Age
• Managing knowledge: an emerging
profession
• Conference: http://advancingknowledge.com/program.htm
• Advances in artificial intelligence
• Data analytics for “big data”
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Big Data visualization
We are a Seattle-
based Mixed and
Virtual Reality
studio that
provides platform
solutions and
services for
industries across
all verticals.
8ninths.com
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“TRUST, BUT VERIFY”
Assessing the quality
of digital information
sources
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Free advice
“It ain’t what you
don’t know that gets
you into trouble.
It’s what you know
for sure that just
ain’t so.”
Mark Twain
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The quest for knowledge in
the digital world
What could go wrong?
Can’t find relevant info
Info outdated
Misleading but reasonable
Accurate but incomplete
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Unwittingly biasing
your quest
“Self-confirmation bias”
The psychological phenomenon whereby we
tend to give credence to information and views
that support our own pre-existing beliefs and
opinions.
When searching billions of Web pages you are
likely to find many hundreds or thousands of
pages with information that supports your
existing views.
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Reducing the bias
in your quest
GOAL: Conduct a search that is
unbiased and interpret the results in
a way that is unbiased.
Search: How do you phrase the question? How many variations do you use?
Verify: How many additional sources do you check?
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An assessment strategy
Currency
Authority
Purpose
Objectivity
Website impact
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Example: Fake news
and disinformation
Info source tries to appear objective to gain
more credibility.
Most effective in complex situations, like
politics, particularly elections
climate change
flouridation of water
TBL benefits of coal for electric power
bashing of specific groups (e.g., immigrants)
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Example: Corporate
Greenwashing
How does the image
make you feel?
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Example: Corporate
Greenwashing
How does the image
make you feel?
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Example: Corporate
logo history
In 2001, in response to negative press on British
Petroleum's poor safety standards, the company adopted
a green sunburst logo and rebranded itself
as BP ("Beyond Petroleum") plc.
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Why do ‘greenwashing’?
Greenwashing can make a company appear to be
more environmentally friendly than it really is. It can
also be used to differentiate a company's products
or services from its competitors by promising more
efficient use of power or by being more cost-
effective over time.
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Greenwashing,
the real thing
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Trust,
but
verify …
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How can you tell about
the credibility of online
information?
Try Googling “fake news”
http://www.opensources.co/
http://www.factcheck.org/
http://www.snopes.com/
http://www.politifact.com/subjects/environment/
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