The Industrial Revolution

Essential Question: Why did the agricultural revolution occur in Britain?

Causes of the Industrial Revolution in Britain

Agricultural Revolution

Geography Business

friendly society

Scientific/Technological Advancement

Cause #1: The Agricultural Revolution

Characterized by advances in farming which dramatically increased food supply The Potato Crop Rotation Diversification The Seed Drill The Enclosure

Movement Animal Husbandry

The Potato

Required little land to grow

Contains essential nutrients

May be grown in a variety of habitats

Crop Rotation

Growing different crops in the same soil for subsequent seasons i.e. in the cold season

grow potatoes and in the warm season grow corn

Diversification The practice of planting a variety of different crops in order to cut down on poor harvests

i.e. if the wheat crop failed, the potato crop might still thrive.

The Seed Drill• Jethro Tull developed

a seed drill that could be harnessed to a horse

• This increased the speed and production of crops

England before the Enclosure Movement: The Commons

In England, land used to be owned in common, meaning that all members of the village could use the land for growing crops and raising animals

Enclosure Movement The English

government passed a series of enclosure acts which confiscated the “commons” from peasants who had lived off the land for centuries

Land was consolidated into large farms and powerful landowners in Parliament redistributed the land in their own favor

Results of Enclosure Peasants were

forced to move to the towns to find work

Farmers used more sophisticated methods described earlier to produce much more food

Animal Husbandry Also known as

“selective breeding.” The practice of breeding together two animals (one male, one female obviously) with desirable traits

The hope was that the offspring would inherit these traits and produce more wool, meat, etc.

Cause #2: Geography An abundance of

natural resources such as water (power for the steam engine), coal and iron ore (both necessary for manufacturing)

Geography (continued)

Rivers and canals in England made goods easier and quicker to transport.

Cause #3 Business Friendly Society The constitutional

monarchy provided a stable environment for business

Men who owned property and business were well-represented in Parliament

Britain had a large supply of capital to invest in factories and industrial machinery

Britain’s free society enabled inventors and capitalists to act on their ideas

Scientific & Technological Development

The invention of the steam engine and the discovery of the power of coal enabled Britain to power factories.

Also, the development of new machinery allowed Britain to produce goods on a massive scale

Scientific & Tech Development (continued)

Advances in machinery led to a boom in the textile industry and cotton cloth became Britain’s most valuable product

Science & Tech (continued) The invention of a process

called “puddling” allowed the British to produce higher quality iron

This high quality iron, combined with the steam engine allowed for the production of railroads and locomotives which created more jobs and less expensive transport.

Thesis Statement Requirements

A subject (i.e. the legacy of the French of Revolution, the causes of the industrial revolution in Britain)

An opinion (i.e. the legacy of the French Revolution is one of bloodshed; the causes of the industrial revolution in Britain were numerous and include….)

A blueprint of reasons (at least 3) A number of events have contributed to this legacy of

violence including the storming of the Bastille, the invasion of the King’s palace, and the Reign of Terror.

Thesis Statement Write two thesis statements The first one should be a topic of your

choice The second one should respond to the

question “Why did the industrial revolution begin in Britain?”

ActivityPick up a map of Europe from the back counter

Label countries, capitals, and major bodies of water

Color countries next to each other different colors so they are more easily identifiable

Warm-up (To be submitted at 9:25)

Write 3 questions about the industrial revolution that you would like to see on the test.

I will select 3 questions from those who were on “team 1” and 1 question from those who are on “team 2.” I will let you know the questions tomorrow.

The Spread of the Industrial Revolution Europe

industrialized at different rates

France & Belgium industrialized after 1830 whereas Germany did not industrialize until 1870

Government help Governments were

active in promoting industrialization, funding roads, canals, and railroads

Essential Question How did European society as a whole

change as a result of the industrial revolution?

Main Effects of the Industrial Revolution on European Society

Growth of the population & growth of cities

Development of industrial classes

Advent of Socialism

Growth of the Population

Between 1750 & 1850, the population of Europe almost doubled.

Why? More food Less disease Less war Lower death rate

Growth of Cities Factories were

located in cities and were “magnets” for those seeking work

By the middle of the century, half the population lived in cities

Conditions of Cities Cities grew faster than

basic facilities such as a clean water supply and sewers

Working class people clustered into poor and congested housing.

The close quarters and the lack of basic facilities allowed disease to spread quickly and easily

Development of New Social Classes Industrial Middle Class Industrial Working Class

The Middle Class before the Industrial Revolution Also known as the bourgeoisie Before the industrial

revolution the middle class was made up of merchants, artisans, and professionals such as doctors, lawyers, and government officials

The Industrial Middle ClassDuring the industrial revolution, people built factories, bought machines, and figured out where to sell goods. These industrialists became part of the new industrial middle class.

The Industrial Working Class

These workers labored in factories

Much of the labor force comprised of women and children

Working conditions 12-16 hour days No minimum wage

and could be fired without cause

Dirty and dangerous conditions especially in the mines

Factory Act of 1833 In the United States,

women and children made up 2/3 of the workforce.

The Factory Act of 1833 (Britain) mandated that children could not work before the age of 9 and limited the hours children could work.

New Gender Roles When laws

limited working hours for women and children men were expected to be the breadwinners while women ran the home

Socialism Wanted to introduce equlaity into social

conditions and believed that human cooperation was superior to competition

Against private property Cooperative living and voluntary

association of workers Robert Owen (British cotton manufacturer)

successfully set up a “co-op” in Scotland but failed in the United States

Test Questions Where did the industrial revolution

begin? Who improved upon the steam engine? List three reasons the industrial

revolution occurred in Britain. What were the Enclosure Acts?