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THE INDEX OF THE

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA

RAPHAEL POSNER

Editorial Decision

The making of the index for the Encyclo

paedia Judaica (EJ) was governed by various

decisions taken by the Editorial Board in

conjunction with the publishers. Both bodies

felt that a work of the scope of the EJ

required a comprehensive index; so much

information is buried within entries that

without such an index the encyclopaedia

loses a great deal of its value. It should be

noted that the text of the encyclopaedia

comprises thirteen and a half million words

in 24,000 entries. It was further felt that an

index would obviate the need for c see' ref

erences within the text of the encyclopaedia;

taking into consideration the fact that con

cepts and people are known by different

names and that, at times, the same name is

spelt in several different ways, plus the fact

that a great deal of Hebrew is used in the

encyclopaedia, these references would clutter

up the text unbearably.

In order to stress to the reader the import

ance of the index it was decided that it

should appear in Vol. 1 together with the

introduction. No limit was set on the size

of the index.

It was further decided that the whole EJ

would appear at once, including Volume 1,

and that, considering the large financial in

vestment involved, the encyclopaedia would

not, under any circumstances, be able to wait

for the completion of the index. In other

words, the task was to finish the printing of

the index simultaneously with the comple

tion of the printing of the encyclopaedia

text. The EJ was published in January 1972,

but the actual printing started in August

1970, and the work on the index began in

November 1969. The encyclopaedia was

printed by the offset method and a com

puter-aided typesetting programme was used.

Entries were set at random as they were

ready and when all the entries for any vol

ume were complete they were transferred on

to one tape. The computer tape activated a

Photon electronic film setter and the film

produced was made up into printing plates.

Scope

There were long discussions in the Editor

ial Board of the encylopaedia with regard to

what type of index should be incorporated

in the EJ; there was even a suggestion that

the index should include articles of the

Jewish Encyclopaedia which appeared at the

beginning of the century and which has no

index. This idea was, however, discarded as

being beyond the scope of our index, which,

it was decided, would be fully comprehen

sive. This meant that: (1) all entries would

be listed; (2) all persons mentioned in the

EJ—including those in charts and picture

The lndexer Vol. 8 No. 2 October 1972 101

captions—would be indexed; (3) all places

would be indexed; (4) all concepts would be

indexed and (5) all books of major import

ance would be indexed. It was decided that

the index would not include lists of pro

fessions or callings, i.e. there would not be

an index entry 'doctors' followed by a list

of all the doctors mentioned in the encyclo

paedia. The very nature of the encyclopaedia

would make such a listing impracticable; a

listing of, say, rabbis or Hebrew authors

would run into tens of thousands and would

hardly be of any real use to anybody. How

ever, for certain subjects of special educa

tional importance, lists were included.

In order to make the E] as useful a work

as possible we decided that all the informa

tion on a specific subject found throughout

the encyclopaedia should be gathered as sub-

entries under that subject in the index. We

realised that this would inevitably lead to

some duplication of information but we felt

that the advantages greatly outweigh the dis

advantage of occasionally seeing the same

information twice.

Indexing from Manuscript

Normally indexing is done from page-

numbered galley proofs or from the printed,

numbered pages themselves. We realised

that such a system would be unworkable for

us; although it would have been possible to

have indexed the early volumes by the con

ventional method, the time available to us

for the last eight or nine volumes—from their

being paginated until the completion of their

binding—would be far less than the mini

mum required to index them adequately.

Furthermore, even were we to enlarge the

staff very greatly (more about this later)

and manage to do the actual indexing, we

would never have enough time to order and

edit the index adequately. It must be borne

in mind that in a work of this scope the

objective indexing problems are enormous.

The number of people mentioned in the en

cyclopaedia with the same name is very

large and while in most cases identification

is relatively easy, in a significant minority of

cases a great deal of research (which means

time) is required to arrive at an adequate

identification. In a very few cases it is im

possible.

Another difficulty is the person who was

known by many names and is referred to, in

different entries, by different names. This is

a problem which, to my knowledge, no index

has succeeded in solving completely; the

amount of work required to achieve at least

a reasonable level of correctness is very great.

In addition to all this we realised that a

great deal of work would be needed to put

the index in order and to arrange the sub-

entries into sub-divisions in those entries

where there was a great number of sub-

entries. Because of all the above-mentioned

considerations we decided to index the entries

in manuscript form after the manuscript had

received the final authorization from the

Editor-in-Chief's office and was ready for

press. This, of course, created the problem

of corrections and additions that were made

to the entries after that stage and indeed

right up till the final printing. Taking every

thing into consideration, however, we felt

that this method would still give us the best

chance of success and arrangements were

made that any change or addition to a manu

script after it had left the index department

was required to be sent to our department

before going for setting; it was examined to

see if the changes or additions required any

change to the indexing and, if they did, the

necessary adjustment would be made in the

index cards. All in all, we succeeded in

making the whole EJ staff very c index-con

scious '; both the management and the senior

editorial staff were co-operative, and all

levels of staff quickly learned that it was

totally forbidden to alter an article once it

had passed the indexing stage without in

forming the index department of the change.

The computer programme used for print

ing the encyclopaedia called for each article

to have a distinctive number. This number

was made up of the first four letters of the

name of the article (or all the letters if there

were less than four) followed by a six digit

102 The Indexer Vol. 8 No. 2 October 1972

number which was not random but built

according to an internal logic. A number

which did not fit the logic was rejected by

the computer. For the index we utilised this

number plus specific index numbers which

were added to it. The purpose was to use

computer code numbers in the index instead

of volume and page numbers. This would

enable us to build our complete index, edit

it and prepare it for press without knowing

in which volume or on what page our in

formation appeared. At a very final stage the

computer would convert all the codes into

real volume and page numbers. For the

overwhelming majority of the index this

system worked perfectly.

The Work System

The actual working arrangement was as

follows: The indexer received the manu

script of an entry and made out a * title

card' which consisted of the name of the

entry as it appeared at the head of the

article, followed by a brief description in

parenthesis and the code number of the

entry. Ordinary 3£in. by 4£in. index cards

were used. A typical title entry card looked

thus:

•Tunis. Tunisia (tn, ctry, Africa) TUNI 058562

The name was underlined in red and pre

ceded by an asterisk for easy identification

as a ' title entry *; this convention was later

used as an instruction for typesetting. All

writing on the card was in block capitals

to ensure legibility; the red underlining

indicated capitalization. The indexer then

read the article and marked all the pass

ages that he felt needed indexing. This

included all places and people mentioned

in the article as well as subjects and

concepts. The article, thus marked up in

pencil, was examined by the chief editor of

the index, who made additions or otherwise

corrected it The manuscript then returned

to the indexer, who made out index cards for

all the points marked and, at the same time,

marked up the article in ink at those points.

Thus, the article referred to above reads at

one point: 'This tradition also relates that

the kohanim (i.e. priests) escaping from Jeru

salem in the year 70c.e. carried one of the

Temple's doors to the island (Djerba) and

it is believed to be walled in the synagogue

called Ghriba . . . ' An index card for the

kohanim was made as follows:

Priests

- Carried Temple door to DJcrba, 70c.c. TUNI 058562-5

one for the Temple:

_TempIc, Second*

- Door carried to Djerba, 70c.c TUNI 058562-5

and one for Ghriba:

Ghriba (Syn., Tun)

-Temple door incorporated in TUNI 058562-6

In the manuscript the indexer inserted the

code [I|5] before the word kohanim and

[I|6] before the word Ghriba. These marks

were included in the text of the entry as it

was type-set for the computer (punched on

to the tapes) by the keyboard operators. The

[I] was the instruction to the computer that

this was the index code and it appeared on

all galleys of the encyclopaedia articles pro

duced (in the margin opposite the line of

text where it occurred) until justified copy.

For the article in question 178 index marks

were made on the manuscript; some index

marks carried more than one card as above

for kohanim and Temple.

The article was then sent for type-setting

and, for the time being, the cards for it were

stored together. Later on the cards .were put

in alphabetical order; we delayed that stage

as long as possible to facilitate easy retrieval

should any change be made to the entry.

For this stage we had decided that every

card should include a description of the sub

ject in order to help in the editing at a later

stage although we already realised that in

the final stages a great number of descrip

tions would be omitted. Indexers were also

encouraged to write on the card, in pencil,

any additional information they felt might

be of help in editing. A very definite decision

was taken that no card should contain more

than one item of information. As the work

progressed we began to develop abbreviations

The Indexer Vol. 8 No. 2 October 1972 103

Gevar'atn

-statistics l:placelh*

Gevar'am (wdl, Itr.) I2l929

Gevartn, Elijah 16:840

GEVAT(klb..br.)7t532

-statistics l:ptace list

GEVAUDAN(rtg., Ft.)7i5J3

Gevdber, Avrahim 9iS78

Geviaa of Argiza (savors) Mt920

<MUt(puM.)ltoewtp.Ust

OEVIM(kib.,I.r.)7i5)J

-statistics l:place list

OBVULOT(k!b.,Ur.)7:S33

•Negev 12:929

-statistics Itplace list

Gtndol (journ.) l:new«p. list

Grams* (sefirah) lOtSTOff

Ctmrot(Am\iih tea.) 2iM0

Ocwftsch (In.), it* JEVICKO

GEWITSCH. AARON WOLF

7*333

467

Gewumz.J.C. 3:3tO

Gewutn, T. (pubL, ftm) 4:1139

Oever.Ludwig 18:241

Gcyer, Martin 8:34

Getaag. Nathan 16:1123

Gtzdiui.J.*:34

GEZER (city. Ef. Ur.) 7:534

-alui 2:761

- anthropology 3:45 j 3:46

-Cfcnnont-OiontM'i identification

SifiOS

- CniiuJer battle 9:268

- Hasmoneans 8:630; 14:1565

-pictographic icrlpti 16:654

-teal 14)1074

•settlement oflribes 8:581

-Siamun 14:1416

-Solomon"! constructions IS: 102

-Solomon'* dowry 6:413; 15:100

-lUui:

—text

- Egyptian record of ncrae3i3l3

-ntetso: OEZER CALEKOAR

GEZBR (kill, Itr.) 7:536 -sUllttics):placel2it

Gferon.««TAKKANOT

Gncrch shank (hermencutfcal rule)

8i367

-(evirate marriage 111 124

Gtztral ha-Shentyyot, ut

FAMILIANTSLAW

OEZER CALENDAR71538

-alphabetic script 2:681

-biaiptlon* 16:658; 16:665 - OM-Htbrew Inscription Ut 1569

-Rojh ba-Shanah 14:306

-seasons 2)390

-yen 16:725

-dha: 2:316

—script type 2:684

G ft (

1648-49)5)411

Gtxtroi tamar(mmtatt, 1096)

7:461

Coitn/(perlod.)15:l292

GkS&» (police, Er. dr.) 9:331

Ghana (rep.) 9:391; 9:435; 9:439

-War Crimei Trials 16:298

Ghartba synagogue (Djerba) 6:139

-Utui:

~ extalorlS:l434

~mterior6:l39

Geanulian culture 9:591:15:1316 -Mm:

—grain-ctorage jug 2:333

CaataTIn (tribe, Arab.) 13:1436

GhaBer(reg..Jor.)9:137O Ghsjmea floe. Yem.) 16:809

qhazaUabuuamid muhammad ibn

MUHAMMAD AL-TOSt AL-7)531

-Albalag 2:520

-Bttribu!aofOod7:666fr

-Avcroa 3:949

-Avicenna 3:958

-Neoplatontsm 12:960

-Hint: taA

Ghaib.V. 7:887

Oham! (in.. Afg.) 10:958 ;13r315

-Afghanistan 2) 326

Ghazza-al-Shallfia (wa'dl, Er. br.) 4:703

Ghuzil (Samar.) 14:756

Ghazzil ibn Abu nVSarSr al-Gbltl

14)756

OHELBRTER. LtTMAN 7:540

GHENT (city. Bds.)7:54l

OHEREA-DOBROGEANU.

CONSTANTIN 7:541

-socialism 15:29

-Obis: text

Gberla (In., Hung.X tt*

Szaaoiujviar Gheron. Abraham 2:310

GherotuEUakim 7:542

Gheron. Yakir 10:1009

GHERON. YAKKIR MORDECAI

BEN ELIAK1M 7:542

GHETTO7:542

- Cealtnti:

--Oeaeral 7:542

- - Muslim Countries7:543

- - Hotocmot Period7tS43

- Catholic anti-Semitism 3t 108

- currency 5:7250*

-forced Ubor6:1429

-France 7) 18

-Holocaust 8:852

- Italy 9)1126IT

- Philip IV 13)393

'•Poland 13:755

-Venice 16:96

-aim:

--text

- - Amsterdam, tokens 12)977

-Barcdona. ghetto wall 4:21Q

- - CavsOlon, entrance 5:260

--Chlet 15:421

—Dutch Jowbh quarter 10:87

- Eisenstadt 6:547

—Holocaust

Bialystok, 1941-19434)805

drawings by ghetto artists Figs.

7545>ART;5:95;8:81I

-- - "Kaunas ghetto, main gate of

(drg.E.Lutle) 10:849

--•J.odz5)726;8:B7l:

11)427.431-436; 13:1044

- - - Lodz, Rumkowski, Chiin

Mordechal 14:428

--- Opole, postmark 11: 1416

—— — residents assesiblisg for

deportation 8:763

-Riga 14:175

---TberokmUd: deportations

(map) 15:1113

---Thcnaienstadt ghetto "conk

note" (1943) 5:726

- - -Trensnlitrifl (map) 15:1331

Vitea, performance of Tkt

EunolJew Utl45

- - Vflnn, sports festivBl poster

16)145

—Warsaw 7:544; 8:869; 13:757

- - - Warsaw, children's choir

12)657

- - - Warsaw, comm tmorathro

stamp 15:336

Warsaw, plan of Ghetto 16:347

ttrafad.-CAMPS

(Concentration and

Extermination)

- - Prague, Three Fountain Square

5)1191

--Rome 10:83; 14:243.246

--Venice 9:1127; 10:82

-utehe:JEWISH QUARTER:

end indMduel lows

Ghetto. Warsaw, ut WarsanrOhttto

GHETTO FIGHTERS' HOUSE

(manorial. Ur.)7l546 -Lobimtlho-Orta'ot 11:463

~lrntt* text

GHEZ(f*m.,Tun.)7:546 Oho. David 7:546

Gbez, Hiyyim 7i547

Gnez, Joseph 7)546

Gbez. MatbSda 7:547

GDez,Mota7:546

Ghez, Paul 15:1447

OHTLLANY- FRIBDR1CH

WtLHELM 7:547

GhJrat. Alexander ibn 10) 1351

GHJRON(r*m.)7:547

Goiron,tsalih 7:548

Ghlron, Johanan 7)547

Gabon, Judah Hiyyim 7:547

Ohlion, Judth Uayyun Leonti 7:547

OilronjStmue) Hnyylm 7:541

Glirondl, Beniion 13:12

Galrondi, Ephralm Rephad 13) 12;

7)548

Gbinfedi, Maial-Tov Benvtslda

7)548

Ghiroad5,Mordecal 7:548

GH1ROND1. MORDECAI

SAMUEL BEN BENZ1ON

ARYEH 7:541

Galrosdl, Solomon Eliezcr 13:12

GHIRSHMAN. ROMAN 7:548

- archaeology 3:302

Ghislieri, CanDntL it* Pius V. Pope

Ghiyyit (fim.), it* IBN OHAYYAT

Ghor(vti;.Er.tir.)9il67

Gbouri,E.I6)l092fT

Ghriba(syn.. Tun.) 13:1430

Ghdhmbar(ln., Iraq) 15:504

Gh5r(Ghurlftan:dlit..Arg.)2:327

Ghuu(reg., Syr.) 9:597

GUcobb(15th cent., physic) 13:122

Giacomp della Marca 4 >672

Giacomo March!, ut BASSANI.

GIOROIO

Giacomo of Verona 15:1356

Gltcomo SavtDi, ut KONORIUS

IV

GUcon,Tsaxc 11:27

GUdo(vilL.Ubyo) 11:202

Glanetti (fam.), ut Ztntttl

Giants, ut ANAK, ANAK1M;

NEPHILFM

GIBBETHON (In., Er. Itr.) 7:549

Gibbethon (mosh., Itr.) 7:549

-statistics l:place list

GIBBOR. JUDAH BEN ELIJAH

7:549

Gib bora ZIyyon (mDH. unh, Belor.)

14:1125

GIBEAH(uubr.)7:349

-conccbine of 5)862

- fortifications 15:275

-Gebs7:349

-Phffljtints Bttadc 13:401

-Saul3:336:14:909

- tribal organization 8:513

-llba:

—ravishing ofthe concubine 5i863

Gibeath-Benjamin {Ut.), tt*

GIBEAH

Gibeath ha-Elohlra (bib. too, Er.

br.) 7:349

Gibeath-Morch <bib. loa) 10:102

- battle camp 16:272

Gibetth-Shaul (Itr.), ut GIBEAH

Gibettus,A.8:34

GlBEON(clly, Er.hr.)7:55O

-Adonl-Zedek 2:296

-Eglon 6:477

-Geba 7:349

-Gibeonites7tS52

- Gibconitcs and Benjamin 4l523

- pottery tnscripllons 16:660

-IItut: text

GIBEONITES AND NETHIKIM

(puishgr.) 7:552

- Commit:

Oigcn

—Introdoct ion 7:552

-'- Pwt-Biblical Pettod 7)354

- - Gibeonltts In the Aggadah7l554

- toad's conquest 8)348; 8:349

-Ophdl2il4l3

-Saul 14:912

- Servants of Solomon 15) 116

-soda! slrucUiro of ancient Inad

8:613

- sons ofSisera 14:1622

-Temple 15:954

GibUettoOa., Leb.). ut JUBAYL

GiWUh. Abraham Katx 14:1106 '

GIBRALTAR (Br. crown clny.)

7:5JS

- Hassan. Sir Joshua 7) 1467

-synagogues luyn-lbt -Uhu:

—text

—StorrftfpUqne 14) 1420-1421

Gibson. MiijM.D. 16) 1334

GIDDAL(amara) 7:556

Gide. Andre 7:1418:744

-BJtcher. Mured 4i 1030

- Debenedetti's analysis 5:1428

GIDEON (bib. fij.)7:557

- Ceutttat:

- - Introduction 7:557

- In tbeAggadih 7:551

- In the Arts 7:559

-Abiezriln2:73

-Bible history 8) 585

-En-Dor 6)738

- history chart 8:766-767

- Judges, Book of 10:446 *

-Midian 16:950

-Ophrah 12:1414

- proscription in war 8)347

-sacrifice 13:1070

-warfare 16:271

-ilba.-tnt

Gideon (Falaihak.)6:1144

GHmw (period., Yug.) 5:457;

I6:8S8

Gideon (Zion. youth orgn., Serb.)

2:519

-Zionbm 16)1149

Gideon. Darid(Ger.) 14:139

Gideon. David (sport., U.S.) 15:309

GIDEON, SAMSON (fin. Ens.)

7:560.

- chronological chart 8:766-767

Gideon, Samson (Lord Eardley)

7)560

Oidonah (rural itlmt., Iir.) 11 place

list

Gidonbn(gr.PaL)2:28

GHdtiiuU, Jeccr (bser) Ut538

GtESSEN (dty. Ger.) 7:560

Oimer.MoiboDivid 5:445

OlFT7:560

-acquisition 2:216 -duress 12) 1399

-firstborn inher!tance6t 1312

-fiazakdi plea for property7:1516

-meinumt 11:1154

-non-Jewish biU 6)51:6)54

-ownenhlp. temporary 12:1533

-publicbody Ut 1353

-surely on 15:527

-Temple8)!069; 11:147

-wfflsl6:S19(r

-Mm:

- - Abigail and David 3:527; 12:736

—marriage belts, Germany 11:1043

--mnmah cover II: 1475,

-ttt dux SALE

GIFTER. MORDECAI 7:563

Gifts, priestly 13:1018

-firstborn 6:1303

-first fruiu6:l3l3;6:1315

-btrtm property 8:345

- tithes 5t 1416

Gigcn (vim BuL) 4)1480

104

Pages from the Index of the Encyclopaedia Judaica

The Indexer VoL 8 No. 2 October 1972

PRESOV

PRESOV (in., Cz.) 13:1022 -Ko*tolO:t2l6

—/Star.* text

PRESS 13:1023

-Certain:

— History 13:1023

—Australia aad New Zealand 13:1025

--Canada 13:102$

--Belgium 13:1026

-- Czechoslovakia 13:1026

— England 13:1029

--Franc* 13:1029

"Germaoy and Austria 13t 1031 — HoUudl3tl033

—Hungary 13:1015

—India 13:1036

—Italy 13:1036

—Lodino Press 13:1037

—Lstla America 13:1040

— - Middle East and North Africa.

13:1041

—Poland 13:1043

--Romania 13:1044

—Russia 13:1045

U&S.R. (1917-1970) 13:t047

--Scandinavia 13:1049

--Sottli Africa 13:1050

--Switzerland 13:1051

« Unittd Stales 13:1051

-advertising 2:319

-chDdnn't magazines 5t456; 5:457:

5:458

-Israel 9:1014:9:1017

-Zlonlim 16)1137

-Him:

— tat

——ABxttntlnt Ztitwif oes

Judemhom (fint issne, 1837)

2:648

—ArMitsltrcHtttsdeFnmet(ltl

volume. 1840)5:18

— - Bundisi papcn and pamphlets

15:40

— CTwue(Lvov. 1939) 11:615

t

697

Ap. lit (U.S.) 10:51

Dtr BlrobtizhantrSfom 14:491

Dtr Jade (Berlin. 1927) 10:402

Ac/Mamas (1914) U:235

Dtr Tot (May 15.1948) 12:1111

-DltPabnt(Pat, 1871)8:1100

- Die mil fint issue 16:445

El 7V«w><Ru)hchuk. 1894) 4:1437

- Forward (New York, 1920)

10:50:15:1619

Gazeta Junta! (H&Aln, 1931)

7:1331

- Gtatta Lorn Zyntta 11:469

- Mhtfrft/f editorial board 16:999

Ha-Am (1917) 12:361

Hedoar, first issue 15:1627

Ha-5hefQr\6i\V»

//onwr/<l (Jerusalem, 1670)

9:327

«<7|«f7:l499

- HetJoodscht Wctkbtad 12:932

-In-Zlkhl 1920) 8:1435

- Israelite. 7fo(18S4)2:821

- Jewish Chronicle (first issue)

10:41

Jtwish Morninx Journal. The

(N.Y..1906)10:77

Jewish Rteord(Dcc 13, 1862)

15:1602

JTA 'S Jewish Daily Butktln (fint

Issue) 10:95

- Kol Merasser (Odessa, 1st Issue)

10:1166

- L'E.I.FV cover page 14:1039

- Uterarltbe Bitter editoriil board

16:818

LomierSktimtlum

Leaver Veker 11:469

— UnatrVm 11:469

— LomztrArbttur Tribune 11:469 —LomterLebenlUW

— LomttrUnte Safes IIIW

— AfavfV (Tel Aviv. 1948) 11:639

—Menorah Journal. 7%r 11:1371

— Nosotm{l9a) 11:250

— - Palatine Post (Jerusalem, 1936)

7:1067:9:350:9:364

— PinskerSztymt 13:542

— PnegtBdbmiytskl IUM9 ~J?azm(itarT13:1596

~ Shot (balttmora, 1858) 15:1600

—SeHetCjdiHeymhadUiAHi

15:216

—5Wfflnft*(l8O6) 15:503

—1/> AWtf. first iuu« 15:1510

— I/tawKart 11:469

— Weekly Clemer. Tht (1857)5:57

—YIVO puWieaiioru 16:838

- - Zekhtn AerZeh (Chicago. 1869)

5:411

-snalso: NEWSPAPERS.

HEBREW; PUBLISHING i ml

under tndinim! places and

longuoges

Press. Anti-Semitic, see Antf-Semrlle Press

PRESS. FRANK 13:1056

PRESS, YESHAYAHU13:1057

-physical education 15:294

Pressburg. (city. Cz.X ste

BRATISLAVA

Preslburg, Henrietta, ttt Marx,

Henrietta

Pressburger, Abraham 2:532

' Pressbuiger, Aron4:12l4

Pressburger, Gabrid Isaac 10:247

Pressburger, Samuel 10:247

Presser, Deborah 13:1057

PRESSER. JACOB 13:1057

PRESSMAN. DAVID 5:386

PRESSMAN,LEE13:1057

PRESSMANE, JOSEPH 3:611

-Paris 13:116

Press Survey (agency, Ot. Brit.)

13:1031

Prester John 3:475: IS: 1005

Prestwich (In., Eos.) 11:859

PRETORIA (city. S.A.) 13:1058

-Was: [at

Pretorius, Paul 4:885

PREUSS, HUGO 13:1058

PREUSS. JULIUS 13:1059

•PREUSSEN, tee PRUSSIA

Preussischer Landesverband

juedischcr Gemeinden (assoc^

Prus.)4:646;5:1S95:13:1293

Prevelakyis. Pantlis Georgiou 7:887

Prevesa (city. Gr.) 10:426

Pressing, Bishop (of Brtlln) 8:911

PREZIOSI, GIOVANNI 13:1059

-Holociust 8:651

Pribrom. Aaron 4:1178

PRIBRAM. ALFRED FRANCIS

13:1060

PRIBRAM. KARL 13:1060

Pribram, Solomon 4:1178

Price. Jacob 15:310

Price, Richard 8:715

Price control, see HAFKA'AT

SHE'ARIM

Pride, ttt ETHICS; HUMILITY

Prideaux. Humphrey 8:51

Priene (anc tn., Ionia) 12:181;

15:599

-lllus:

-~Uenorahn-A26l

Priest, High, see HIGH PRIEST

Priestley, Joseph 11:78

PRIESTLY BLESSING 13:1060

- Contents:

- - Introduction 13:1060

--lntheHa!aVhahl3:1061

- General

--Amen 2:803

--amntet 2:909

—BlriathhSliatmi 2:841

—blessing of children 4:1087

—dakhen 6:267

—folklore*: 1402

~ Johanan ben Zatta!9:242 —peace 13:196

—priest 13:1076

— Ta-onfi 15:675

--Talmud 15:786

--Temple 15:972 —viriatloniln liturgy 11:393,402 —Requirements

—ablution J:85 —covering of bead 8:5

—disqualifications 4:10S3

••-marriage 11:1038

—mtnhahUtll

—Hilnytm 12:67

—mourning 12:491

—latlU 15:744 -lllus:

—text

—amuleti 2:908-910

—handj as cosmic symbol 10:514

—Iavas2:86:6:!402

—Lubacxow tombstOQC dcoontlori 15:1230

— - Padua iynagogcs liver 13:11

— Prague tombstone (1786)3:528

—Torahcrown 15:1260-1261

—Wlodawa synagogue dccorslion

16:598

-mus. notations:

—AmenltWA

— Italian rile 12:621

"Priestly Blessing" (patot, Adte)

3:558

Priestly Code5:lS79; 5:1581;

11:138:13:231

PRIESTLY VESTMENTS 13:1063

-dress 6:212

-mixed species 14:1213

-Torah symbol 4:1335

— Urlm orid Thimmtm 16:8 -illus:

— text

— - high priest's breastpiece (chart)

13:1007

PRIESTS AND PRIESTHOOD

13:1069

-Contents:

— Definition of Priesthood 13:1069

— Right to Serve 13:1076

— Levels Within the Priesthood

13:1073

— Functions 13:1076

— Holiness of the Priesthood

13:1030

—History 13:1082

— - From the Hellenistic Era to the

Destruction of the Temple

13:1086

— In the Halakhah 13:1088

--In Modem Times 13:1039

-General

—Abraham 2:115

— -education 6:396(T

—Falashu 6:1147

—Mekhhedek 11:1287

—messianism 11:1409

— Quroran community 6:66

—sages 14:640fT

— Samaritans 14:740; 14:741

— seals 14:10S0

— theocracy IS: 1099

—.Tunisia legend IS: 14)0

-History

—Aarooides2il8

— Ananias 16:1274

— - court of priests 4:722

—Jehotoda's institutions 9:1320

—Jerusalem, HeOenbtlc period

9:13897

—Jttdahrm-Nai! 10:372

PRUS

—Judaism 10:388

— king, kingship 10:1017 — prophet 13:1150

— Reform Judaism 14:24

—Sadducees14:621

— Second Temple period 8:6277

-Genealogy 7:379

--Aaron 2:4

— Aaronldes2:18

— nltar service 2:769

— careof tables 11:1231

— family purity 6:1170 -Law

--cemeteries5:272

--desecration of 5: IS59

— disqualifications 13:1062

— - Jobanan ben Zakkai 9:242;

10:150

—leprosy 11:35

—kvilical cities 11:136 --marriage laws 1S:B92

—divorce bills 6:132; 6:134

—tevirate marriage 11:125;

16:776

™ ~ ™ ntninigc with o pfosdyls

13:1184

prohibited marriages 11:1052?

prostitutes 13:1244

raped wife 13:1548

— -sexual offenses 14:1208

—nnirite 12:907

— n&ftfirfand dues8:35l

— - ritual Impurity 13:14O5IT

— - Temple Mount 15:989

*■ Dutld nnd Cuitons

— nblotlon 2:82; 2:85

--anointment 3:27

— otonement I0:1039ff

—Uessing 13:1060

--decisions 3:908

—lot casting 11:511

—mltkmcwianA ma'anaSet 12:89

-- Omer ceremony 12:1382ff

—red heifer 14:10

— sacrince 14:6080*

—Temple 13:9530*

— VrimtniThmmbn 16:9

—woodoflerings 16:630

— Privileges

—fint born 6:1308

— first fruits 6:13l3:«:13i5

— Mfl»7:ll95

— - berem property 8:345

— - Ux-exemption 15:842 — ti!he»5:14»6;15:!02S

--Torch-reading 15:1247:15:1253

-Literature

— - Commandments, tha 613

5:763r,773f

—Leviticus 11:13lfT

— UHllcus Rabbah 11:148

—Numbers. Book of 12:1244 — Porsft 13:87

— Pen taleuch 13:251

-geneal.tailel\\9

-lllus:

--Aaron (Dura-Europos paint)

6:278

— Amaiiah 12:1293

— - Ark of the Covenant carried

across the Jordan 3:461

— - capture of Jericho 3:517

— cutting hair of Nuirittj 12:906

—cphod6:805

— high priest 8:473

— - inspecting leprosy 12:924

-- lighting fire to signal new moon

14:310

— - performing Ihesaerifice3:fcg.

988

—receiving dough-ofiering7:1196

— -vestments 4:786: <:8O5:13:1066

-stealn:mOH PRIEST

FrigoS; James 15:315

Priji, Bernard 13:1091

FRUS. JOSEPH 13:1091


for the terms most commonly used. For the

duration of the work on the index an average

of seven or eight people was employed. Of

these some were indexers and others were

editors. The latter also worked as indexers

until the later stages when they took up the

actual editing of the cards and even then

occasionally had to help out with the index

ing. One of the great problems was the un

even flow of material into the department;

at times huge quantities of material would

descend and great pressure would be applied

for us to process it quickly so as not to cause

difficulties in the production stages following

ours. Usually indexing is not a part of the

production flow but rather outside it and

parallel to it; it is therefore free of this pro

blem. Since we were indexing from manu

script we were, in fact, the last stage of the

editorial process and thus the natural address

for the complaints of the production people.

At other times the index department would

be without material for days on end. At the

beginning the slack periods were utilized for

reviewing what had been done and for pre

liminary discussions of policy for the editing

stages. Later on, the quiet days, which be

came fewer, were used to catch up on filing

and alphabetization.

Illustrations

The illustrations for the EJ were prepared

by a separate department. Occasionally

illustrations were specifically ordered by

authors or editors but a very large proportion

was initiated by the researchers of the illus

tration department who ultimately had to

receive the authorization of the editor-in-

chief with regard to suitability and correct

ness of captions, etc. The term * illustration'

here includes photographs, maps, diagrams,

musical notations and family trees. The

administrative and co-ordinative problems

involved in indexing these before printing

were insurmountable and so they were in

dexed only when the actual numbered page

proofs were ready. The system followed was

the same as above except that actual volume

and page numbers appeared on the cards

instead of computer code numbers.

Filing

When some 25,000 cards had accumulated

we started filing them. The cards were filed

according to the words appearing on the first

line and alphabetization was by letter up to

the first punctuation mark; the system fol

lowed in putting the encyclopaedia entries

in order.

What resulted was a situation in which

all the cards on a specific subject were

grouped together. In the case of title-cards,

they always came first, followed by the cards

with all the other references to the subject

which would become sub-entries; in the case

of main entries, such as the Ghriba card

above, a decision would have to be taken

later whether to arrange them as a main

entry followed by sub-entries, in which case

the most substantive reference would be

taken for the main entry or, if the number

of cards or the nature of the information did

not justify that, to arrange the cards as one

main entry followed by several page refer

ences. Actually the Ghriba card shown

above was the only one on the subject. For

title entries, only one page number could

follow, with some exceptions for 'capsule'

articles; all other information had to take

the form of sub-entries. We felt that this

was the best way to indicate to the reader

where the actual entry was and thus to

differentiate between the entry and second

ary material: the system used in the index

of Encyclopaedia Britannica and the New

Catholic Cyclopedia, by which even a title

entry is followed by more than one number

does, to our mind, create a certain confusion

even if the number listed first indicates the

actual article.

At this stage the editing consisted of

putting the cards in the proper order and

starting some order for the sub-entries. We

developed a system of crossing out unwanted

words in green felt-tip pen so that the text

would still be legible. The ' Priests' card

shown above was filed behind the title-card,

'Priests and Priesthood' for that was the

actual name of the entry, and the word


' Priests' on the first line was crossed out.

Thus, this card was now a sub-entry to the

title entry.

The cards were stored in open boxes which

held about a thousand cards each. Boxes

were never filled and the labels showing the

scope of each box .were constantly being

changed as new material flowed in. The

editors took responsibility for the boxes in

series of five or six; we felt it advisable to

spread the editors over the index as widely as

possible. Every few days the new cards

which had accumulated were alphabetized

and put at the back of the box where they

belonged; a wooden block was kept in each

box to keep the cards upright and separate

the integrated cards from the new ones. Peri

odically the editors reviewed their boxes and

integrated the new cards. The plan of the

index entries was constantly changing, due to

the insertion of the new cards, and as yet no

serious effort was made to put the sub-entries

in order. At this stage the editorial work

consisted mainly of checking problematic

cards. The cards from the indexing of the

illustrations were kept separate as long as

possible so as not to complicate the editing.

Details of Index Policy

As the number of index cards increased,

editing became more intensive. Index en

tries began to be created; final abbreviations

and conventions were decided and general

policy took form. We decided that persons

listed in the index would not have a descrip

tion attached unless there were others of an

identical or very similar name. In those cases

dates were given to differentiate; where the

dates .were not sufficient, the occupation or

profession was given and where that was not

sufficient, the country. There were few cases

where all three were not sufficient and in

those the reader will have to examine all the

entries concerned. For names of people

which are not easily so identifiable, a des

cription was given, as was the case with

certain groups of people such as kings or

amoraim (rabbis of the Talmud). All other

index entries were described except when

absolutely obvious. People preceded places

and places preceded things. In the case of

persons with identical names the order fol

lowed was chronological.

A further decision was that for large en

cyclopaedia entries (we took 3,000 words as

the criterion although there are many in the

10-20,000 range and not a few in excess of

50,000) we would include a list of contents

of the article in the index entry for the con

venience of the reader who is interested in

some specific aspect of the subject.

When the number of sub-entries justified

it, we arranged them into sub-divisions

according to their content. The sub-divisions

follow a logical order not necessarily alpha

betic but the sub-entries .were always

arranged alphabetically

' See * and ' See also ' cards

All alternative names of a subject were

indicated by see cards: Mcnakcr. Abraham, see MOREWSKI, ABRAHAM

as were alternative spellings. Such cards

were also used when the subject was treated

in another article: Engineers, see INVENT

ORS AND ENGINEERS. Cognate subjects

or entries likely to be of interest to the

reader were indicated by see also references

at the end of the index entry thus: CAMPS (Concentration and Extermination) has

more than 120 sub-cntrics which are followed by:

see Aso FORCED LABOR ;GHETTO;HOLOCAUST

The criteria by which another encyclo

paedia article was listed as a sub-entry or as

a see also reference were (1) subject matter,

i.e. whether the information was directly

relevant to the entry, and (2) the size of the

article referred to; the Holocaust article is

full of information about concentration

camps but that information is spread

throughout an article of more than 70 pages.

Special Problems

Some of the index entries were so large

as to pose special indexing problems. The

ISRAEL (STATE OF) index entry contains

in excess of 1,100 sub-entries and, obviously,

any reader other than the most expert is

going to have difficulty finding his way


through it. We therefore decided that in

such cases—there were a few—the index

entry would begin with a guide to itself

indicating how it had been sub-divided. Fur

ther, important sections of it also appear as

independent index entries in their correct

alphabetical position. Thus, WATER AND

IRRIGATION IN ISRAEL appears in the

index of both the ISRAEL encyclopaedia

entry and the ISRAEL index entry.

Many of the above problems are based on

the question ' What is an index for? * and

the solutions found will be based on the

answer to that question. Is an index merely

an aid to finding the information you are

looking for or should it perform an inde

pendent function as well? We wanted the

index to the EJ to be, in some degree, a useful

study guide for major subjects, particularly

since no other Jewish encyclopaedia has an

index. One of our aims when we made index

entries such as BIBLE and ZIONISM was to

give the reader a comprehensive study pro

gramme to the subjects as far as the informa

tion in the EJ was concerned and not just an

aid to help the reader who knows what he

wants to find in it.

Typography and lay-out were considered

after the work on the index had been under

way for about nine months. Several trial

pages were made up and we decided that:

(1) title entries would be in upper case; (2)

main entries would be in upper and lower;

(3) sub-divisions would be in upper and

lower; (4) sub-entries would be in lower ex

cept for proper names; and (5) sub-divisions

and sub-entries would be indented, and that

indentation marks would be used.

Thus the title or main entry is always

flush left and if there are only sub-entries

these are indented one space and the in

dentation is indicated by an indentation

hyphen. If, however, the sub-entries are

sub-divided, the sub-division title receives

one indentation and its sub-entries two. In

a very few cases we resorted to special typo

graphy to avoid creating four levels of in

dentation. Here, considerations of space

were important; we felt that four columns to

a page was the best number and it was ob

viously desirable to minimize as far as possi

ble the number of over-run lines. With this

in mind we also tried to keep the text of the

sub-entries as brief as possible.

The Computer Stages

We had realised that if the EJ was to be

published in January 1972 we would have

to start setting the index in August 1971. At

that time not all the encyclopaedia articles

had been through the index department. The

E/ was prepared in less than five years and

during the last six months of that period the

pressure .was, to say the least, extreme. An

encyclopaedia is a dynamic organism until

the very last page is printed; omissions are

constantly being noticed and article-struc

ture changed. Although a master-list of

entries had finally been completed in April

1969, it was by no means complete and .was

open to change right up till the last stage of

the encyclopaedia. We had devised a system

for the index by which we would send it for

typesetting and update each successive round

of galleys with the index cards that would

accumulate in the meantime. We were eager

to start getting the index into galley form

for another reason. Although we had made

several trial runs for the computer conversion

of code-numbers and for the layout of the

pages we were still apprehensive about the

final result; every system needs to be * de

bugged' and we were not sure just how

stubborn the final bugs would prove to be.

Furthermore, any mistake in control cards

for the programme or in punching the tapes

might take a great deal of time to trace and

correct and we knew that in the very final

stages the time margin available to us would

have to be measured in days and hours and

not in weeks. There was always the possi

bility that we would have to do the conver

sions by hand, and to this end we had

prepared a back-up programme. We had

ordered from the computer a print-out of all

the index numbers in the text according to

volume and this we received as soon as each

volume was transferred on to one tape. We

had also ordered a completed conversion of all


those numbers, which we would get as soon

as the pagination of the entire encyclopaedia

was registered in the computer. We could

have ordered this second print-out for each

individual volume but the cost was prohibi

tive. Should the programme collapse entirely,

the first print-out, which indicated those

numbers that had for one reason or other

been rejected, would be of some help; should

the conversion programme work but the

matching up part of it fail, the second print

out would be invaluable.

As each volume was paginated the pagina

tion was registered into the computer. Be

cause of the illustrations it was impossible

to use the computer to make-up the encyclo

paedia pages as we did for the index (more

on this later). The film of the text was pro

duced by the Photon and the pages were

made up by hand, incorporating the illustra

tion material. It was necessary, therefore, to

c inform' the computer of the make-up, i.e.

what articles appeared on which pages.

When this process was completed the com

puter would convert all the code numbers in

the order in which they appeared in the text

into their corresponding real number and

then it would take the index in which the

code numbers appeared in random order and

substitute the correct volume and page num

bers for the code numbers. By this stage

the index cards had already been edited

thoroughly. The entries had been built and

all the cards had been checked for the proper

use of the conventions decided upon with

the type-setting department. The illustra

tion cards were now merged with the text

index cards and the boxes were given a final

editorial review. All in all there were more

than 200,000 index cards.

Galleys and Updating

The boxes were divided so that each con

tained approximately 350 cards, and from

now on each such box was treated as a

galley. Each box was given a distinctive

computer number made up of the four letters

INDE and six digits arranged so that the

third, fourth and fifth were in running order;

this was for easy internal identification—the

other digits were according to the computer

logic. The boxes of cards were sent for type

setting and we received back hard-copy

typed sheets; the punched tapes were not yet

sent to the computer. The hard-copy was

proof-read against the boxes of cards (a diffi

cult fob since indentations were indicated on

those sheets by computer code signs) and the

cards which had come in since the boxes

were sent for setting were integrated into the

sheets as corrections.

The corrected sheets were then returned to

setting, the corrections made and the tapes

sent to the computer. Electronic tape was

received back which activated the Photon

electronic typesetter which produced film

galleys of the index. These galleys were

proof-read and corrected, and the index-

cards which had accumulated were added as

corrections. The galleys were returned and

corrected, and another round produced for

which we followed the same procedure. On

the second galley we succeeded in integrating

nearly all the outstanding cards since by that

time nearly all the encyclopaedia articles had

reached us.

Computer Problems

The major problem during this stage was

mechanical in origin. If there was the slight

est mistake or abnormality in the punching

of the galley header (i.e. the number) when

the correction was typed in for integration

by the computer, there was the possibility

that those corrections might find their way

into another galley and even displace mater

ial which rightfully belonged there. It is not

difficult to imagine the chaos that this

created. We made very serious efforts to

eliminate such errors; die corrections were

proof-read before sending the tape to the

computer and the punched paper tape itself

was examined. Notwithstanding our best

efforts, some mistakes did occur. When the

correction involved was minor we preferred

to correct it on the galley and send that back

as a correction; when, however, it was major

we sent the galley back for retyping from


the original until an acceptable result was

achieved.

By this time the registration of the pages

into the computer was complete and we re

ceived a print-out listing every index code

number and the page on which it appeared.

The print-out also indicated those numbers

which, for one reason or other, no page

number had been found. There had been

several articles which had not been set

through the computer or which had been so

drastically re-edited at the film stage after

the computer, that the computer record was

to all intents and purposes useless. For these

articles, of which we had been kept in

formed, we prepared conversion tables of our

own. These were now used to supplement

the computer sheets.

Lay-out

The instruction was now given to the

computer to prepare justified, converted gal

leys. The earlier galley rounds had been in

specially large type and with a great deal of

space between the lines (the Photon machine

is capable of producing innumerable varia-

ations) to facilitate proof-reading and cor

recting. This converted justified galley was

produced in the exact size in which it would

be printed and the length of the lines was

justified. All the code numbers were now

replaced by volume and page numbers and

those for which the computer had not found

the page number appeared on separate lines

and were easily spotted. These were now

inserted manually. The conversion was bet

ter than we had imagined it even in our

rosiest dreams; immediate checks were made

in large samplings and the margin of error

was negligible. We did discover that occasion

ally a code number that appeared on the last

line of one column was converted as though

it was on the next column but in a very large

sampling this happened in only a very few

cases. This round of galleys was proof-read

and final additions were made. The follow ing and final computer stage was the page

make-up. The programming called for the

lay-out of the index to be done automati

cally; this meant that the Photon would

produce a film of each page Iaid-out in four

columns and that each page would have two

running headers, one in the top left-hand

corner and one in the top right-hand corner,

indicating the scope of the index for that

page. These headers would indicate the first

and last title or main entry on the page but

not a sub-entry and they would appear in

the same type face as the entry they repre

sented but in a larger size. We had also

decided to start every letter of the alphabet

on a new page so that if there were any

complications in a specific letter of the

alphabet they would affect only that letter

and not everything after it. This decision,

as it turned out, was a most important one.

The page make-up programme worked well

except for a few of die smaller letters of the

alphabet which had to be cut up into col

umns and made up by hand. However for the

major bulk of the index we received perfectly

good film from the Photon. This was proof

read and the corrections were stripped in.

The index then went to press. Since the

pagination of the encyclopaedia was done

on the first justified galley proofs, we were

able to achieve what I think must be a

'first': the index was printed and bound

while there were still two volumes of the

encyclopaedia which had not yet been

printed.

Evaluation

When reviewing the whole programme it

is clear that the use of the computer did save

us a great deal of time. The programme was,

in fact, a straightforward one in its concep

tion but rather complicated in its operation.

It was not sophisticated but, because of the

many stages involved and the huge numbers

of items, complex. We would certainly not

have been able to produce the index together

with the encyclopaedia had we not used such a programme. However, the computer had

no effect on the actual index itself; here

there can be, happily, no substitute for the

intelligent, informed and educated human

being, since the discretion required is entirely


beyond the computer. Our evaluation of the

programme indicates that the use of the

computer is only justified (from a financial

point of view) if: (1) the text to be indexed

is, anyway, going to be set by computer;

(2) the size of that text is so large as to be

unwieldy, and (3) if great speed of production

is required. Should any of these three con

ditions be lacking it is our feeling that as

good a job can be done manually and pro

bably at less cost.

Pages 467 and 697 of the Index are repro

duced to illustrate the article. The entries

Ghriba (syn., Tun) 15:1430 on page 467,

and PRIESTS AND PRIESTHOOD, in

the 'General' sub-division the sub-entry

Tunisia legend 15:1430 on page 697 show

the final appearance in the Index of points

made in the article.

The Wheatley Medal 1972

It was with much disappointment that,

after a careful examination of seventeen

nominated indexes, the Joint Panel of the

Library Association and the Society of In-

dexers felt unable to recommend any of them

for the award of the 1971 Wheatley Medal.

Two of the indexes were highly com

mended by the Panel. These were:

GERARD, Yves. Thematic catalogue of

the works of Luigi Boccherini. O.U.P.,

1969.

INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS.

Index to publications, January 1965 to

December 1969. The Institution, 1971.

(Index compiled by Dr. J. E. Holmstrom.)

Both these indexes were carefully com

piled and had several interesting features,

but neither was considered to reach the very

high standard demanded for the award of

the Wheatley Medal.

The Panel were concerned about two

features concerning the nominations for this

year's award. One was the apparent lack of

interest in the award reflected in the small

number of lists received and in the poor

response from those libraries which had been

specifically invited to make recommendations

in their subject field. The other, in contrast,

was the standard of indexes nominated by

some libraries: some of these were good

' bread-and-butter' indexes, while others

were just not good indexes.

The Panel recommended that the terms

of the award be amended so that only in

dexes which had been first published in the

United Kingdom should be eligible. They

also considered the possibility of an award

for an outstanding contributor to indexing,

and it would be interesting to have the views

of members of the Library Association and

the Society of Indexers on the idea of such

an award, either in addition to or in place

of the existing arrangements.

K. G. B. Bakewell,

Chairman of the Wheatley Medal

Joint Panel, 1972.

[The main change in this recommendation

is to offer the, or an, Award to an ' outstand

ing contributor' as well as for ' an outstand

ing contribution' to indexing.

Mr. Bakewell comments that some of the

indexes recommended for the Award were

good ' bread-and-butter' indexes, and im

plies that therefore they were not up to the

required standard. If he means by this state

ment that they were competent but did not

display any originality, or unusual methods

of dealing with a difficult or complicated

text, and for this reason the Medal should

not be awarded, it may be felt that this

would impose a requirement which is not

laid down in the conditions. The Award is

intended to assist in improving the standard

of indexing and should therefore not be too

limited in its scope; the number of texts

which provide opportunities for unusual in

dexing techniques cannot be numerous and

the number of indexes of such books which


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