The Holocaust. What is the Holocaust? The word comes from the Greek language Meant a sacrifice...
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Transcript of The Holocaust. What is the Holocaust? The word comes from the Greek language Meant a sacrifice...
The HolocaustThe Holocaust
What is the Holocaust?What is the Holocaust?The word comes from the Greek languageMeant a sacrifice totally burned by fireCurrently can be used to describe a large scale slaughterWhen capitalized, refers to the murder of six million Jews and millions of others by Nazi Germany (1933-1945)Genocide: the deliberate and systematic destruction of an entire people who belong to one racial, political, cultural, or religious group
Anti-SemitismAnti-Semitism Prejudices and discrimination toward Jewish people Is the root of the Holocaust Jews were subject to discrimination, because they did
not believe that Jesus was the son of God and Jews were believed to be responsible for Jesus’ death
Modern historians recognize that the Roman government executed Jesus
Jews were also used as scapegoats in Europe for many things (i.e. the Plague)
Adolf HitlerAdolf Hitler
Born April 20, 1889 in Austria Moved to Germany in 1913 Fought in WWI and was
wounded twice Returned to Germany after the
war was lost
Adolf HitlerAdolf Hitler Joined the National Socialist
German Workers’ Party (the Nazi party) in 1919
Published Mein Kampf in 1925Explicitly revealed Hitler’s views towards Jews (pg. 9)
Committed suicide on Apr. 30, 1945 weeks before Germany surrenders
Rise of the Nazi PartyRise of the Nazi Party
Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany on Jan. 30, 1933
Feb. 27, 1933: German parliament building set on fire
This led to Hitler convincing his cabinet to declare a state of emergency in the country and, therefore, suspending civil liberties (freedom of press, speech, and assembly and loss of individual privacy)
Forces of the Nazi PartyForces of the Nazi Party Nazi Storm Troopers
(Sturmabteilungen)- called SA; were in the streets and took care of Nazi opposition
Protective Squad (Schutzstaffel)- called SS; elite group that eventually ran concentration camps- were the private army of the Nazi party
Secret State Police (Geheime Staatspolizei)- called Gestapo; non-uniformed; identified and arrested political opponents and other lawbreakers
Forces of the Nazi PartyForces of the Nazi Party Special Action Groups
(Einsatzgruppen)- firing squads that eliminated Jews in conquered areas
Order Police (Ordnungspolizei)- uniformed police that assisted the Special Action Groups and aided in the Final Solution
Nazi RacismNazi Racism
Hitler was obsessed with racial purity Believed that the Germanic race was superior The ideal person was blond, blue-eyed, and tall Nazi party wanted to limit reproduction of inferior
races
Nazi RacismNazi Racism Started forced sterilizations in 1933 Gypsies, handicapped, and
African-German children were targeted
Viewed Jews as a race, not religion Measured skull size, nose length,
and hair and eye color
Nazi RacismNazi Racism
Harassment of JewsHarassment of Jews April 1, 1933: First nationwide
boycott of Jewish businessesPut graffiti on store fronts and posted guards outside businessesLasted just a dayOne week later, laws restricting employment were passedNazis spread propaganda and hate of Jews to children through textbooks
Harassment of JewsHarassment of Jews Nuremberg Race Laws: 1935; made Jews
second class citizensTook away voting rights; could not hold public officeMarriage was restricted between Jews & non-JewsJew defined as one who descended from at least three Jewish grandparents
Harassment of JewsHarassment of Jews
Nov. 9, 1938: Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)
Polish born Jews were forced to leave countryHerschel Grynszpan’s parents were forced to leaveIn rage, Herschel killed a minor official at the German embassy in Paris
Harassment of JewsHarassment of Jews Nov. 9, 1938: Kristallnacht (Night
of Broken Glass)The Nazis struck back by carefully planning a pogroms of Jewish stores91 Jews were killed throughout Germany30,000+ Jewish males were sent to concentration camps1000 synagogues were burned and demolished7500 businesses were burned
Harassment of JewsHarassment of Jews
Sept. 1941: Law to wear Star of David
Oct. 1941: Jews not allowed to leave homes without permission
Other Victims of the HolocaustOther Victims of the Holocaust
GypsiesWere targeted as racial inferiorsWere rounded up, fingerprinted, and placed in special camps
Other Victims of the HolocaustOther Victims of the Holocaust Jehovah’s Witnesses
Were targeted because their religion prevented them from showing obedience to any governmentSent to concentration camps
Other Victims of the HolocaustOther Victims of the Holocaust
HomosexualsTargeted because their behavior was abnormal and could not further the German race by reproducingWere arrested and sent to concentration camps
Other Victims of the HolocaustOther Victims of the Holocaust Incurably ill
Viewed as useless to societyT-4 program was implementedMentally retarded, physically handicapped, mentally ill targeted for murderSelected victims were sent to gas chambers in Germany and Austria
Other Victims of the HolocaustOther Victims of the Holocaust
Incurably illInfants and children were killed by lethal injection or by starvationPublic protested in 1941 and the program was “officially” stopped but continued in secret until 1945.200,000 + were murdered between 1940-1945
Other Victims of the HolocaustOther Victims of the Holocaust
Victims, Jews and not, were located through a government census
Identity cards were issued that were marked with “J” for Jewish or used color to identify other groups of people
World War IIWorld War II
Hitler wanted German domination of Europe Austria added to Reich in Mar. 1938 Western Czechoslovakia in the following year Sept. 1, 1939: Germany invaded Poland
This officially started the war when England and France came to Poland’s defense
World War IIWorld War II
Allied Powers: Great Britain, France, USA, & Russia
Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, & Japan Germans had conquered France, Belgium,
Luxembourg, Holland, Denmark, and Norway by 1940
Europe during WWIIEurope during WWII
World War IIWorld War II June 22, 1941: Germany invades Soviet Union
and the Special Order Groups start mass murders
Dec. 7, 1941: Japan attacks Pearl Harbor Dec. 11, 1941: War declared on USA by
Germany June 6, 1944: Allied powers invade Western
Europe
World War IIWorld War II
Jan. 17, 1945: Soviet troops enter Auschwitz
Apr. 1945: USA liberate Buchenwald & Dachau
May 7, 1945: Germany surrenders and war ends
The GhettosThe Ghettos Jews were confined to ghettos
throughout German occupied Europe
The ghettos were overcrowded, dirty, and running rampant with disease
Jews were given very little food (pg. 36)
Many died in ghettos
The Warshaw GhettoThe Warshaw Ghetto
January 898
February 1,023
March 1,608
April 2,061
May 3,821
June 4,290
July 5,550
August 5,560
Death Tolls in the Warsaw Ghetto in Poland, 1941
The Final Solution to the Jewish Question in EuropeThe Final Solution to the Jewish Question in Europe
Wannsee ConferenceJan. 20, 1942Nazi officials and others met at Wannsee to discuss the total extermination of Jews in EuropeMobile killing squads were already in operationNo one at the conference objected
The Final Solution to the Jewish Question in EuropeThe Final Solution to the Jewish Question in Europe Deportations
Jews were rounded up and sent to six camps in PolandMost deportees were immediately murderedJews were transported using trainsTrains designed to hold 8 horses or 40 soldiers; 120-130 people were transported in themMany died on the trip
The Final Solution to the Jewish Question in EuropeThe Final Solution to the Jewish Question in Europe
Death CampsWhen arriving at one of the death camps, Jews were sent through a selectionBabies, young children, pregnant women, the elderly, the handicapped, and the sick were immediately sent to their deathsGas chambers were usually the chosen method of execution
The Final Solution to the Jewish Question in EuropeThe Final Solution to the Jewish Question in Europe
The Final Solution to the Jewish Question in EuropeThe Final Solution to the Jewish Question in Europe
Death CampsVictims were led to believe that they were being prepared for workBodies were disposed of by sonderkommando (special commando) who were Jews that were chosen to burn the bodies of executed Jews
Death Camp InformationDeath Camp InformationCAMP VICTIMS KNOWN SURVIVORS
Chelmno 60,000 3 Belzec 600,000 2 Sobibor 250,000 64 Treblinka 900,000 Under 40 Maidanek 500,000 Under 600 Auschwitz 1,100,000 Several thousand, because it
was both a concentration camp and a death camp
Estimated Numbers of Jews Murdered during the Holocaust
Estimated Numbers of Jews Murdered during the Holocaust
Poland 3,000,000Soviet Union 1,316,000Hungary 569,000Romania 287,000Czechoslovakia 149,150Germany 141,000Netherlands 100,000France 77,320Greece 67,000
Estimated Numbers of Jews Murdered during the Holocaust
Estimated Numbers of Jews Murdered during the Holocaust
Yugoslavia 63,300Austria 50,000Belgium 28,900Italy 7,500Luxembourg 1,950Norway 762 Denmark 51 Finland 7 Total 5,858,940
The Nuremberg Trials: 1945-49The Nuremberg Trials: 1945-49 After the war, some of the people responsible for the
Holocaust were brought to trial. Twenty-two Nazis were brought to trial
Twelve were sentenced to deathThree were sentenced to life imprisonmentFour were sentenced to lesser prison termsThree were found innocent
Most of the Nazis used the defense that they were simply following orders.
Hitler committed suicide prior to the trials
Why learn about the Holocaust?Why learn about the Holocaust?Poet and philosopher George
Santayana once said: "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.“
Other incidences of genocide have happened in lesser scale.
Native Americans Rwanda