d i g i t a l m e d i a l a n d s c a p e sThe Internet Slide 1

DARPA - Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, created something called ARPA, the Advanced Research Project Agency. They developed the first concept of Internet called the Intergalactic Computer Network. At the time is was theoretical, but it outlined the framework for the modern Internet.

The closest thing they had to the Internet was three terminals connected to off-site locations. However each terminal had its own protocol and existing independent of each other. Ostensibly every pair of connected terminals had its own network.

DARPA and ARPA1 9 6 0 ’ s

The CPU is the brain of the computer. It consists of:

d i g i t a l m e d i a l a n d s c a p e sThe Internet Slide 2

Packet Switching1 9 6 0 ’ s

p a c k e t s w i t c h i n g w o r k s j u s t l i k e t e l e p o r t a t i o n

The RAND corp, still funded by the defense department, developed a way to send multiple threads of information to multiple terminals, dubbed packet switching. Basically a message was chopped into small packets send through the pipeline and re-assembled on by the recipient.

d i g i t a l m e d i a l a n d s c a p e sThe Internet Slide 3

Using packeting switching the first instantiation of the Internet was created. The first message on the new network was sent from a computer in UCLA to a computer in Stanford.

ARPANET1 9 6 9

d i g i t a l m e d i a l a n d s c a p e sThe Internet Slide 4

CYCLADES1 9 7 3

CYCLADES was a French network based on ARPANET. The big difference is that it made the host computers responsible for the delivery of information as opposed to the network itself. This lead to the decentralization of the internet and TCP/IP protocol.

l o u i s p o u z i n i s c r e d i t e d w i t h d e s i g n i n g c y c l a d e s

d i g i t a l m e d i a l a n d s c a p e sThe Internet Slide 5

TCP / IP1 9 7 3 - 9 0

Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol provides end-to-end connectivity specifying how data should be formatted, addressed, transmitted, routed and received at the destination. Its the standard by which connection is established between computers and how data is send and understood. Once this protocol was established it all but killed ARPANET and established the Internet as we know it.

Up until now the internet was mainly used for information transfer between universities, government agencies, enterprises and hackers, there was no repository of information that was accessible or browse-able.

d i g i t a l m e d i a l a n d s c a p e sThe Internet Slide 6

The First Website1 9 9 1

d i g i t a l m e d i a l a n d s c a p e sThe Internet Slide 7

Browserse a r l y 9 0 s

Mosiac was the first browser with a GUI, up until now everything was text based. It was created by a team at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Mosiac was replaced by Netscape Navigator. Netscape Navigator was the most prevalent browser until Internet Explorer was released (Internet Tidal Wave memo).

In the late 90‘s Netscape released its source code for its browser and created the Mozilla Organization, which later released Firefox and has been a pioneer in creating open web standards.

d i g i t a l m e d i a l a n d s c a p e sThe Internet Slide 8

Web Directoriese a r l y 9 0 ’ s

The explosion of the world wide web necessitated a way to catalog, index and retrieve information. This lead to the creation of search engines and web directories. The first search engines were crude, only allowing a user to search by website name, which is why in the early 90’s companies like Yahoo and Altavista created hybrid web directories and search engines, with an emphasis on browsing.

d i g i t a l m e d i a l a n d s c a p e sThe Internet Slide 9

Search Enginesl a t e 9 0 ’ s

Web directories gave way to search engines. This grew from the need rank to webpages according to relevancy (there was too many websites to go through) and technological advancements in database and algorithm science.

Google is the most famous of the companies to work on this technology—their initial system dubbed Page Rank, ordered results by the amount of press each website received, quantified by the number of pages that linked to it. Since then search algorithms have evolved one fold, but the essential concept has remained the same: displaying the most relevant information relative to a discrete subject matter.

d i g i t a l m e d i a l a n d s c a p e sThe Internet Slide 10

File Sharing9 0 ’ s

In 1990 Napster became the first file sharing network. This is significant point in history because it is the point in time when information and digital commodities became democratized for the masses. Other p2p networks evolved from Napster, Gnutella, Morpheus, Kazaa, Limewire, and Bit Torrnent. The concept of p2p networks is legal, the content being shared is why p2p networks are thought of as illegal.

d i g i t a l m e d i a l a n d s c a p e sThe Internet Slide 11

(ISP) Internet Service ProvidersThese companies own or lease the pipeline that is the internet and sell it people like us to consume. Originally, the internet was run over phone lines—that is why many ISP’s are phone companies.

d i g i t a l m e d i a l a n d s c a p e sThe Internet Slide 12

Modem / Dial / 56k t y p e s o f s e r v i c e

This was the original way consumers connected to the internet. Computers were equipped with a modem that allowed you to plug in a phone line to the computer—the modem basically translate the voice in data. You were not always connected to the internet—you actually had to dial into the internet (like placing a call). Sometimes the connection could be bad and you would get a busy single or it would take forever to connect. Also if you were on the internet you could use the phone—if someone picked up the phone it knocked you off the internet.

d i g i t a l m e d i a l a n d s c a p e sThe Internet Slide 13

DSLt y p e s o f s e r v i c e s

Dial up gave way to DSL. This allowed its users to always be connected to the internet. It still ran over the telephone network, but was connected to computers via ethernet.

d i g i t a l m e d i a l a n d s c a p e sThe Internet Slide 14

Cablet y p e s o f s e r v i c e s

This came to be around the same time as DSL—its the same principal, except it uses the wires from cable providers to serve data.

d i g i t a l m e d i a l a n d s c a p e sThe Internet Slide 15

DSL v Cablet y p e s o f s e r v i c e s

Cable tended to provide greater upside, but could be slower because its speed was effected by the number of people sharing the same pipeline, whereas, DSL is considered to be more stable, without the upside.

d i g i t a l m e d i a l a n d s c a p e sThe Internet Slide 16

T1 and T3t y p e s o f s e r v i c e s

These are dedication DSL connections that supposedly over no variation in speed

d i g i t a l m e d i a l a n d s c a p e sThe Internet Slide 17

Fibert y p e s o f s e r v i c e s

The internet now mostly runs on a series of fiber optic networks connected worldwide, but the fiber cables did not run directly to the people. Recently ISP’s have laid fiber in select neighborhoods as to deliver the internet over it. Fiber is substantially faster and more stable than any previous dissemination method. Its costly to run fiber so its still very limited.

d i g i t a l m e d i a l a n d s c a p e sThe Internet Slide 18

Internet

The internet is nothing more than a series of computers connected to each other. But instead of personal computers everything is housed on computers called severs. These servers live in warehouses called server farms and are connected by fiber to one and another. All the content of the internet lives on these servers so when you access a webpage you are just pinging a the specific server where that information lives.

d i g i t a l m e d i a l a n d s c a p e sThe Internet Slide 19

Domain Name

A domain name, also known as a URL (uniform resource locator), refers to the physical location of the files on the internet. Domain names don’t actually have any real relationship to the physical location of a file on a server. The actual location of a file on a server is its IP Address. A domain name points to an IP address and the IP address points a location on a server.

0�File on a Server

www.domain.com

172.16.254.1

d o m a i n n a m e

i p a d d r e s s

d i g i t a l m e d i a l a n d s c a p e sThe Internet Slide 20

File Structure

At a very basic level, a server is like your computer, it has a hardrive and an operating system that organizes information into a hierarchy of directories. That hierarchy of directories is what creates a url.

The domain names is the main directory name. By default, the domain name always directs to a page called index.html. You can have as many folders within the main directory, which are separated by /

If you own a domain name you can create as many sub-domains as you want. In effect subdomains act as their own domain names—they have their own directories, but they operate under the domain name.

d i g i t a l m e d i a l a n d s c a p e sThe Internet Slide 21

��.root

0�index.htmlw w w . d o m a i n . c o m

0�about.htmlw w w . d o m a i n . c o m / a b o u t. h t m l

0�index.html

0�design.html

��services

w w w . d o m a i n . c o m / s e r v i c e s /

w w w . d o m a i n . c o m / s e r v i c e s / d e s i g n . h t m l

Basic Structure

d i g i t a l m e d i a l a n d s c a p e sThe Internet Slide 22

p r o t o c o l s u b d o m a i n h o s t n a m e

http://www.domain.comt o p l e v e l d o m a i n s

f i l e t r a n s f e r p r o t o c o l

used to upload files to web serversftp://www.domain.com

s u b d o m a i n

these can be anythingsub.domain.com

d i f f e r e n t t o p l e v e l d o m a i n

used by non-profitswww.domain.org

d i g i t a l m e d i a l a n d s c a p e sThe Internet Slide 23

Hosting

Servers are commonly called hosts or hosting servers. They are by hosting companies—they host the internet. Hosting is not free, companies charge for space and user of their servers. There a few types of hosing plans.

d i g i t a l m e d i a l a n d s c a p e sThe Internet Slide 24

Shared or VirtualThis is the cheapest and most common type of hosting for small sites. Basically a single server is partitioned into a series of virtual servers that act independently of each other. This form of hosting is cheap, but is limited in its capacity and speed because you are sharing.

DedicatedYou basically have your own server. This is pricer, but obviously you get faster speeds and more space.

Co-LocationYou can purchase your own server and install it in someone else’s server farm. There are a variety of plans available for co-locating, but the idea is you get more space, power and speed.

Cloud HostingSpeeds and capacity get significantly faster and the pricing model shifts from a fixed cost to a pay for what you consume. The cloud refers to a virtual host server that is powered by a network of many servers. Files are stored and passed around multiple servers as to increase resource and speed, but accessed via the virtualized server.

c o n t r o l , p o w e r , c o s t, s p e e d

d i g i t a l m e d i a l a n d s c a p e sThe Internet Slide 25

The Cloud

Web ServicesAmazon Web Services is a cloud web service that powers many enterprise and consumer facing applications. Google also as a large share of the market

Web Apps in the Cloud / StorageThe cloud has allowed for apps like dropbox and google drive to exist. The prediction is as the cloud becomes faster, there is going to be no need for physical hardrives as everything will be hosted on the cloud.

d i g i t a l m e d i a l a n d s c a p e sThe Internet Slide 26

Setting Up a Website

At a bare minimum, you need a domain name and host to set up a website.

1. Purchase a domain name through a registrar (godaddy) 2. Purchase hosting from hosting company (rackspace). 3. Point the domain name to the host server by logging into the domain name

control panel and pointing it to the host server’s domain name servers (provided by the host company).

4. Provision the server by logging into the host company control panel and set up the domain on the server.