The Household Economy Analysis (HEA) IndicatorsWhat output is expected at each level? Level District...
Transcript of The Household Economy Analysis (HEA) IndicatorsWhat output is expected at each level? Level District...
Famine Early Warning Systems Network
The Household Economy Analysis (HEA)
Indicators
Standardized Food Security Indicators Refresher Training
For Food Security Sector Partners
Abuja, 20-21 February 2017
__________________________________________FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 1
Outline
• HEA Framework Overview
• HEA Indicators Overview
• HEA Indicators for CH analysis
__________________________________________FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 2
HEA Framework Overview
HEA Framework Overview: Origins
HEA was developed in the early
1990s by Save the Children-UK in
order to improve the ability to
predict short-term changes in
access to food.
HEA Framework Overview: Origins
Quantify the problem
Allow for comparisons
Provide reliable results for large
populations
Point to appropriate responses
Be predictive
HEA’s inception was in response to a
demand for an approach that could:
HEA Framework Overview: Origins
Other agencies, such as F.E.G.,
FEWS NET, ACF and Oxfam, have
since worked on the development
of HEA, making it useful in a wide
range of settings.
An understanding of livelihoods is at the
heart of HEA – leading to its application
beyond emergency food needs
HEA Framework: Uses
Disaster
Response
Rehabili-
tation
Early
Warning &
Scenario
Analysis
Development
Planning
Monitoring and
Evaluation
HEA Framework Overview: Uses
Where has HEA been used?
HEA Framework: Overview
HEA is an analytical
framework
HEA Framework: Overview
The HEA Analytical Framework
• Defines the information that needs to
be gathered
• Specifies the way in which it should
be analysed
• Answers a particular set of questions
linked to response
The HEA Analytical Framework
• Does not limit HOW field information
is gathered
• Can be implemented using a
number of different field methods,
including both HH questionnaires
and RRA
HEA Framework: Overview
Elements of the Food Security
Definition:
Ensured Access to Sufficient Food
for All People at All Times
HEA Framework: Overview
The framework involves putting together two types of information:
Livelihood Baseline Data(The context)
Monitoring Data(The changes)
+
On-going Analysis of Current and Projected Situation and
Intervention Needs(The outcome)
HEA Framework: Overview
Coping step example: 1
household member migrates
for labour
Outcome = Baseline + Hazard + Coping(a simple example)
Hazard example:
50% crop failure
other
food aid
cropspurchase
The baseline picture
purchase
other
food aid
crops
deficit
Effect on access to crops
migration
purchase
other
food aid
crops
deficit
Final result
HEA Framework: Overview
HEA Framework: Overview
HEA starts with an
understanding of
how households
normally live….
A more detailed example….
HEA Framework: Overview
…then it incorporates
the impact of a
shock….
Survival Threshold
Livelihoods Protection Threshold
HEA Framework: Overview
…and finally looks at
how people might be
able to cope.
BASELINE
HEA Framework Overview: Components
In sum….
BASELINE HAZARD+
HEA Framework Overview: Components
In sum….
BASELINE HAZARD+ COPING+
...but some
more animals
can be sold
HEA Framework Overview: Components
In sum….
BASELINE HAZARD+ COPING OUTCOME+ =
HEA Framework Overview: Components
In sum….
BASELINE HAZARD+ COPING OUTCOME+ =
HEA Framework Overview: Components
In practice this process is broken
into six steps
What it does:
Defines areas within which
people share broadly the
same patterns of livelihood
BASELINE
Livelihood
Zoning
Why it is necessary:
Allows you to target
geographically
&
to customize indicators for
livelihoods monitoring
systems
Step 1:
HEA Framework Overview: Components
BASELINE
Step 2:
What it does:
Groups people together
using local definitions
of wealth and quantifies
their livelihood assets
Why it is necessary:
Allows you to
disaggregate the
population and indicate
who (and how many)
need assistance
HEA Framework Overview: Components
Wealth Breakdown
0
10
20
30
40
50
very poor poor m iddle better off
% o
f h
ou
se
ho
lds
Step 3:
What it does:
Quantifies sources of
food and income, and
expenditure patterns
using ‘common currency’
Why it is necessary:
Enables comparisons
across wealth groups,
zones and countries
&
provides starting point
for outcome analysis
BASELINE
HEA Framework Overview: Components
Step 4:
What it does:
Translates a hazard
into economic
consequences at
household level
Why it is necessary:
Allows you to
mathematically link the
shock to each relevant
livelihood strategy
OUTCOME ANALYSIS
Problem
Specification
Crop loss of 75%
Local labor rates down 50%
Food prices doubled
Chicken prices down 50%
Migratory labor increased
50%
HEA Framework Overview: Components
Step 5:
What it does:
Assesses the ability of
households to respond
to the hazard
Why it is necessary:
Determines the amount
of external assistance
required
&
Highlights monitoring
indicators for testing
prediction
OUTCOME ANALYSIS
HEA Framework Overview: Components
Livelihoods Protection Threshold
Predicted Outcome
Step 6:
What it does:
Predicts the outcome of
the hazard in relation to
livelihood protection and
survival thresholds
Why it is necessary:
Allows you to determine
whether people need
external assistance in
order to survive and/or
to maintain their
livelihood assets
OUTCOME ANALYSIS
HEA Framework Overview: Components
Survival Threshold
What are the levels of enquiry?
District Level
Village Level
Household Level
What interviews are done when?
Level
District
Village
Household
Interview
Zoning/Timeline
Trader/Market(Form 1 & 2)
Wealth
Breakdown(Form 3)
Household
Representative(Form 4)
What output is expected at each level?
Level
District
Village
Household
Interview
Zoning/Timeline
Trader/Market(Form 1 & 2)
Wealth
Breakdown(Form 3)
Household
Representative(Form 4)
Goal
Obtain clearance for field work
Verify livelihood zone boundaries
Select villages for field work
Obtain timeline and reference data
What output is expected at each level?
Level
District
Village
Household
Interview
Zoning/Timeline
Trader/Market(Form 1 & 2)
Wealth
Breakdown(Form 3)
Household
Representative(Form 4)
Goal
Obtain clearance for field work
Verify livelihood zone boundaries
Select villages for field work
Obtain timeline and reference data
Determine wealth group criteria
Establish percentages for groups
Arrange for hh rep interviews
What output is expected at each level?
Level
District
Village
Household
Interview
Zoning/Timeline
Trader/Market(Form 1 & 2)
Wealth
Breakdown(Form 3)
Household
Representative(Form 4)
Goal
Obtain clearance for field work
Verify livelihood zone boundaries
Select villages for field work
Obtain timeline and reference data
Determine wealth group criteria
Establish percentages for groups
Arrange for hh rep interviews
Determine and quantify food, cash
and expenditure patterns
Quantify expandability
What output is expected at each level?
Level
District
Village
Household
Interview
Zoning/Timeline
Trader/Market(Form 1 & 2)
Wealth
Breakdown(Form 3)
Household
Representative(Form 4)
Livelihood Zoning
Wealth Breakdown
Livelihood Strategies
Step in Framework
__________________________________________FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 34
HEA Indicators Overview
Two sources of income – food and cash
Step 1: convert cash into its equivalent in food
Step 2: Add cash to food income
Adding food and cash together:
calculation of Total Income
The Survival Threshold is the total income required to cover:
2100 kcals pppd
Costs associated with
food preparation and
consumption (i.e.
firewood, salt, soap,
kerosene, basic
lighting
Expenditure on water
for human
consumption
What are the indicators?
The Survival Deficit
What are the indicators?
If households can not cover these costs, there is a Survival
Deficit and an intervention to save lives should be launched
The Livelihood Protection Threshold represents the total income
required to sustain local livelihoods. This means, total
expenditure to:
Cover survival costs, plus
Maintain access to basic
services (routine medical,
schooling, etc.)
Maintain productive
activities in the medium to
longer term (agricultural
inputs, vet drugs, etc.)
Support a locally acceptable
standard of living (e.g.
sugar, tea, coffee, pepper,
etc.)
What are the indicators?
The Livelihood Protection Deficit
What are the indicators?
If households can not cover these costs, an intervention to
protect existing livelihood assets should be launched
Seasonal Analysis of deficits
Seaonal analysis indicates that households will likely face deficits
between June and September
The seasonal analysis indicates the likely timing of deficits,
which should help in planning the timing of interventions
__________________________________________FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 41
HEA Indicators for CH
Analysis
__________________________________________FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 42
HEA Survival and Livelihood Protection Deficits
For CH Analysis, HEA Survival Deficit (SD) and Livelihood Protection Deficit
(LPD) are simultaneously used as direct Outcome Indicators for Food
Consumption
Phase Phase 1
Minimal
Phase 2
Stress
Phase 3
Crisis
Phase 4
Emergency
Phase 5
Famine
Livelihood Protection
Deficit (LPD)
Survival Deficit (SD)
No LPD
and
No SD
LPD
and
No SD
LPD
and
SD : 1 – 20%
LPD
and
SD : 20 – 50%
LPD
and
SD : +50%
__________________________________________FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 43
HEA Survival and Livelihood Protection DeficitsExamples
Districts Survival Deficit
(% Kcal)
LP Deficit
(% Kcal)
Phase ?
District A 0% 0%
District B 10% 13%
District C 30% 17%
District D 0% 8%
Phase 3
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 4
__________________________________________FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 44
For More Information
Amadou Diop
FEWS NET RFSS-Livelihoods for West Africa
Tel.: +221 77 544 40 32
Dakar, Senegal