1.Dead or Alive? THE INDIANS OF THE WEST INDIES

2. ISLANDS OF THE CARIBBEAN 3. THE CARIBBEAN BASIN Main chains: Bahamas Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Leeward Islands Windward Islands 4. PRE-COLUMBIAN INHABITANTS OF THE CARIBBEAN ISLANDS 1. ARAWAK peoples include: Taino of Greater Antilles Lucayans of the Bahamas Nepoya and Suppoya of Trinidad Igneri, who preceded the Caribs in Lesser Antilles Related groups (including Lucayans) in the eastern coast of South America 2. CARIBS or Kalinago from the Lesser Antilles 3. CIBONEY of Cuba and Hispaniola and GUANAJATABEY of Cuba 5. THE BAHAMAS 6. THE BAHAMAS Colons first voyage (August 3, 1492 March 15, 1493) October 12, 1492 at 2:00 am: set foot on the new world! One of the islands in the Bahama chain Island of Guanahani was named San Salvador: Samana Cay, Plana Cays, or San Salvador Island (so renamed in 1925) Inhabitants: the Arawaks: Lucayan people 7. MOMENTOUS ENCOUNTER OF TWO CULTURES 8. THE INDIANS OF SAN SALVADOR, LUCAYANS Peaceful and friendly Indicate that they have to defend themselves from other tribes Lack modern weaponry including metal-forged swords Could be easily conquered (quote from Arawak Peoples p 1) Colon kidnapped 10-25 natives, but only 7 survived the trip to Spain 9. ARAWAK INDIANS Interest in teaching and learning No concept of right/wrong or worship/faith Rigid ethic code of their own Cassava festivals, regular gatherings, singing Meat (small animals) and fish Vegetable farming: yuca (cassava), maize Water transportation: rafts and canoes Vocabulary contribution: barbacoa, hamaca, kanoa, tabaco, yuca, batata and juracan Quote from Arawak Peoples p 2 10. GREATER ANTILLES 11. OTHER DISCOVERIES during first voyage Colon also explored the northeast coast of Cuba and Hispaniola Taino Cacique Guacanagari gave him permission to establish a settlement: La Navidad in Mole-Saint- Nicolas, Haiti In Sanama Peninsula, Dominican Republic, he encountered the only violent resistance by the Ciguayos: Bay of Arrows 12. THE TAINO PEOPLE Theocratic Kingdoms Gods: Zemis Chiefs: Caciques; nobles (nitainos) commoners (naborias Caciques lived in rectangular huts: Bohios Others lived in round huts: Caneyes Painted their bodies in bright colors; tattoos, piercings Two crops per year: cassava, manioc, maize, potatoes, peanuts, peppers, beans and arrowroot Hunted and fished Barbecued over an open fire Transportation, fishing and water sports: large dugout canoes 13. TAINO VILLAGE 14. SANTA URSULA Y LAS 11,000 VIRGENES: LESSER ANTILLES Colons second voyage: left September 24, 1493 Explored many islands of the Lesser Antilles Sighted the Virgin Islands (Islas de Santa Ursula y las Once Mil Virgenes) Named the islands of Virgen Gorda, Tortola, and San Pedro Inhabitants: Caribs, Ciboney and Arawaks 15. CARIB PEOPLE Origin in the Southern West Indies and Northern coast of South America Feared warriors Raided other groups: female Arawak captives Cannibalism Dominant in the Caribbean basin due to mastery of warfare Polytheist religion Patriarchal society Punta music Silver producers 16. A CARIB FAMILY 17. CIBONEY PEOPLE Cave Dwellers South American and possible Central American origin Pre-farming culture Called Guanajatabey in Cuba Extinct within a century after discovery 18. SAN JUAN BAUTISTA Colon reached the Greater Antilles on November 19, 1493 San Juan Bautista became Puerto Rico Capital remained San Juan Inhabited by the Tainos Tainos called Borinquen or Boriken which means Land of the Valiant Lord 19. AFTER CRISTOBAL COLON First proper settlement: Nicolas de Ovando, with 2,500 colonists in eastern Hispaniola, 1502: Santo Domingo Jamaica, 1509 Trinidad, 1510 Florida, 1511 Caribs in eastern Caribbean resisted until end of 17th Century Mexico, 1519 African slaves, 1518-1870 20. CONSEQUENCES OF DISCOVERY Friendship Navidad settlement Kidnappings Conflict Anger and retaliation Greed Cruelty (Hatuey) Famine Exploitation: Enslavement/Encomienda Epidemics: smallpox 1518 and 1519; malaria, measles, dysentery 21. BARTOLOME DE LAS CASAS (c.1484- 1566) Dominican friar, Spanish historian, social reformer Came to Hispaniola with Ovando in 1502 Became a slave-owner; denied confession 1511: Father Fray Montesinos sermon (quote from LC, p 3) Conquest of Cuba; Las Casas awakening (quote p 3) Protector of the Indians A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, 1552 Historia General de Las Indias, 1561 Apologetic History of the Indies All people of these our Indies are human (quote, p 14) Repented his advocacy of African Slavery (quote, p 14) 22. AFTERMATH Population decline and extintion DNA show many people (62%) in Puerto Rico are descended from Taino/Arawakan ancestors Taino/Arawakan language spoken in Cuba Carib descendents (several hundreds) live in Trinidad, Grenada, St. Lucia, US Virgin Islands, Antigua & Barbuda, Guadeloupe, Areba and St Vincent and South Americas mainland, but the language is extinct since 1920s. Punta music Taino heritage groups 23. WHO IS WHERE TAINO CARIB ARECIBO BIMINI CAICOS CUBA HAITI JAMAICA BEQUIA CANOUAN CARRIACOU TOBAGO 24. LANGUAGE LESSON TAINO CARIB BARBECUE CANOE CASSAVA GUAVA HURRICANE MAIZE MANGROVE PAPAYA SAVANNA CANNIBAL CARIBBEAN CAY HAMMOCK IGUANA MANATEE MARACA POTATO TOBACCO 25. RECOMMENDED READING The Island Beneath the Sea by Isabel Allende, 2009 26. CONTACT US Dr. Maria H. Koonce and William J. Koonce billmar@cfl.rr.com