The Human The Human BodyBody

The Human The Human BodyBody

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Did you Know??!!• When you sneeze all body functions stop, even your

heart• Your brain is 80% water• A human has 60,000 miles of blood vessels in their body • The lining of your digestive system is shed every 3 days• More than half the bones in your body are found in your

hands and feet• Everyone is color blind at birth• 1.7 litres of saliva are produced each day • About 8 million blood cells die in the human body every

second, and the same number are born each second

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Body Systems:1. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM2. THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM3. THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM4. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM5. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM6. THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM7. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM8. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM9. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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• When we eat, a flap called the ________ -- flops down to cover the windpipe so that food doesn't go down the wrong tube.

• ANSWER- ___________

TRIVIA!

epiglottis

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The Digestive System

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Digestive System

Function: to convert food into pieces that can be absorbed into the bloodstream and used by the body

Major Organs and their Functions:

• Mouth

– Teeth - chew and grind up food

– Saliva - begins the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates

• Esophagus – pipe connecting mouth to stomach

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• Stomach – secretes hydrochloric acid that breaks down protein

• Liver – produces bile which breaks down fat

• Pancreas – produces enzymes that break down carbohydrates that flow into the small intestine

• Small Intestine – digested food is absorbed into the bloodstream

• Large Intestine – removes water from the food and gets the waste ready for excretion

It takes about 20-30 hours to digest food completely

• Function: to rid the body of wastes, including excess water, salt, solids, and CO2

• Major Organs and Their Functions

• Kidneys – the main organs of the excretory system

• blood with waste enters the kidney and the kidney filters out urea, excess water and other waste products, which eventually travel out of the kidney as urine

• eventually they travel through the ureter to the urinary bladder

• Urine leaves the body through the urethra

Excretory System

Excretory System Cont.• Rectum – solid (food) waste travels out of the

body through the rectum

• Skin – sweat glands remove excess water and salts from the body

• Lungs – expel the waste gas carbon dioxide

THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

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TRIVIA!1. How many muscles are there

in the human body?• Answer: 650 Muscles

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The Muscular SystemFunction: works with the skeletal and nervous system to produce movement, also helps to circulate blood through the human body

•muscle cells are fibrous

•muscle contractions can be voluntary or involuntary (consider your arm vs. your heart which beats 60 to 80 beats every minute without you having to think about it!)

Three Types of Muscle: •Skeletal•Smooth (found inside organs)•Cardiac (heart)

Muscular System cont.• Muscles band together to form muscle

groups which work together • When the muscles contract, they pull

on the tendons which pull on the bones and cause our limbs to move

Muscle Fiber TypesTYPE I

Slow TwitchContract more slowly

than fast twitch fibers and can go for a long time before they fatigue. Therefore, slow twitch fibers are great at helping athletes run marathons and

bicycle for hours.

TYPE II

Fast TwitchGenerate short bursts of strength or speed better

than slow muscles. However, they fatigue more quickly.

More TRIVIA! • The longest muscle in the body is ___________• Answer- The Sartorius • The Sartorius runs from the outside of the hip, down

and across to the inside of the knee. It twists and pulls the thigh outwards.

• The smallest muscle in the body is __________ • Answer- The Stapedius • The Stapedius is located deep in the ear. It is only 5mm

long and thinner than cotton thread. It is involved in hearing.

• The biggest muscle in the body is __________ • Answer- The Gluteus Maximus• The Gluteus Maximus is located in the buttock. It pulls

the leg backwards powerfully for walking and running.

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There are about 60 muscles in the face.

Smiling is easier than frowning.

It takes 20 muscles to smile and over 40 to frown.

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The Skeletal System

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TRIVIA!• How many bones are there in the human

body?• Answer: 206 Bones

• When you were born, your skeleton had around 350 bones. By the time you become an adult, you will only have 206 bones. This is because, as you grow, some of the bones join together to form one bone.

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Inside a Bone-• Our bones are alive- they have their own

nerves and blood vessels, and they do various jobs, such as storing body minerals.

• A typical bone has an outer layer of hard or compact bone, which is very strong, dense and tough.

• Inside this is a layer of spongy bone, which is like honeycomb, lighter and slightly flexible.

• In the middle of some bones is jelly-called bone marrow, where new cells are constantly being produced for the blood.

The Skeleton-• The Skeleton is the name given to the

collection of bones that holds the rest of our body up. Our skeleton is very important to us. It does three major jobs:

1. It protects our vital organs such as the brain, the heart and the lungs.

2. It gives us the shape that we have. Without our skeleton, we would just be a blob of blood and tissue on the floor.

3. It allows us to move. Because our muscles are attached to our bones, when our muscles move, they move the bones, and we move.

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Healthy Bones• Most of the calcium in your

body is stored in your bones• Exercise and a good diet

help to keep bones strong • Vitamin D helps you absorb

calcium so that your bones can stay strong

• Sources of vitamin D include milk, salmon, cereal, beef and egg

• When bones break they can heal themselves, and they are stronger when they heal than they were before they were

• broken!

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Connective TissueTendon: Muscle to Bone

Ligament: Bone to Bone

The Circulatory System

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• ARTERIES are vessels that carry blood ____________ the heart.

• VEINS are vessels that carry blood _________ the heart.

• CAPILLARIES are small vessels where gas exchange occurs

Blood Vessels

AWAY FROM

TOWARDS

The Heart• Deoxygenated

blood comes into the right side of the heart

• The blood gets pumped to the lungs for oxygen

• Oxygenated blood comes back into the left side of the heart and is then shipped to the body

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Blood• Red Blood Cells - contain

hemoglobin, an iron-rich protein that carries oxygen

• White Blood Cells - function in the immune system

• Platelets - help in blood clotting

• Plasma - liquid part of the blood

Did You Know??!!Blood is a liquid organ The heart beats around 3 billion times in

the average person's life• Your blood pressure is the measure of the force of blood

as it flows through the arteries of the cardiovascular system

• Within a tiny droplet of blood, there are some 5 million red blood cells, 300 000 platelets and 10, 000 white cells.

• It takes about 20 seconds for a red blood cell to circle the whole body.

The Respiratory SystemFunction: to provide the body with a fresh supply of oxygen for respiration and remove the waste product carbon dioxide

Major Organs and Their Functions

Nose/Mouth – internal entry and exit point for air

Trachea – the “windpipe”, or what connects your mouth/nose to your lungs

The Lungs-• Bronchi – the two large passageways that

lead from the trachea to your lungs (one for each lung)

• Bronchi are further subdivided into bronchioles

• Eventually, the further subdivisions lead to tiny air sacs called alveoli

• The alveoli contain many tiny capillaries. This is where the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen occurs. *The branching

out of the aleoli creates more surface area which in turn allows for more oxygen to be absorbed.

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Nervous SystemFunction: to coordinate the body’s response to

changes in its internal and external environment

Major Organs and Their Functions

• Brain – control center of the body, where all processes are relayed through

• Spinal Cord – sends instructions from the brain to the rest of the body and vice versa

• Nerves – conduct impulses to muscle cells throughout the body

Brain• Cerebrum – Center for thought, imagination, and

emotions.– 2 hemispheres– Each hemisphere has 4 lobes that control different activities

Vision TouchHearing Taste

• Cerebellum – Controls balance and posture• Brain Stem – Guides signals from spinal cord

– Pons – Midbrain– Medulla Oblongata – Autonomic functions (heart beat,

breathing, digestion, swallowing, vomiting, sneezing, and coughing)

Immune SystemPurpose: Defends body against disease. It

works by recognizing, attacking, and destroying foreign invaders

Major Organs: Lymph – Clear/yellowish fluid that is made up of

water, nutrients, and white blood cells.Lymph Nodes – holds lymphocytes (white

blood cells).Spleen – Filters blood to get rid of particles that

should not be there.

Endocrine SystemPurpose: to control growth, development, metabolism

and reproduction through the production and secretion of hormones

Major Organs/Components: Endocrine glands – organs that release hormonesPituitary – Growth, directs all other glandsThyroid – Metabolism, body temp., and bone growthAdrenal – “fight or flight”Pineal – Controls internal clock and sleep rhythmGonads – Sex characteristics, egg and sperm formation,

control reproductive cyclesPancreas – regulates blood-sugar