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The Human World Population, Culture, Political and Economic Systems, Resources, Trade and the...
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The Human World
Population, Culture, Political and Economic Systems, Resources, Trade
and the Environment
World Population
6.2 b people on earth Until Industrial Revolution
world’s population grew slowly
Birthrate growing faster than death rate
Natural increase difference between birthrate and death rate
Why population rates vary
Improved healthcare, adavanced technology, better nutrition lower death rate
In industrialized countries this accompanied by low birthrate
Some countries have reached zero population growth
Developing world (Latin America, Africa, Asia) birthrate high
Large families (cultural feelings)
Population Growth
Challenges of Population Growth
Food Supply Use resources
quickly Can technology
keep up?
Negative Population Growth
Death Rate exceeds birth rate
Late 1900’s in Europe Difficult to keep economy
going- fewer workers Import laborers causes
tension between groups
Population Distrbution
Human settlement is uneven Less than one- third of planet inhabited Most live near water, fertile soil and
climate make life sustainable Asia 60% of worlds population Europe, N.A. most live in urban areas
Population Density
Determine how crowded a country is by how many live in a square mile or kilometer of land
Why is this not accurate? (p.78)
Population Movement Migration movement from
one place to another (urban to rural areas, country to country)
Why? push and pull factors Population moving to urban
areas Reasons- jobs, opportunity War, environmental disaster,
famine cause forced migration
Global Cultures
Culture- way of life shared by a group of people
Includes: Language Religion Subgroups Government Economics
Language
Communicate information, share and pass on tradition, values Unifies culture Worlds languages divided into language groups, groups with
similar roots
Religion
Vary greatly around world Unify people, provides sense of identity Influences daily life- morals, values, holidays Religious symbols, stories shaped literature,
arts
World ReligionsWorld Religions
Social Groups
Allow cultures to work together to meet basic needs
Family most important part of all cultures, makeup varies
Social class- rank based on wealth, ancestry, education, other criteria
Some include diverse ethnic groups (share common language, history, etc.)
Government
Government reflects culture All maintain order, protection from outside
forces, supply services to people Organized by levels of power (national, state,
local) Type of authority- single leader, small group
of leaders, representative leaders
Economic Activity
How cultures utilize resources How cultures produce, obtain, use and sell
goods and services
Culture Regions
Divided into culture regions that share certain traits Economic systems, forms of government, social groups, language Share common history, art forms, religion
Cultural Change
What creates cultural change? Within- lifestyles, ideas,
inventions Outside influences- trade,
movement of people and war Process of spreading new
knowledge and skills from one culture to another cultural diffusion
Agricultural Revolution
10, 000 years ago people first settled in river valleys, established permanent settlements
Shift from gathering food to producing food agricultural revolution
3500 B.C. organized, city based societies with government, trade, art, science established (civilizations)
Culture Hearths
First civilizations in areas called cultural hearths All emerged in areas with mild climate, fertile land and were
located near a major river or source of water Factors allowed people to grow surplus food
Specialization and Civilization
Surplus food allowed development of other economic activities- economic activities and trade
Increased wealth, formed complex governments and societies
Governments coordinated building projects, harvests and military defense
Creation of writing systems to record and transmit information
Cultural Contacts
Causes of Change Contact between civilizations through trade
and travel Permanent migration Forced migration (slaves) Favorable conditions (climate, opportunity,
freedom) draw people from one region to another
Cause tradition, practices, beliefs to blend across cultures
Industrial and Information Revolution
Industrial Revolution- 1750’s changes in production b/c of mechanization led to economic, social change
People left farms for jobs, working and living conditions improved
End of 1900’s Information Revolution links cultures across globe
Political and Economic Systems
Territory, population, sovereignty, freedom from outside control managed by governments
Make and enforce laws that bind people together
Governments reflect historic, cultural characteristics of each country
Most have different levels of government
RED indicates populistic system BLUE indicates democratic system. ORANGE indicates that political system of the country is now changing from populistic to democratic.
http://www.geocities.com/historymech/maps2.html WHITE means "not enough data to determine political system". GREEN indicates occupied countries (also "not enough data" to determine political system). Yellow dots mark countries that probably could become democratic in next few years.
Government Systems
Unitary System Gives all power to a central government Usually small, not ethnically diverse United Kingdom, France
Federal System Power divided between states and central
government Each has sovereignty in certain areas U.S., Canada, Brazil, Australia, India
Types of Government
Three major groups Autocracy- oldest most
common form of government Achieve authority by
inheritance, use of force Types- totalitarian (single
leader) controls all aspects of life, monarchy (king, queen) leadership inherited, have supreme power of government
Constitutional monarchy- monarch share power with elected legislatures
Types of Government
Oligarchy- small group holds power
Power from wealth, military power, social position (sometimes religion)
Control decisions made by elected legislatures, give appearance of representing people
Usually suppress all political opposition
Types of Government
Democracy- leaders rule with consent of citizens Citizens have ultimate power Representative democracy- elect people to make laws, conduct
government (legislature) Republic- all major officials elected, head of state elected for
certain term
Economic Systems
Three Basic Decisions What and how many goods and services should be
produced How they should be produced Who gets the goods and services produced
Three types of economic systems
1) Traditional
2) Market
3) Command
Economic Systems
Traditional Economy Habit and custom define activity Not free to make decisions, do what was
done in the past Not many left
Economic Systems
Market Economy (Capitalism) Individuals, private groups makes decisions Based on free enterprise (make what people will buy) Free enterprise based on right to make a profit w/o
gov’t interference People decide where to work Mixed economy- gov’t supports and regulates free
enterprise, keep competition free and fair Gov’t influences economies by spending United States is an example
Economic Systems
Command Economy Gov’t owns means of production- land, labor,
capital Directs all economic activity Belief that it is good for society Citizens have no say in how money is spent
by gov’t
Resources, Trade and the Environment
Natural Resources Two types- renewable,
nonrenewable Nonrenewable resources –
minerals, fossil fuels Need to be conserved Renewable resources-
hydroelectric power, solar energy, nuclear energy
Can be expensive, possible environmental consequences
Economic Development
Uneven distribution of resources affects global economy
Some countries develop economies based on their natural resources
World Economic Activities divided into four types
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
Economic Development
Primary Economic Activity- taking and using natural resources, primary economic activity takes place near natural resources
Secondary Economic Activity- adds value to raw materials (manufacturing), activity occurs close to markets
Tertiary Activity- professional, wholesale or retail activities
Quaternary Activity- processing, management and distribution of information (white collar professionals)
Economic Development
Developed Countries- mfg., service industries employ most people
Commercial farming, don’t need as many people to grow food
High standard of living
Economic Development
Developing Countries- mainly in Africa, Asia, Latin America
Working toward manufacturing, mostly agricultural Subsistence farming Most people poor
Economic Development
Wealth in developed world leads to resentment
Militant groups form to strike back and heighten influence to promote change (terrorists)
World Trade
Unequal distribution of resources causes global trade networks to develop
Multinational companies (MNC’s) stimulate trade
Based in developed countries, set up assembly operations in smaller countries to keep down labor costs, sell to developed countries
World Trade
Barriers to Trade Countries mange trade to
benefit them Set up restrictions on goods
from other countries (tariffs, quotas, embargoes)
Recent movement to free trade (removal of trade barriers)
Regions join together to remove restrictions (NAFTA, European Union)
People and the Environment
Human economic activity has affected environment
Water, air, land pollution Deforestation Expansion of human communities threatens
natural ecosystems (desertification is an example)