Household Economy Analysis (HEA) FINDINGS Establishing livelihood baselines for zones in Warrap,...

Household Economy Analysis (HEA) FINDINGS

Establishing livelihood baselines for zones in Warrap, Northern and Western Bahr el Ghazal

South Sudan

BRACE Steering Committee Meeting

17 January 2013

Contents

• HEA Overview• What was done• Baseline results• HEA Outcome analysis• HEA/quasi-experimental linkage

HEA Framework: Overview

HEA starts with an understanding of how households normally live….


…then it incorporates the impact of a

shock….

Survival Threshold

Livelihoods Protection ThresholdGap


…and finally looks at how people might be able to cope.

The analysis suggests that post-shock, households will not be able to maintain their normal livelihood

assets without assistance.

BASELINE HAZARD+ COPING OUTCOME+ =

HEA Framework Overview: Components

In practice this process is broken into six steps

What it does:Defines areas within which people share broadly the

same patterns of livelihood

BASELINE

Livelihood Zoning

Why it is necessary:Allows you to target

geographically &

to customize indicators for livelihoods monitoring

systems

Step 1:


BRACE Phase 1 Livelihood zones

The Western Flood Plains •Warrap, & Northern Bahr el Ghazal

The Ironstone Plateau •Warrap, Northern and Western el Ghazal

BASELINE

Step 2:

What it does:Groups people together using local definitions

of wealth and quantifies their livelihood assets

Why it is necessary:Allows you to

disaggregate the population and indicate who (and how many)

need assistance


Wealth Breakdown

0

10

20

30

40

50

very poor poor middle better off

% o

f hou

seho

lds

Step 3:

What it does:Quantifies sources of food and income, and expenditure patterns

using ‘common currency’

Why it is necessary:Enables comparisons across wealth groups, zones and countries

& provides starting point

for outcome analysis

BASELINE


What was done

• Training• District level enquiry and market

information.• Community-level key informant interview• Household-level interviews by wealth

group in two livelihood zones

HEA Training

• Data collectors were selected and recruited by ACTED

• 10 people were trained. 8 were selected for field work

• The training:• (i) classroom training: introduction to food security and

livelihood security concepts; practice kcal calculations; review of HEA questionnaire forms (4 forms in total);

• (ii) field implementation: actual field work put the classroom training to use

InformationReference year: Sept 2011 – Aug 2012

Ironstone Plateau LZ

Western Floodplains

LZ

Total

County level meetings Agricultural data + local measuresLivestock dataMarket PricesPopulationRainfall

2 5 7

Market interviews Market pricesTrading volumes and routesSupply chains

2 2 4

Key informant focus group meetings at village level (10 participants per interview)

Yields and agricultural supportMilk yields and livestock migrationSeasonal calendarsWealth group breakdownTimeline

80 people(8 villages = 8

interviews x 10 participants )

80 people (8 interviews)

160 people (16

interviews)

Household representative interviews by wealth group (6-8 participants per interview)

Sources of food (12 months)Sources of income (12 months)Expenditure (12 months)

256 people (8 villages x 4 wealth groups

= 32 interviews x 8 participants

per wealth group = 256 participants)

256 people (32

interviews)

512 people (64

interviews)

Total sample size of study = 683 people

Zone I: Ironstone Plateau

• Sales of firewood, charcoal and grass (VP,P)

• Local agricultural labour (i.e., in the green belt) (VP, P)

• Crop sales and sales of dried fish (M,B/O)

• Sale of livestock and livestock products (M, B/O)

Main sources of income 2011-12The Ironstone Plateau is located in the west. A number of counties fall in the zone including parts of Aweil West, Wau, Yirol, Tonj, Cuibet, Rumbek, Terekeka and Mundri. The zone is mostly agricultural. Sorghum, sesame and groundnuts are the principal crops supplemented by maize, cowpeas, pumpkin seeds, cassava and okra. Wild foods and fish comprise an estimated 25-35% of household annual food needs. Shea nut oil is particularly important in addition to wild yams, honey, desert date and palms. Fish are caught during the dry season from rivers then dried and eaten during the hunger season. The Ironstone Plateau receives between 950 – 1300 mm rainfall on average. However, due to shallow and poor soils the zone suffers serious water problems. Tsetse fly for livestock and sleeping sickness for humans are two health challenges as is river blindness.

Wealth Breakdown 2011-12

0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

Better-off

Middle-income

Poor

Very Poor

Zone 2: Western Floodplains

• Sale of fresh fish (VP,P, M, B/O)• Sales of charcoal & firewood; wood collection; brick production, agricultural labour (VP, P)

• Sale of livestock and livestock products (M, B/O)

• Crop sales (M, B/O)

Main sources of income Sept 2011- Aug 2012The Western Floodplains LZ in the north-west is home to the Dinka. The following counties fall within the zone: Aweil, Gogrial, Twic, Rumbek, Tonj and Yirol. For the very poor and the poor, wild foods and fish are the most important food sources (40-50% of their annual food energy needs). By contrast, milk and meat are a key food source for wealthier households (25-45% of their annual food needs). Crops – such as sorghum, groundnuts, maize and sesame - supplement fish, wild plants and livestock products. Seeds, tubers and desert dates are particularly important bush foods. Seasonal migration between the lowland flood plains (toch) and the highlands (gok) is common throughout the zone. Although the rivers are a crucial resource for fishing, livestock and crops, severe flooding is also a livelihood hazard. Drought and conflicts are other hazards.

Wealth Breakdown Sept 2011- Aug 2012

0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

Better-off

Middle-income

Poor

Very Poor

Wealth Characteristics

The Ironstone Plateau Livelihood Zone

Wealth Group

HH size Land cultivated

Livestock + Assets

Harvest + Income

Very Poor 5 0 – 0.8 feddans

0-4 hens Annual income SSP 2,500-3,500Harvest lasted 3 months

Poor 6 0.81 – 1.5 feddans

0-3 goats5-6 hens

Annual income SSP 3,600-4,500Harvest lasted 5 months

Middle-Income

7-10 1.51 -2.5 feddans

4-6 goats0-4 sheep0-4 cattle


Better-off 11-15 2.51 plusfeddans

7 + goats5 + sheep5 + cattle1 fishing net

Annual income SSP 7,100 +Harvest lasted 6 months

Wealth Characteristics

Western Floodplains Livelihood Zone

Wealth Group HH size Land cultivated Livestock + Assets Harvest + Income

Very Poor

3-4 0 – 0.5 feddans 0-3 goats0-4 hens


Poor 5-6 0.51 – 0.99 feddans

4-9 goats0-4 sheep0-5 cattle

Annual income SSP 4,600-6,500Harvest lasted 4-5 months

Middle-Income 7-9 1 -1.99 feddans 10-29 goats5-19 sheep6-30 cattle

Annual income SSP 6,600-9,500Harvest lasted 5-6 months

Better-off 10-15 2 plus feddans 30 + goats20 + sheep31 + cattle5-10 fish nets

Annual income SSP 9,600 +Harvest lasted 6-8 months

Sources of Food - Ironstone Plateau

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

V.Poor Poor Middle Better-off

wild food & fish

food aid

purchase

payment in kind

livestock prod.

crops

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

Very Poor Poor Middle Better-off

Fishing Wild Food

Wild Food & Fishing

Sources of Food - Western Floodplains

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%


wild food & fish

food aid

purchase

payment in kind

livestock prod.

crops

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%


River fish, Flood water fish Pond fish

Fish – River, Flood, Pond

12 FOOD TYPES (FNTA technical guide on DD Version II)

Wet season (May- Sept/Oct, 5-6 months)

Dry season (Nov- April/May, 5-6 months)

1. Cereals (sorghum,maize, millet, rice and various types of naturally occurring ‘grass’ seeds)

Some stored, some purchased depending on own production and in-kind payments and Household budgeting for cult/cropping season (Peak energy needs)

Eaten green pre-harvest, own production post harvest and purchased to benefit from lower seasonal prices plus saving own production for cult/cropping season.

2. Roots and tubers inc. wild foods Cassava in Ironstone plateau plus wild tubers

Dried cassava, but mostly naturally occurring wild roots & tubers

3. Vegetables & wild foods Okra, pumpkin, wild leaves plus other naturally occurring greens (vines, leaves,etc.) Onion and tomatoes purchased by Better off groups.

Dried and stored Okra and other veg. used in sauces. Okra and local greens also cultivated by rivers. Onion and tomatoes purchased by Better off.

4. Fruits & wild foods Wild fruits consumed by children (Dhiot, Cum, Cuei, Lang, Thou flesh, Pac,

Wild fruits consumed by children

5. Meat & offal including game meat Mainly only consumed during festivals (funeral & wedding feasts etc)

Mainly only consumed during festivals (funeral & wedding feasts etc)

6. Eggs Occasional Occasional

7. Fish Pool fishing at the end of the wet season - begining of the dry season,

Dried fish used in cooking. River fishing end of the dry season- beg. wet season

8. Pulses & nuts including Wild Foods Cowpea, groundnuts, and nuts occurring naturally in the forest

Stored own production plus Thou/Lalop from the forest (January - March)

9. Milk/products Less available for Poor Hhs - occasionally accessed from wealthier kin or purchased

Less available for Hh members not moving to the Toic with the cattle - especially for poorer Hhs

10. Oils and fats including simsim (sesame) and Lulu oil (Raak/Shea nut)

Groundnut oil, Lulu oil (Ironstone Plateau), simsim oil and from market

Groundnut oil, Lulu oil (Ironstone Plateau) simsim/sesame oil & from market

11. Sugar & honey Sugar purchased. Honey more accessible in the Ironstone plateau zone

Sugar purchased. Honey more accessible in the Ironstone plateau zone

12. Misc. Termites, shield bugs, etc when in seasonBeer and other local brews

Termites, shield bugs, etc when in seasonBeer and other local local brews

Dietary Diversity & Quality

Sources of Income - Ironstone Plateau

Sources of Income- Western Flood Plains (N)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


wild fish/ meat sale wild root/ fruit

self-employment agr.labour

livestock sales

l/stock prod. salescrop sales

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000


River fish Flood water fish Pond Fish

Actual Income earned by wealth group from fish sales in SSP

Income Level by LZ and Wealth GroupWealth Group Average annual Hh

Income (SSP)Ironstone Plateau

Average annual Hh Income (SSP)Western Floodplains

V Poor

2750-3250 3000-4000

Poor

4000-4500 4500-5500

Middle

5000-6000 7000-8000

Better- off

9000-10000 13000-14000

Gender aspects re income activities

LEGEND: Men Women BOTH

ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

SEASON: Dry Dry Dry Dry Rain Rain Rain Rain Rain Rain Dry Dry

Land preparation

Planting

Weeding

Harvesting

Labor employment

Charcoal

Firewood

Grass sale

Brewing

Brick Making

Livestock sale

Milking

Wild food collection

Fishing

Expenditure - Ironstone Plateau

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


other

clothes

social serv.

inputs

water

HH items

non-staple foodstaple food

Ironstone Plateau Expenditures by Wealth Group

Actual Spending on Livelihood Inputs in SSP, 2011-12

Other Items includes primarily tobacco but also festivals and social obligations

SSP

EXPENDITURES in SSP Very Poor Poor Middle Better-off

Staple food 756 1093 1380 1300Non-staple food 558 776 1436 1664

Tea 30 40 50 220

Salt 120 120 120 130

Soap 200 280 280 350

Kerosene

Grinding

Water for humans

Firewood 100

Utensils 50 75 75 150

Animal drugs 150

Salt for animals

Water for animals

Ploughing

Seeds 50 50 130 100

Fertilizer

Pesticides

Labour 450

Livestock restocking 40 550 650

Other essential inputs

Other inputs (tools) 60 265 110 150

School 225 275 350 400

Medicine 225 200 225 750

Clothing 230 240 400 900

Tax

Gifts

Transport

Other items 50 90 275 815

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600


Other inputs (tools)

Labour

Livestock Purchase

Seeds

Animal drugs

SSP

Expenditure- Western Flood Plains (N)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


other

clothes

social serv.

inputs

water

HH items

non-staple foodstaple food

Western Floodplains Expenditures by Wealth Group

EXPENDITURES in SSP Very Poor Poor Middle Better-offstaple food 985 1145 1762 1335

non-staple food 895 1720 2141 3670

Tea 110 120 190 242

Salt 72 110 140 150

Soap 210 250 290 310

Kerosene

Grinding

Water for humans

Firewood

Utensils 100 200 275 350

Animal drugs 0 33 200 460

Salt for animals

Water for animals

Ploughing

Seeds 20 105 170 175

Fertilizer

Pesticides

Labour 0 0 600 1250

Livestock restocking 0 0 1060 2400

Other essential inputs 90 160 500 1100

Other inputs (tools) 52 80 170 250

School 24 120 250 260

Medicine 90 120 220 250

Clothing 230 450 920 1100

Tax 15 30 30 40

Gifts

Transport

Other items 80 140 145 400

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000


Other inputs (tools)

Other essentialinputs

Livestock restocking

Labour

Seeds

Animal drugs

Actual Spending on Livelihood Inputs in SSP, 2011-12

SSP

Other Items includes primarily tobacco but also beer, festivals and social obligations.

Seasonal Access to Food and Income SourcesIronstone Plateau

LEGEND: LP = land preparation, P= planting, W = weeding, H = harvest.

SEASON: Dry Dry Dry Dry Rain Rain Rain Rain Rain Rain Dry Dry

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Millet, Maize, Sorghum LP P P W W H H H

Cow peas, Groundnuts LP P P W W H H

Okra, Pumpkin leaves, seeds LP P W H H H

Wild Foods Ngaana Thou Ngaana Raak Ajuet Raak

Fishing

Livestock milk production cattle + shoats shoats

Livestock sales

Charcoal, firewood sales grass char-coal fire-wood grass

Migrant labour

Food purchase peak peak peak peak

Seasonal Access to Food and Income SourcesWestern Floodplains

LEGEND: LP = land preparation, P= planting, W = weeding, H = harvest.

Dry Dry Dry Dry Rain Rain Rain Rain Rain Rain Dry Dry

SEASON: Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Millet, Maize, Sorghum LP LP P P W W H H H

Groundnuts, Sesame, Cow peas LP LP P P W H H H

Okra, Pumpkin leaves, seeds LP LP P P P W H H H H

Wild Foods Ngaana Thou Thou Ngaana Raak Ajuet Raak Thou Lang

Fishing

Livestock milk production cattle + shoats shoats

Livestock sales

Charcoal, firewood & grass sales grass char-coal fire-wood grass

Labour / employment

Food purchase peak peak peak peak

Outcome analysis

Step 4:

What it does:Translates a hazard

into economic consequences at household level

Why it is necessary:Allows you to

mathematically link the shock to each relevant

livelihood strategy

OUTCOME ANALYSIS

Problem Specification

Crop loss of 75%

Local labor rates down 50%

Food prices doubled

Chicken prices down 50%

Migratory labor increased 50%


Step 5:

What it does:Assesses the ability of households to respond

to the hazard

Why it is necessary:Determines the amount

of external assistance required

&Highlights monitoring

indicators for testing prediction

OUTCOME ANALYSIS


Livelihoods Protection Threshold

Predicted Outcome

Step 6:

What it does:Predicts the outcome of the hazard in relation to livelihood protection and

survival thresholds

Why it is necessary:Allows you to determine

whether people need external assistance in order to survive and/or

to maintain their livelihood assets

OUTCOME ANALYSIS


Survival Threshold

BRACE issues to monitor & measure:

Food availability, access and utility– Seasonal aspects? - the contribution from

food/income sources April-October viz local labour and petty trade options for the more vulnerable groups + wild food access + stored and preserved foods?

– Community dynamics and wealth group inter-relationships? (Employers<> Employees)…strengthening the local labour market and care needed when considering FFA work that may clash with local labour demand. … acting as a disincentive for the Middle and Better-off groups to increase area under cultivation etc.

– Production constraints for more vulnerable (Risk & RTHL)

BRACE Issues to monitor & measure:

Food availability, access and utility

– Markets - availability and access issues (Cash and in-kind payment shifts depending on access and inflationary factors) - Seasonal road access and trade from North and South, oil revenues back on ? Etc.

– Gender inequalities, Childcare - traditional roles and responsibilities, maternal education, hygiene and sanitation practices? Link to malnutrition trends, seasonal events and household behaviour.

• Strengthen coping options?• Monitor changes around the Livelihood

protection threshold• Observe any shifts in proportioning of Wealth

groups• Try to detect whether increased access to

food (from FFA) is building resilience or resulting in the substitution of other food and income activities by households

• Expected benefits of FFA viz GFD?– Short term– Long term?…. in order to monitor these changes.

Issues to monitor & measure: Resilience

SAMPLING• Livelihood zones• Wealth groupsTOOLS• Seasonal calendar – activities

HEA & the Quasi-experimental study

Household Economy Analysis (HEA) FINDINGS Establishing livelihood baselines for zones in Warrap,...

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