RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of Basic Biology practicum with title ’’The Iinfluence of

Temperature to organism activity’’ that arranged by :

Name : Jeny ayu hardiah ningrum

ID : 1114040162

Group : III (Three)

Class : ICP A

After checked by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator so this report was

accepted

Makassar, December 2011

Assistant Coordinator , Assistant,

Djumarirmanto,S.Pd. Firdaus ID.091404183

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

A. Background

Temperature is one factor that important for living thing, temperature

can make human die, if human can not do adaptation in enviroment, and

temperature also influence chemical reaction in the body, example if we live

in cold temperature, we always ever be urinate that was caused chemical

reaction in the body very slow, because cold temperature trouble reaction, so

also in hot temperature we always fell heat and get sweat because chemical

reaction in hot temperature work very fast or actively.

Temperature in this world always changed, and also influence

bounding oxygen, because always changed, therefore organism must have

adaptation characteristic in a new environmentally or acclimatization, if can

not adaptation in environment, and it move to place have different

temperature from the first place it can die, not only animal but all living thing

that live in the world, because temperature in different place also different,

like in mountain region, very cold and usually descend rain, and different with

beach region usually make skin brown because very heat, I don’t know why,

maybe in mountain region have many tree, meanwhile in beach region don’t

have many tree.

This practicum is done to prove warm temperature and cold

temperature influence chemical reaction in body or not, so to known about

temperature we use Cyprinus carpio and contain in warm water and see

movement operculum, then entered in fresh water and added ice cubes, then

fresh water as control for known usually, and after practicum we can know if

attempt that we do correspond to theory or not, because usually after done

practicum the result unegual with theory.

B. Purpose

The purpose of practicum is the students can compare the speed of used

oxygen by organisms in the different temperature.

C. Benefit

1. To the student: known about speed of used oxygen by organisms in the

different temperature and the factor which influence the different speed of

used oxygen by organisms.

2. To the society: can add knowledge about temperature that agree if they

will maintain fish in aquarium

3. To the environment: maintain animal are not destroyed

CHAPTER IIPREVIEW OF LITERATURE

Temperature is one of them enviroment physical factor that appear, easily

measured and very diverse, temperature has an important in the regulating biological

activity of organism, both animal or plant. This was mainly due to temperature affects

the speed of chemical reactions in the body and determine metabolic activity,

example respiration. As metter same with other factor, temperature have time

tolerated of organism, this problem is described in the study of ecology “law of

shelford tolerance”, with relatively simple tools, experiment on influence of

respiration activity of the organism is not difficult (Tim Pengajar, 2011).

One of the clearest example of homeostasis in animals is seen in the birds and

mammals with regard to the regulation of body temperature. You will recall that only

these animals are warm-blooded. The homeostatic mechanism involved is a

temperature regulating center located in the hypothalamus of the brain. It is small

mass of nerve cells which connect with effectors at surface of the body, and it is

axtremely sensitive to changes in temperature. In man for example, it responds

differently to temperatures above and below about 98,6 degrees Fahrenheit. Let us

suppose that aroom where the temperature is 100 degrees. As soon as body

temperature increases, the temperature regulating center sends nervous impulses to

the sweat glands of the skin, causing them to secrete moisture to the outer surface of

the body (Slate, 1974).

Animals can have either a variable or a constant body temperature. An animal

whose body temperature varies with its environment is called a poikilotherm (from

the Greek poikilos, varied). In contrast, a homeotherm has a relatively constant body

temperature. For example, the largemouth bass is a poikilotherm, and the river otter

isa homeotherm. From the descriptions of ectotherms and endotherms, it might seem

that all ectotherms are poikilothermic and all endotherms are homeothermic.

Actually, there is no fixed relationship between the source of heat and the stability of

body temperature. For example, many ectothermic marine fishes and invertebrates

inhabit waters with such stable temperatures that their body temperature varies less

than that ofen dot herms such as humans and other mammals. Conversely, the body

temperature of a few endotherms varies considerably. For example, bats and

humming birds may periodically enter an inactive state in which they maintain a

lower body temperature. It is a common misconception that ectotherms are

"coldblooded and endotherms are "warm-blooded” Ectotherms do not necessarily

have low body temperatures. In fact, when sitting in the sun, many ectothermic

lizards have higher body temperatures than mammals. Thus, the terms cold-blooded

and warm-blooded are misleading and have been dropped from the scientific

vocabulary (Champbell, 2008).

Temperature is a physical property of matter that quantitatively expresses the

common notions of hot and cold. Objects of low temperature are cold, while various

degrees of higher temperatures are referred to as warm or hot. Heat spontaneously

flows from bodies of a higher temperature to bodies of lower temperature. No net

heat will be exchanged between bodies of the same temperature; such bodies are said

to be in "thermal equilibrium". The temperature of a substance varies with the

microscopic speed of the fundamental particles that it contains, raised to the second

power; that is, it is proportional to the mean kinetic energy of its particles. However

any increase in temperature upon receiving external kinetic energy as heat is also

inversely proportional to heat capacity. Temperature can be thought of as the

"concentration" of kinetic energy relative to its heat capacity. A higher heat capacity

implies a higher entropy in which to "spread out" the kinetic energy. A hot object

must at least either have a smaller heat capacity or a larger kinetic energy than a cold

object. Quantitatively, temperature is measured with thermometers, which may be

calibrated to a variety of temperature scales. Many physical properties of materials

including the phase (solid, liquid, gaseous or plasma), density, solubility, vapor

pressure, and electrical conductivity depend on the temperature. Temperature also

plays an important role in determining the rate and extent to which chemical reactions

occur. This is one reason why the human body has several elaborate mechanisms for

maintaining the temperature at 310 K, since temperatures only a few degrees higher

can result in harmful reactions with serious consequences. Temperature also

determines the thermal radiation emitted from a surface. One application of this effect

is the incandescent light bulb, in which a tungsten filament is electrically heated to a

temperature at which significant quantities of visible light are emitted (Anon., 2011).

Movement of water air is another feature of the physical environment. All

these factors ramify and interlock, both in water and in air movement helps to

determine the distribution of temperature, and air movement is a crucial element for

rainfall. Winds and currents also influence organisms more directly in many ways.

Innumerable land plants, among them the conifers and many grasses, are wind

pollinated. The animals in swift-flowing streams can remain there only by anchoring

themselves somehow or by making headway against the current. Most animals in

following fresh water have eggs that sink to the bottom, below the current, although

many marine animals have floating, drifting eggs (Simpson, 1965).

The mutation showed a five fold increase for a 100C rise in temperature when

reaction was made for the shortened life span at the higher temperature. Temperature

coefficient (Q10) for most developmental processes or chemical reactions is the order

of 2 or 3, so the temperature coefficient forations is somewhat higher. It has also been

found that temperature shocks (exposing organisms to sublethal but abnormally high

or low temperatures for limited periods) mutation rates. Although temperature has

been shown to influence spontaneous mutation reateses, it has been found that over a

wide range of temperatures (100C to 500C in barley and 80C to 340C drosophila) there

is no effect of temperature on X-ray-induced mutation rates. This fact, when

considered in relation to the effect of temperature alone on mutation rates, suggest a

difference in the way in which their effects are produced (Merrell, 1975).

CHAPTER IIIPRACTICUM METHOD

A. Time and Place

Day / Date : Monday/December 12th 2011

Time : at 10.50 A.M until 12.30 P.M

Place : Biology laboratory 3rd floor at FMIPA UNM

B. Tool and Material

1. Tools

a. Thermometer

b. Stopwatch

c. Beaker glass 1000 ml and 50 ml or toples

2. Material

a. Cyprinus carpio

b. Ice cubes

c. Fresh water

d. Warm water

C. Work produce

1. Entered 2 Cyprinus carpio into becker glass contained fres water and

aclimatisation

150C280C 400C

2. Took 1 Cyprinus carpio and entered into becker glass (A) that contained

fresh water and ice cubes water (150C), and counted and write the

frequency of the movement operculum every 1 minutes during 5 minutes.

3. Took 1 Cyprinus carpio and entered into becker glass (B) that contained

fresh water (280C), and counted and write the frequency of the movement

operculum every 1 minutes during 5 minutes.

4. Took 1 Cyprinus carpio and entered into becker glass (C) that contained

warm water (400C), and counted and write the frequency of the movement

operculum every 1 minutes during 5 minutes.

Fresh water (control) Warm water Cold water

5. Wrote the result observation in the table.

CHAPTER IVRESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Observation Result

Becker Temperature Time (Minute) Average

1 2 3 4 5

A 150C – 120C 92 90 54 46 40 64

B 280C – 280C 103 92 61 55 49 72

C 400C – 390C 50 33 23 21 21 29

B. Data analysis

1. Graph of movement operculum at Cyprinus carpio

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.520

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

50

33

23 21 21

103

92

6155

49

92 90

54

4640

Beaker ABeaker BBeaker C

time (minute)

mov

emen

t op

ercu

lum

Graph of movement operculum at Cyprinus carpio

2. The analysis from result to find average than use formula V=

VI+V 2+V 3+V 4+V 55

a. Becker glass A

92+90+54+46+40

5=64

movementminute

b. Becker glass B

103+92+61+55+49

5=72

movementminute

c. Becker glass C

50+33+23+21+215

=29movement

minute

C. Discussion

The first experiment we take Cyprinus carpioand fill in cold water

have temperature 150C, see movement operculum up to five minute each one

minute, and first minute it is 92, second minute it is 90, third minute it is 54,

fourth minute it is 46, and fifth minutes is 40, and finally we checked

temperature and changed as 120C. Second experiment we take Cyprinus

carpio and fill in fresh water or fish water of aqurium have temperature 280C,

see movement operculum up to five minute each one minute, and first minute

it is 103, second minute it is 92, third minute it is 61, fourth minute it is 55,

and fifth minutes is 49 finally we checked temperature and changed as 280C,

and third experiment we take Cyprinus carpioand fill in warm water have

temperature 400C, see movement operculum up to five minute each one

minute, and first minute it is 50, second minute it is 33, third minute it is 23,

fourth minute it is 21, and fifth minutes is 21, and finally we checked

temperature and changed as 390C. and on this attempt we can see, operculum

move on fresh water more a lot of and than cold water and the latest is warm

water, reverse equal with cognitive, suppose faster warm water and cold water

slows, that water high temperature therefore movement operculum frequency

also getting quick and if water temperature low therefore operculum

movement frequency will slow too, because oxygen content on water that

high temperature is less so to get oxygen Cyprinus carpio open and close

operculum, different with cold water done less movement operculum, but in

fresh water normal because temperature in the body same with environment.

CHAPTER VCONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

After done practicum, we can compare the speed of used oxygen by

organisms in the different temperature, and according to the result we find

movement operculum in fresh water faster and warm water is slow, different

with the theory , in warm water movement operculum faster, cold water slow

and fresh water normal.

B. Suggestion

1. Suggestion for laboratory

I hope for next practicum tools and materials that need for practicum must

complete and better in order practicum is success.

2. Suggestion for Assistant

I hope assistant could give attention for practican about different water

3. Suggestion for the all friends

I hope all practican be carefull, and if take tools you must slow.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anon., 2011. Temperature. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature. Accessed at

December 16th 2011.

Champbell, Neil A, 2008. Biology. San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Merrell, David J. 1975. An Introduction to Genetics. New York: Ww. Norton and

Company, inc

Simpson, George Gaylord. 1965. Life An Introduction to biology. New York:Harcourt

Slate, Audrey nelson. 1974. Principles of biology. New York: Harper and Row

Publisher

Tim Pengajar, 2011. Penuntun praktikum biologi dasar. Makassar: UNM

APPENDIX

1. Why happened to different movement frequency fish operculum at

different water temperature?

Because fish must done aclimatitation if find new place because

have different temperature in water and temperature determine

movement (open close) operculum.

2. What temperature in frequency have movement (open close)

operculum highest?

280C

3. What temperature in frequency have movement (open close)

operculum lowest?

400C

4. Why happened different movement (open close) frequency at fish

base according to water temperature?

Because happened different temperature in the body and extern

body, water high temperature (warm) therefore movement

operculum frequency also getting quick and if water low

temperature (cold) therefore operculum movement frequency will

slow too, because oxygen content on water that high temperature

is less so to get oxygen Cyprinus carpio open and close

operculum, different with cold water done less movement

operculum, but in fresh water normal because temperature in the

body same with environment.