The Industrial Revolution The greatly increased output of machine made goods that began in England...
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The Industrial Revolution
The greatly increased output of machine made goods that began in England in the 18th century
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Changes in AgricultureWealthy landowners bought village
farms and made changes to farming techniques Agricultural Revolution Enclosures: large enclosed fields where
landowners experimented with farming methods
Crop rotation: A system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the land
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Changes in AgricultureOUTCOMES:
Experimentation with farming techniques Small farmers forced to become tenant
farmers or move to cities many became factory workers
Increase in food supplies improved living conditions increased population increased demand for food and goods
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Industrialization Industrialization: the process of
developing machine production of goods
Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?
Water power and coal to fuel the machines Iron ore to build the machines Rivers for transportation Harbors from which merchants could set sail Strong economy and political stability
England had the factors of production, or land, labor and capital, which were the resources needed to produce goods and services
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Inventions in the Textile Industry Spinning Jenny
(1764) allowed a workers to spin 8 threads at one time
Inventions regarding water power to drive the spinning wheels in the 1770s and 1780s further increased the production of textiles
Spinning Jenny
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Factories Large buildings that housed textile machines
Owned by wealthy entrepreneurs: People who
organize, manage and takes on the risks of a business
Originally located on rivers and streams for waterpower
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Cotton GinEngland received
its cotton from the American south, who had used slave labor to remove the seeds from cotton by hand
1793 – Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin to remove seeds
Production of cotton increased from 1.5 million pounds (1790) to 85 million pounds (1810)
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Improvements in TransportationSteam engine (1705)Steamboat (1807) manmade
canals for transportation Improvements in roads in the 1800sRailroad (1820), which would dominate
industrial transportation in England Cheap way to transport materials and
finished products Created jobs as railroad workers and
miners (providing iron for the tracks)
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Improvements in Transportation
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Manchester, England, 1851
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German Factory, 1840
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Effects of IndustrializationUrbanization: After 1800 more people
moved to cities rather than rural areas Why?
The growth of the factory system brought people looking for jobs to the cities
This led to a population explosion in industrial cities
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Living Conditions in CitiesNo sanitary codes
no drains; heaps of garbage in the streetsLacked adequate housing, education,
police protectionPeople lived in crowded
conditions where disease spread quickly
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Industrialization in the U.S.Samuel Slater: British mill
worker who emigrated to the United States in 1789, bringing British ideas of industrialization with him
Francis Cabot Lowell: Revolutionized American industry in Lowell, Massachusetts
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Impact of IndustrializationGrowth of corporations: business
owned by stockholders who share in the profits but are not personally responsible for debts
Global Inequality: wider gap between industrialized and non-industrialized nations imperialism Imperialism: the policy of extending one
country’s rule over many other landsGrowing gap between rich and poor
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Philosophers of Industrialization
Adam Smith Laissez-faire economics: “Let people do as
they please” without government interference Believed government regulation
of business interfered with the production of wealth
Capitalism: an economic system based on private ownership, in which money is invested in business with the goal of making a profit
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Philosophers of Industrialization Thomas Malthus
MAIN IDEA: population increased more quickly than food supply, so people would always be poor and miserable
David Ricardo MAIN IDEA: the permanent underclass would
always be poor because if there were many workers, their labor would always be cheap; as population increased, wages would decrease
Against government efforts to help the workers because they believed it would hurt the production of wealth in society
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Philosophers of Industrialization
Jeremy Bentham Philosophy of utilitarianism: believed
government interference in business was only useful if they promoted the greatest good for the greatest number of people
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Philosophers of IndustrializationSocialism:
Factors of production are owned by the public and operated for the welfare of all
Believed that the government should plan the economy rather than rely on free-market capitalism
Government control of factories, mines, railroads, etc. to help the workers who were at the hands of greedy employers
Grew out of a concern for social justice
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Philosophers of IndustrializationKarl Marx
German journalist who introduced radical socialism, or Marxism, to the world
Wrote The Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels
KEY IDEAS: Human society has always been divided between the haves and have-nots
HAVES: Owners of production or bourgeoisie
HAVE-NOTS: Workers or proletariat
VS.
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The Future According to Marx1) Small number of manufacturers would control all
the wealth2) Revolt by the proletariat – they would seize
factories and workers would share the profits, bringing about economic equality for all people
3) “dictatorship of the proletariat” would eventually lead to a classless society, or communism: a form of complete socialism in which the means of production is owned by the people, all goods/services are shared equally and private property no longer exists
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Other Reforms Unions: groups of voluntary
workers who pressed for reforms in the 1800s, such as higher pay and shorter hours Participated in collective bargaining, or
negotiations between workers and they employers for better working conditions
If demands were not met, workers could strike, or refuse to work
Although many unions were initially outlawed, they eventually won the right to strike and picket peacefully, which led to reforms aimed at improving the lives of workers