THE HISTORY OF CONCRETE AND ITS RECENT DEVELOPMENT

SIDDHARTH SHANKAR

LECTURER

IOE,PULCHOWK CAMPUS

CHIEF,CMTL

Concrete is composed mainly of cement (commonly Portland cement), aggregate,

water, and chemical admixtures.

Portland Cement

Fine Aggregate

Coarse Aggregate

Chemical Admixtures

Concrete has deep roots in history: Wall at Palestrina, Italy, 1st Century BC

Roman Aqueduct & Pantheon

Concrete

• The word “concrete” originates from the Latin verb “concretus”, which means to grow together.

• Concrete is most widly use construction material and it is mixture of cement,sand,aggregate and water.

Advantage of Concrete• We have the ability to cast desired shapes

– Arches, piers, columns, shells

• Properties can be tailored according to need (strength, durability, etc.)

• Ability to resist high temperatures– Will maintain structural integrity far longer than structural steel

• Does not require protective coatings

• Can be an architectural & structural member at the same time

The Egyptians were using early forms of concrete over 5000 years ago to build pyramids. They mixed mud and straw to form bricks and used gypsum and lime to make mortars.

3000 BC—Egyptian Pyramids

300 BC - 476 AD—Roman ArchitectureThe ancient Romans used a material that is remarkably close to modern cement to build

many of their architectural marvels, such as the Colosseum, and the Pantheon. The Romans also used animal products in their cement as an early

form of admixtures.

1824—Portland Cement InventedJoseph Aspdin of England is credited with the invention of modern portland cement.

He named his cement portland, after a rock quary that produced very strong stone.

Photo courtesy of Concrete Thinking.

1836—Cement TestingThe first test of tensile and compressive

strength took place in Germany. Photo courtesy of Portland Cement Association.

1889— Alvord Lake BridgeThe first concrete reinforced bridge

was built in San Francisco. The bridge still exists today.

Photo coutesy of Portland Cement Association.

1891— Concrete StreetThe first American concrete street was built in

Bellefontaine, Ohio. Photo courtesy of www.waymarking.com.

1903—The Ingalls BuildingThe first concrete high rise was built in

Cincinnati, Ohio. This building has sixteen stories and was a great

engineering feat of its time. Photo courtesy of Emporis Buildings.

1908—Concrete HomesThomas Edison designed and built the

first concrete homes in Union, New Jersey.

Photo courtesy of flyingmoose.org.

1913—Ready MixThe first load of ready mix was

delivered in Baltimore, Maryland. Photo courtesy of Kuhlman Corp.

1915—Colored ConcreteLynn Mason Scofield founded L.M.

Scofield, the first company to produce color for concrete.

Photo courtesy of www.concreteconstruction.net.

1930—Air Entraining AgentsAir entraining agents were used for the first

time in cement to resist against damage from freezing and thawing.

1936—Hoover DamThe Hoover Dam was built along the

Colorado River, bordering Arizona and Nevada. It was the largest scale concrete

project ever completed.

1938—Concrete OverlayJohn Crossfield added latex to portland cement,

aggregate, and other materials to make coverings for ship decks.

Photo on right of modern concrete overlay, courtesy of Milagro Custom Flooring Solutions, LLC.

1950's—Decorative Concrete DevelopedBrad Bowman developed the Bomanite process in the mid 1950's in Monterey,

California. (Courtesy of bomanite.com).

1967—Concrete Sports DomeThe first concrete domed sports arena,

known as the Assembly Hall, was built at the University of Illinois.

1970's—Fiber ReinforcementFiber reinforcement was introduced as a

way to strengthen concrete.

1980's—Concrete CountertopsBuddy Rhodes, the father of the concrete

countertop, cast his first countertop in the mid '80s.

(Photo courtesy of Cheng Design.)

1990—Concrete EngravingDarrel Adamson designed the Engrave-A-

Crete ® System.

1992—Tallest Concrete BuildingThe tallest reinforced concrete building was

built in Chicago, Illinois. The 65-story building is known only by its street address.

1999—Polished ConcreteThe first installation of a polished concrete floor in the US was a 40,000-square-foot warehouse floor for the Bellagio in Las

Vegas. (Photo courtesy of HTC-America.)

Placing and Finishing Concrete

Slide 35 - 26.05.2009Research and Technological Development in the Cement and Concrete Industry – W. Dienemann

The Cement and Concrete Industry

Cement and Concrete manufacturing

Lime

Clay

Iron

Kiln

Gypsum

Clinker

Additions

Mill

Gravel

Cement

Admixtures

Sand

Water

Mixer

Types of Concrete:• There are various types of concrete for different applications that are created by changing the proportions of the main

ingredients.

• The mix design depends on the type of structure being built, how the concrete will be mixed and delivered, and how it will be placed to form the structure.

• Examples include:

• Regular concrete• Pre-Mixed concrete• High-strength concrete• Stamped concrete• High-Performance concrete• UHPC (Ultra-High Performance Concrete)• Self-consolidating concretes• Vacuum concretes• Shotcrete• Cellular concrete• Roller-compacted concrete• Glass concrete• Asphalt concrete• Rapid strength concrete• Rubberized concrete• Polymer concrete• Geopolymer or Green concrete• Limecrete• Gypsum concrete• Light-Transmitting Concrete

LATEST TREND IN CONCRETE

•ROLLER COMPACTED CONCRETE

•ULTRA HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE

•FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE

•CELLULAR CONCRETE

•SHOTCRETE

•SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE

•FLOWABLE CONCRETE

Admixtures and Properties

Polypropylene Polypropylene FibersFibers

Benefits•With the addition of polypropylene fiber in the mixture of concrete it enhances the toughness and tensile strength. When concrete is by itself it has the tendency to be very brittle especially in the area of a tensile test which is where the fibers come into play to build in where regular concrete lags, which can increase the compressive strength to a dramatic level. •In coastal areas there is a high concentration of chloride ions from the salty air, this creates corrosion with the steel product which produces rust as a result. This rust has the capacity to expand four to ten times larger than the iron causing a large expansion which makes crakes and voids. Polypropylene fibers now are underway in replacing the reinforcing steel in concrete, which has a much greater strength and can reach up to 20k psi.

Background• Polypropylene is a recent additive to cement as of the 1960s,

whereas other fibers are underway of being tested strength wise for concrete.

Properties•When regular concrete is under a great amount of compression it will spilt and deform on the spot into separate pieces once it reaches its greatest tensile load. Mixing sporadically polypropylene fibers into the cement will balance this effect by attaching to the other piece that wants to spilt away and maintain both sides for a longer duration.

Nanotechnology in Concrete • Nano-catalysts to reduce clinkering

temperature in cement production• Silicon dioxide nano-particles

(nanosilica) for ultra-high strength concrete

• Incorporation of carbon nano-tubes into cement matrix would result in stronger, ductile, more energy absorbing concrete

• Eco-binders (MgO, geopolymers, etc) modified by nano-particles with substantially reduced volume of portland cement

a) Material Preparation

b) Reinforcement Preparation

c) Formwork Preparation

d) Batching of Concrete Ingredients

e) Mixing of Concrete

f) Transportation of Concrete

g) Placing of Concrete

h) Compaction of Concrete

i) Curing of Concrete

j) Standards and Tests

Sequential Steps of Concrete Work

Sample collected

Slump MeasuredCone Removed and Concrete Allowed to ‘Slump’

Slump Cone Filled

Transit Mix Truck (Ready-Mix Truck)

HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE USED IN NEPAL

•HAMA BUILDING-KAMALADI**M60•BHOTEKOSHI HYDROELECTIC PROJECT**M80

•KALI GANDAKI-HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT**M120

•CHAMELIYA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT**M80

•PULCHOWK CAMPUS,MSC THESIS***M128

•WORLDWIDE

•USA IN BRIDGE***M150

•EGYPT***M180-250

•INDIA***M180

•MALAYSIA***M80,M120

•PHD,ENGLAND,2004***M800(HIGHEST)

References and Bibliographywww.encyclopedia,concrete,com

www.concretehistory.com

• Ambuja Technical Literature Series -66; Commentary and Guidelines for application of IS 456: 2000,Section-2.

• Austin CK; Formwork Planning;3rd edition,1981

• Dhir R K & Jones M R ; Innovation in concrete structure; 4 th edition, 2002.

• Gambhir M L ; Concrete Technology, 2 nd edition ; Tata Mc Graw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd. New Delhi, 8th Reprint 2001

• IS 456: 2000; IS Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete, fourth revision;Bureau of Indian Standards, Manak Bhawan,New Delhi.

• IS 456:2000; Explanatory Hand-book for Plain and Reinforced Concrete, fourth revision; Bureau of Indian Standards,Manak Bhawan,New Delhi.

• Neville A M ; Properties of Concrete; 4 th and Final edition; Pearson Edition Asia,2006.

• P. kumar Mehta and Paulo J.M. Monteiro; CONCRETE: Microstructure, properties and Material, Indian Edition(p.n-17-39)

• SHETTY M.S.; CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY: Theory and Practice,S.Chand and Company Ltd. 1998.

• Shrestha K M ; Production of very high Strength Concrete in Nepal; M.Sc. Thesis, I O E Pulchowk Campus, Decc. 2005.

• Taylor W H ; Concrete Technology and Practice

• www.concreteworld.com