The Human Side of Achieving Sustainable Success

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The Human Side of Achieving Sustainable Success

GENUINE | PROGRESSIVE | ADVOCATES

Provider Name & NumberJuly 30, 2014NATE MANIKTALA, PRINCIPAL / VICE PRESIDENTMARCEL HARMON, PHD, PE, LEED-AP O+M

Photo Rights: robertoerosalesblog.com

BEST PRACTICES SLIDE

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COPYRIGHT SLIDE

COURSE DESCRIPTION SLIDEFor our built environment to be truly sustainable, we must have a holistic, contextual understanding of the building/occupant interface, and how that is influenced by human factors, including relevant physiological psychological and social/cultural factorsrelevant physiological, psychological and social/cultural factors. This is the only way to effectively align occupant and other key stakeholders wants, needs and behaviors with building capabilities and operational policies. Otherwise building performance and occupant health and productivity are negatively impacted, limiting a project’s ability to meet its sustainable goals. Using previous master planning, design, retrocommissioning andUsing previous master planning, design, retrocommissioning and post occupancy evaluation case studies, presenters from M.E. GROUP will demonstrate how these human factors can be accounted for and integrated into solutions moving forward, as well as what happens when they aren’t effectively accounted for.

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES SLIDE• Develop an understanding of what human factors consist of, how they’ve been shaped by our species’ evolutionary history and what impact they have on occupant needs/behaviors related to thermal comfort lighting acoustics indoor air quality and personal controlcomfort, lighting, acoustics, indoor air quality and personal control.

• Learn how human factors can holistically be accounted for and integrated into solutions for existing facilities and/or future projects, and the financial, sustainable and quality of life benefits for doing so.

• Learn how this can applied to various project types, including master planning, design, retrocommissioning and post occupancy evaluations.

• Develop an understanding of the unexpected impacts that some well‐intended design concepts and ‘value engineering’ decisions can have on occupants, building performance and sustainability goals.

WHAT ARE YOU MISSING?

61% ‐ 79%61% 79% of occupants have complaints they don’t share

Source: POE of 14 schools; mix of old & new

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105105The average # of lessons learned from each project.

Source: POE of 14 schools; mix of old & new


40.6%40.6%The percent of U.S. CO2 emissions produced by Buildings compared to Transportation and Industry.

Source: ©2013 2030, Inc. / Architecture 2030. All Rights Reserved. Data Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (2012).

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$5.48 Billion$5.48 BillionAvoided future economic costs to U.S. economy by reducing the commercial building sector’s emissions by just 5%*

*Based on 2012 emissions data and Johnson and Hope’s (2012) 2010 SCC estimate using the 1.5% discount rate

Sources: EPA 430‐R‐14‐003: Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990 – 2012: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/usinventoryreport.html.

Johnson, L. T. and C. Hope. 2012. The social cost of carbon in U.S. regulatory impact analyses: an introduction and critique. “Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences.” September, 2012.

http://www.eenews.net/assets/2012/09/17/document_gw_05.pdf.


10 – 10010 100Multiply building operating costs by this to determine organization operating costs – the PEOPLE cost

Sources: CABE/BCO. 2005. The Impact of Office Design on Business Performance. Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment and the British Council for Offices, London, UK.

www.cabe.org.uk and www.bco.org.uk.

Fisk, W. J. 2002. “How IEQ Affects Health, Productivity.” ASHRAE Journal 44(5):56‐58.

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QUANTIFYING THE SOCIAL

Kansas School District: addressing elementary school space restrictions/lack elementary school space restrictions/lack of flexibility issues were estimated to:

• Eliminate 18,400 – 22,400 person-hours per school-year of wasted teacher/staff time spent scheduling and coordinating use of space.

• Equates to approximately 2.16% - 2.63% f

GENUINE | PROGRESSIVE | ADVOCATES

of the total labor hours annually “spent” by the elementary school teachers/staff.

• Translates to approximately $722,970 –$883,630 worth of teacher/staff time.

QUANTIFYING THE SOCIALEstimated Cost of Anthropological Related Services

$10,000Behavioral Related ECM Estimated Total Implementation Costs

$384,777

Simple Payback (Energy Only)

1.92 yrsConrad Duberstein U.S. Courthouse and Post Office’s Behavioral

Behavioral Related ECM Estimated Annual

Energy Savings

$201,195Behavioral Related ECM Estimated

Annual Productivity Savings

$1,060,000

Simple Payback (Energy +

Productivity)

0.37 yrs

Office s Behavioral Related Energy Conservation Measure (ECM) Total Cost and Estimated Payback

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QUALIFYING THE SOCIAL

Stories

Expectations –Occupants, Operations,

Design

Conflicts Among

Occupants

Direct & Indirect

Messaging

Formal & Informal Norms

Demographic Variability

Social Identity

Identity RolesFresh Air

Focus on the Here & Now

Hunter/Gatherer Ancestors

Image Source: humanpast.net

Modern Global Village

100 yrs ago: HVAC, Lighting, Materials, etc.

400 generations ago:Agriculture & Urbanism

Daylighting

Exterior Views

Temperature / RH Ranges

Social Modern Global VillageSocial Brains

Sanctioning MeasuresThe

Other

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HUMAN FACTORS OVERVIEWThe Science of Behavior: B=f(I+E)

Physiological

Individual

Behavior

Individual Needs

Physical Comfort

Task Completion

Developing Relationships

Maintaining Relationships

Status Displays

Psychological

Highly Interactive

Environment

Group Needs

Negotiating PowerDifferentials

Maximizing ProfitsSocial/ Cultural

PhysicalBased on research spanning from:Kurt Lewin, 1936 Principles of Topological Psychology to Elliott Sober & David Sloan Wilson, 1999Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior

HUMAN FACTORS IMPACTSon Productivity and Health

Spend over 90% of our time indoors.

In drastically different environments compared to what we evolved in.

Good Quality Daylighting vs. No

Daylighting

20%: math25% dicompared to what we evolved in.

Exposed to chemicals, materials, HVAC, lighting, etc. whose effects aren’t

thoroughly understood.

25%: reading

Thermal Discomfort

Up to 10%

Personal Environmental

Control

7.1% Lighting1.8% Ventilation

1.2% Temp.

View Access vs. No Access

Up to 25%

IAQ Improvements

5%+ Reduction in Sick Days

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METHODOLOGYEAM MODEL - For Building & Occupant Alignment

EvaluateBackground Data(HR & Building)

Engage Bldg Population(Interview, Observe, & Survey)

Facility Evaluation(Space Measurements & FTPs; O&M Engagement)

AlignMake It Easy As Possible(Facility, Behavioral, Procedural Modifications)

Meaningful Feedback(Information and Mechanisms)

Make It Fun

MonitorMetrics(Energy and Water; Survey Results; Productivity and Health)

Evaluation Plan(Frequency; Records and Engagement)

Add IAddress Issues

© Copyright 2011 M.E. GROUP, Inc.

QUANTIFYING PRODUCTIVITY & HEALTH

Direct MeasureIndirect Estimate• Previous research informed by ethnography

Field Setting

Lab Setting

Quantified Productivity/ Performance & Health Impacts

Wasted Time

Previous Research Applied

Direct Estimate• Multivariate Regression Analysis

Correlations Average Impacts

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21st Century Glare or

Brightness Problems

Audibility & Noise Issues

Concern W/ Direction Being TakenConcern W/ Direction Being Taken

Like Small School/Community Feel

Like Small School/Community Feel

EVALUATE/ALIGN/MONTOR CASE STUDIESMaster Planning - Assessing Key Stakeholder Wants/Needs/Values & Proposing Solutions

Maintenance, IT & Custodial IssuesMaintenance, IT & Custodial Issues

Improve/Maintain AestheticsImprove/Maintain Aesthetics

Improve PlaygroundImprove Playground

Technology

yEducationTechnology

InfrastructureInadequacy Thermal DiscomfortThermal Discomfort

Collaboration & Small GroupCollaboration & Small GroupPoor Indoor Air QualityPoor Indoor Air Quality

Lack of Temp ControlLack of Temp Control

Problems

Desire/ Appreciation for Operable

Windows

Other Lighting Control Issues

Cafeteria/Lunch/

Nutrition Problems

Health ConcernsHealth ConcernsDesire for Multi-

Levels of Lighting

Additional Training Needed

More Communication Amongst StakeholdersMore Communication Amongst Stakeholders

Approval of Direction Being TakenApproval of Direction Being Taken

Student Centered

Technology Not Only Answer

West Platte School District

Safety & Security Concerns

Space Size, Configuration &

Flexibility

Desire/Appreciation for Daylighting

Dislike Fluorescent Lighting

& Desired Changes

Plumbing Issues

& Desired ChangesNeed Additional Restrooms

Improving Athletic Fields/FacilitiesImproving Athletic Fields/Facilities

Improving Traffic Flow & Parking

Improving Traffic Flow & Parking

Lack of StorageLack of StorageClass Size (# of Students)Class Size (# of Students)

Wayfinding Problems

Performance Enhancement Measure (PEM) Matrix

InitialAnnual

/Satisfaction,

Desire

EVALUATE/ALIGN/MONTOR CASE STUDIESMaster Planning - Assessing Key Stakeholder Wants/Needs/Values & Proposing Solutions

Rank PEM IDPEM

Description

Initial Capital Cost

Labor/ Service Cost

Energy Savings

Maintenance Savings

Productivity & Health Benefits

Water Savings

Time to Implement

Disruption of Facilities

Desire Among Key Stakeholders

Payback

1 OM‐1003

Resetting and Recalibrating Thermostat Temperature Setpoints

0 0 0 ☺ 0 ☺☺☺ 0

2 OM‐1010 Evaluate Work Order Process 0 0 0 0 ☺ ☺☺☺

3 OM‐1012

Develop Formal Plan for Storage 0 0 0 0 ☺ 0 ☺☺ 0for Storage and Disposal

4 OM‐1001Renew Maintenance Contract

0 $$ $$ ☺☺ ☺☺☺

5 OM‐1013Add (1) Maintenance Staff Position

0 $$ $$ ☺ ☺☺☺6 E‐1006 Relocate

Smart Boards $ 0 0 0 ☺ 0 ☺☺☺7 OM‐1008 Training $ 0 $ ☺☺ 0 ☺

West Platte School District

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64%

69%70%

80%

EVALUATE/ALIGN/MONTOR CASE STUDIESMaster Planning - Assessing and Mitigating Spatial Restrictions

41%46%

31%

38%

25%

35%

64%

41%

46%

38%

33%

50%

30%

40%

50%

60%

% of Responders

% of Commenters

17%

5%9%

0%

10%

20%

Six Older Elementary Schools Avg. Newer School

Lawrence, KS School District

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Master Planning – Assessing and Mitigating Spatial Restrictions

EVALUATE/ALIGN/MONTOR CASE STUDIES

2

1

2

2

2

2

2

3

# Approximate location of small group activities plus the # of students engaged in those activities.

Teacher/Staff: “Our limitations on space impact almost every aspect of our programming and potential for any flexibility in scheduling and grouping. In addition, our limited space makes community gatherings a challenge.”

Lawrence, KS Elementary School

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11 ‘

Design – Evaluation of Daylighting Options Using Productivity Impacts


0 ‘

3 ‘

8 ‘

Option 1: Frit Glazing

University of Missouri, Kansas CityOption 2: LightLouver+ Blinds/Shades

Option 2

3% ‐6% increase in performance (math & reading

tasks) over Option 1

Photo Rights: BNIM Architects

Post Occupancy Evaluation – Views and Unintended Consequences


Edward Gonzales Elementary

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Post Occupancy Evaluation –


Elementary Student Interactions With Occupancy Sensors

Hurley Elementary

Ghost in the Machine

Solar tube domeHurley Elementary School

Post Occupancy Evaluation – Systems too Complex for Owner


Teacher: “One of my lights [Solar t b ] k [ ]

Solar tube diffuser in classroom with dampers closed. All others in classroom were open.

tubes] keep[s] rotating and that is a big distraction in the classroom.”

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Clothing Layering as a Strategy for Achieving Thermal Comfort• Was a district‐wide approach; part of their norms.

QUALIFYING THE SOCIAL

• But low SES families own less clothing, limiting their ability to layer.

• Source of inequity in achieving thermal comfort• Can focus unwanted attention on low SES students• Negative impact on student performance and well‐being.

Teacher/Staff: “When students have to wear jackets/sweaters etc., many students only have one coat. That is it. They can't or don't bring layers. It is hard to teach in a cold classroom with students in coats.”


V Sue Cleveland HS Thermal Comfort Ratings

Post Occupancy Evaluation – Thermal Discomfort, Demographic Factors & Social/Cultural Solutions

V. Sue Cleveland HS Thermal Comfort Ratings• Teachers, Staff and Administrators: Spaces are only

thermally acceptable (ASHRAE definition) during the fall (ranges from 66% - 75% for other three seasons)

• Students: Not thermally acceptable during any season (ranges from 32% - 51% for all four seasons).

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V. Sue Cleveland High School



V. Sue Cleveland High School

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Messages using images, graphics, text, student generated videos

Signage



generated videos displaying / promoting desired behavior Computers

T-Shirt Logos

Flat Screens

Smart Phones

Spread using existing means or others – be creative and relevant to your audience

One-Way Messages• Increase awareness of design elements operational policies and

EVALUATE/ALIGN/MONTOR CASE STUDIESDirect/Indirect Messaging & Social/ Cultural Norms

• Increase awareness of design elements, operational policies and energy conserving behavior through One-Way Messages

Source: http://www.yankodesign.com/2009/12/22/always‐take‐the‐stairs/

Direct Message Indirect Message

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EVALUATE/ALIGN/MONTOR CASE STUDIESDirect/Indirect Messaging & Social/ Cultural Norms

Edward Gonzales Elementary School

Occupant InputTrended Actual and

Setpoint Temperatures

EVALUATE/ALIGN/MONTOR CASE STUDIESMetering/Monitoring – Goals, Competition, Transparency & Feedback

Transparency in Temperatures and

Possibly Energy Usage Potentially Via

Dashboards

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Avoid this…


…with this.

Power meters to determine appliance loads, accessible power strips to shut down manually or via programmed schedule, or personal occupancy sensors for automatic shutoff when spaces are vacant


MS. SMITH MR. BELL MS. BOCK MR. ROGERS MR. CLUTE MR. WALLAMS. WOO

Audit Tracker from Flagstone Elementary, Douglas County School District, Castle Rock, CO

Make Feedback Contextually Relevant Image by Cuningham Group Architecture

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Occupancy Setting: 5 weeks

Lighting

635 KWH

Lighting34.6% Reduction

• Reduction in False

M.E. GROUP Overland Park, KS LEED CI Platinum Office

415 KWH

Vacancy Setting: 5 weeks

• Reduction in False On Occurrences

• Peer Pressure

Q&AIt’s not about the building…

It’s about what we do with it

The Human Side of Achieving Sustainable Success

Design

Transcript of The Human Side of Achieving Sustainable Success