EppCHI Society and Tech Pulchowk

8/20/2019 EppCHI Society and Tech Pulchowk

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Nagendra Raj Sitoula

Associate Professor

Msc In Environmental Engineering

Department of Civil Engineering


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NRS 2

Course Objective:

To familiarize the students with their roles

in the society, ethical and legal

environment in which engineering is

practiced, contract administration,

regulatory environment and contemporary

issues in Engineering


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Exponential growth


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deforestation


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Fuel consumption


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causes of international tensions


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Drinking Water crisis


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History of Engineering Practices [3

hours]

1. Man and Society

2. Technology and Society

3. History of Engineering Practice in Eastern

Society

4. History of Engineering Practice in Western

society

5. Engineering Practices in Nepal


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Profession and Ethics [6 hours]

1. Profession: Definition and Characteristics

2. Professional Institutions

3. Relation of an Engineer with Client,

Contractor and Fellow Engineers

4. Ethics, Code of Ethics and Engineering Ethics

5. Moral Dilemma and Ethical Decision Making

6. Detailed Duties of an Engineer and Architect

7. Liability and Negligence


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Professional Practices in Nepal [3

hours]

1. Public Sector practices

2. Private Sector Practices

3. General Job Descriptions of Fresh Graduates

in both Public and Private Sector


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Contract Management [6 hours]

1. Methods of work execution/contracting

2. Types of Contracts

3. Tendering Procedure

4. Contract agreement


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Regulatory Environment [5 hours]

◦ Nepal Engineering Council Act

◦ Labor Law

◦ Intellectual Property Right

◦ Building Codes and Bylaws

◦ Company Registration


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Contemporary Issues in Engineering [3

hours]

1. Globalization and Cross Cultural Issues

2. Public Private Partnership

3. Safety, Risk and Benefit Analysis

4. Development and Environment

5. Conflict and Dispute Management

Chapter 7

Case Studies based on Engineering

Practices [4 hours]


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P Ethi


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P- Ethics

What is

The term society is derived from the Latin word ―socius‖ which means companion, associate, comrade or businesspartner. It indicates that man lives in company of otherpeople.

Man is a social animal. It is difficult to live without society.No infant could reach maturity without the care of otherpeople.

According to Maclver, family was the first form of thesociety. Society means collection of individuals united by

certain relations or modes of behavior which make themoff from others who do not enter into these relations.

Aristotle said ―Man is a social animal‖. Man needs societyfor his living, working and enjoying life.

Society refers to the group of people, but to the complexpattern of the norms of interaction that arise among them.

For the health of society it is essential that there must be alike minded and unlike minded people. Likeness bringsrecognition whereas unlikeness helps in generating new ideas. Invisible likeness and active cooperation is the

backbone of society.

Man forms the society and develops standard and norms.


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What is society?

Society is the union itself the sumof formal relation whichassociating individual are bound

together . GIDDINGS JF Cuber says group of individuals who have lived together longenough to become organised andconsidered themselves and toconsidered as a unit more or lessdistinct from other human units

members of a group live together and


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What is community

members of a group live together and

share no particular interest but the basic condition of

common life.

Man cannot live in isolation.

Man is linked in many ways to his fellows in many ways who form a group. By living together for years

in a definite part of territory, a sort of relation with

people or social likeness is established. This fact of

social living, likeness among these in specific area

gives birth to community. Community is a cluster of

people living with a narrow territorial radius, who

share a common way of life.


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Elements of community

Followings are the elements of community:

people sharing the common feeling and basic conditions of a

common life.

people residing in a definite locality form a community. It occupiesa territorial area.

Feeling of community sentiments is another important

characteristic of a community. It means a feeling of belonging

together. In cities and towns feeling of sentiments lacks

drastically. In village one can still find feeling of communitysentiments.

Unlike crowd, community is of permanent nature.

is not created and made by an act of will but its emergence is quite

natural.

Likeness in language and customs is significant elements . Ends and objectives of community are wider and natural not

artificial.

has no legal status. It can neither sue nor to be sued.

Every community has some specific and particular name.


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Social structure institution)

SOCIETY

RELIGION

ECONOMY

FAMILY

EDUCATION

STATE

CULTURE


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Social structure institution)

To survive, every society must successfully address the same fundamental

social needs. Talcot Parsons identified six basic fundamental social needs

as follows:

All societies must organize the activities of the members to obtain the

basic goods and services necessary for survival (such as food, clothing,shelter, fuel, potable water).

Societies must protect their members from both external and internal

threats. External threats includes invasion by other societies and

destructive natural disasters like hurricanes, tornadoes and earthquakes.

Internal threats include crime like robbery, murder, rape and health

epidemics like AIDS, measles, polio, and the flu.

All societies must replace members lost by death or emigration.

Whenever societies gain new members, they must transmit knowledge of

the rights, obligations, responsibilities, and expectations of appropriate

behavior to the new members. New members must also be taught the

skills they will need to participate as productive member of the society. All society must motivate both new and continuing members to fulfill

their responsibilities and conform to expected behaviors.

Finally, societies must develop mechanisms for solving conflicts.


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Five basic institutions can be

found in all known societies.

The Family: The family is the institution whose

manifest function is to contribute new members to

society. Family also teaches the new members what

is expected of them, and they try to motivatemembers to fulfill those expectations. Families may

reinforce race, gender, and class inequalities in the

way they transmit expectations regarding

appropriate behaviors and goals.

The Religion: Religion manifestly motivates

members to comply with their responsibilities and

obligations by assigning meaning and purpose to

such activities. Religion attempts to reinforce the

family‘s transmission of appropriate behaviors and

goals to new members of society, and it parallels the

family‘s role as a mechanism of conflict resolution.


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Five basic institutions can be found in all known societies.

The Economy: In U.S. the institutions of the economy includes

corporations, organized markets, the banking community,

international trade associations, labor unions, and consumer

organizations. The purpose of economic institutions is primarily

to produce and distribute goods and services throughout society.They also discipline and motivate members of society to perform

their role in the production, distribution, and consumption of

goods and services.

Education: The manifest function of education is to transmit the

skills that all young members of society need to becomeproductive members of the economy as adults. Educational

institutions can also be powerful mechanisms for social change.

When skills taught by school include independent, critical, and

creative thinking, they produce the potential for challenges to

society to alter inequalities and discrimination.


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Five basic institutions can be

found in all known societies.

The State:

State protects society‘s members

from both external and internal threats. The

state also establishes penal and codes to

formally define standards of acceptable andunacceptable behaviors, responsibilities and

obligations, and it specifies sanctions for

violations of these standards. Finally, the state

aid the economy by developing social welfare

programs that distribute goods and services to

individuals the economy can not support. By

enhancing the ability of the poor to consume

goods and services, state directly support the

private producers and the economy. The statemay reinforce other inequalities as well.


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Essential elements of society

Essential elements of society

Plurality: Society is composed of population of all ages and of the both the sexes.

Stability: A society is permanent in character. The social life is organized mainly on

the basis of division of labor.

Likeness: In earlier societies, the sense of likeness was focused on kinship i.e. blood

relationships. In modern societies, the concept has been broadened by the principle

of nationality. A society would not be possible without some mutual

understanding and that understanding depends on the likeness which each

apprehends (understand) in the others.

Differences: Society also includes differences. All our social systems involve

relationship in which differences complement one another. For example: In a

family, apart from biological differences of gender, there are other differences ofopinions, diversities of interests and etc. In social life, there is an indefinite

interplay of likeness and differences of cooperation and conflict of agreement and

dissent.

Interdependence: It is also an essential element to constitute a society. Family is an

example of interdependency. Today, even the countries depend on each other.

Cooperation: Without cooperation no society can exists. The members of a familycooperate with each other to live happily.

Common territory:

Culture : is totality of learned socially transmitted behaviors

Mutual interaction : etc


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Features of society

Society is universal having no assigned boundary and limits.

Members of the society are interdependent and family is the force

of biological inter-dependence of society.

Society is invisible whose existence can only be felt. It is a mutual

interaction of individuals and groups.

Liberty is an essential element of society.

Active cooperation is the backbone of society.

Likeness of members is an essential pre-requisite of society. In view of the above features, a society is web of social

relationship. Maclver opined that family was the first form of

society.

As the time elapsed numerous social groups of different types

came into existence. Presently, society constitutes many types ofassociations, institutions and communities engaged in the welfare

of humanity.


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Characteristics of society

Society is invisible whose existence can only be felt.

Status is very essential aspect of society and groups.

Society consists of people: Society is composed of people. Nopeople no society.

Mutual interaction and mutual awareness: Individuals are incontinuous interaction with other individuals of the society.Social interaction takes through mutual awareness.

Society depends on likeness, mutual understanding (earlier basedon kinship – blood relationship, now nationality).

Society rests on differences in opinion, interest and gender etc.

Society implies interdependence. Society is dynamic. No society can ever remain constant for any

length of time; changeability is the inherent quality of society.

Society has its own ways of controlling the behavior of itsmembers.

Interdependencies and cooperation are important elements of

society. Members of the society depend to each other in many waysand extend cooperation. Family is an example of interdependency.


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Comparison between community and

society

1. Population is very essential for the formation of acommunity.

Population is essential but more important is that themembers should have feeling of oneness as well.

2. For community, some locality or area is essential. Society needs no area and the people living in faroff areas can form a society.

3. Its scope is narrow and localized. It is homogenous

group.

It has wide scope and is thus of more heterogeneous

character.4. Community came after society and in a community

there cannot be many communities.Society came prior to community and its scope iswide, as it embraces many communities.

5. Common objectives are loosely coordinated. Common objectives are closely coordinated.

6. Members are supposed to obey the commands andthus they have less chances of personal development.

Chances of personal development are much more ascompared with the community.


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Origin of societies

Devine theory

Contact theories

Evolution theories


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Types of society

Hunting societies

Pastoral societies

Horticultural societies

Agricultural societies

Industrial societies

Ancient communism societies

Slave age societies

Feudal societies

Capitalism

Socialism

Communism

Stone age

Copper age

Iron age

Silicon age


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What is social change?

1. Social change is the change in the society. Change

is a dynamic and on-going process.

2.

Change is a law of nature and social change is theprogressive transformation of society.

3. Man is a dynamic being.

4. society never remains static.

5. Similarly, a society is subject to constant change.

6. Social change has taken place in all societies at

all times. Society changes with the changes in the

social relationship. Some societies are resistant to

change but no society can prevent change.

P- EthicsWhat is social change?


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P Ethics

Different writers have defined social change differently. Some of them

are:

Maclver : Social change is the change in the human relationship.M.P.Jenson : Social change may be defined as modification in ways of

doing and thinking of people.

When people focus their collective power and work together toward a

common goal social change can happen. Social change is the

change in society due to the alteration in patterns of culture,

social structure, and social behavior over time. It includes the

complex interaction of environment, technology, political,

economic, religious and human action.


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Theories of social change

Evolution theory

Functionalist theory

Conflict theory

Cyclical theory

P- Ethics


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P Ethics

Factors affecting social change

Sociologists have identified a number of specific factors that may

generate changes in all societies. Some of the major sources of

social change are:

Cultural innovation: Three sources of cultural innovation areinvention, discovery, and diffusion. Changes in patterns of

culture, social structure, and social behavior causes social change

over time.

Physical environment: The physical environment has a strong

influence on the culture and social structures of a society.

Environmental disasters like hurricanes, tornadoes, fires,

earthquake causes quick social change and greenhouse effect etc

causes slow change. Geographically less accessible societies or cut

off from other societies by oceans, deserts, mountain ranges,

jungles have tended to change less.

P- Ethics


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P Ethics

Factors affecting social change

Technology: A major source of social change is technology. The

practical applications of technology for example use of computer,

mobiles creates social change. Way of life has been influenced by

various technologies ranging from kitchen gadgets toautomobiles.

Population: Significant decrease or increase in population size or

growth rates may disrupt social life that causes social change.

Human action: Social movements, social conflicts, collective

human action like invasions, occupations by foreign powers, wars,

subversions, and colonization etc causes social change.


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Development and underdevelopment

One of the most significant of all social changes is the transition from pre-industrial to an industrial type ofsociety. Based on the socioeconomic development of the

society, the societies of the world have been grouped into three categories as first world, second world, and the third world.

First world: Countries such as North America, WesternEurope, Australia, Japan, Singapore etc. are grouped as first

world. These countries are industrialized, stable and

developed. Second world: Countries such as Eastern Europe, Malesia

etc. are grouped as second world. They are lessindustrialized and developed.

Third world: Countries like Nepal, Bangaladesh etc. aregrouped as third world. They are less industrialized and

underdeveloped.


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Characteristics of developing

countries

Characteristics of developing countries are:

Poverty Unemployment Limited access to education and health care Poor level of nutrition and health Immature and unbalanced economies Unstable political climate Male dominated societies Belief in religion Lack of scientific/technical infrastructure Less respect for time


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Cultures of East and West

Cultures of East and West

There is a difference between the cultures of East

and West. Western culture attaches significant values to the material gains achieved byindividuals. Hence, the Western cultureevaluates things giving more and more comfort to the individual.

Eastern culture attaches significant values tohigh morality, power of truth, achieved byindividuals and achievements in religiousactivities etc are regarded higher than thoseacquiring materialistic and physical objects.

Eastern culture to the group of people is a family,a community and a society as a whole. Easternculture especially exhibits due respect to the old.


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Western values

Western values

Achievements and success

Activity and work Moral orientation Efficiency and practicability Progress Material comfort Equality Freedom Use of technology Individualistic High concern over time


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technology

The term refers to how input is transferred to output. Technologyis a systematic knowledge which facilitates in the use of machinesand tools. One of the most distinctive of all human characteristicsis that men are tool-using animals. People have used increasingly

sophisticated techniques to act on the social and the natural worldfor thousands of years and they have done so in many ways thathave transformed, and continue to transform, the very conditionsof life on this planet.

Over the generations, simple tools and machines made by human beings such as the knife, the wheel, the plough, the compass, the

clocks, the printing press, the steam engines, the nuclear reactors, the computer, the mobile phones, etc have dramatically influencedour social and natural surroundings. These all are the examples of

technologies, the practical application of scientific or otherknowledge.

Technology and social change are intimately connected,particularly in the modern world, where rapid technological andsocial change tends to go hand in hand. Many people in modernsocieties seem to implicitly assume that technologicaldevelopment and human progress is much the same thing.


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Impact and consequences of technology on society

According to Wikipedia - Technology and

society or technology and culture refers to the cyclical co-dependence, co-influence, co-production of technology and society upon the other (technology upon culture, and vice-versa). This synergistic relationshipoccurred from the dawn of humankind, with the invention of the simple tools; andcontinues into modern technologies such as the printing press and computers.


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Impact and consequences of technology on

1. Modern examples of technological development

2. Economics and technological development

3. Values

4. Ethics

Challenges traditional ethical norms:

Creates an aggregation of effects:

Changes the distribution of justice:

Provides great power:

5. Lifestyle

6. Institutions and groups

7. International

8. Environment


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technological development

Modern examples of

There are extraordinary number of examples how science

and technology has helped us that can be seen in society

today.

The mobile phone is the great example of modern

technology.

The invention of the mobile phone, which did, and still does,

greatly influence society and the way people live their lives.

Now many people are accessible to talk to whoever they

want no matter where any of the two people are.

All these little changes in mobile phones, like Internet

access, are further examples of the cycle of co-production.

Ti li


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…. influenced the way we live our lives.

Time line

today’s modern media player.

At the beginning, cassettes

that method was large and cumbersome

so the manufactures developed compact disks,

which were smaller and could hold more data.

Later, compact disks were again too large and did not hold

enough data that forced today’s manufactures to create MP3

players, which are small and holds large amount of data. Today’s society determined the course of events that many

manufactures took to improving their products so today’s

consumers will purchase their products.

L ki b k i t i t hi t i b id t

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics


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Economics and technological development

Looking back into ancient history, economics can be said to

have arrived on the scene when the occasional, spontaneous

exchange of goods and services begin to occur on a less

occasional, less spontaneous basis.

Clearly, regardless of the goods and services bartered,some amount of technology was involved — if no more than in

the making of shell and bead jewelry. So, from the very

beginning, technology had encouraged the development of

more elaborate economies.

In the modern world, superior technologies give rise torobust economies. In a well-functioning, robust economy,

economic excess naturally flows into greater use of

technology, because technology is such an inseparable part

of human society.

Many foundations and other nonprofit organizationscontribute to the development of technology.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics


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Values

The implementation of technology influences the values of a

society by changing expectations and realities. The

implementation of technology is also influenced by values.

Three major interrelated values of technological innovationsare:

Mechanistic world view : Viewing the universe as a collection

of parts, (like a machine), that can be individually analyzed

and understood.

Efficiency : A value, originally applied only to machines, butnow applied to all aspects of society, so that each element is

expected to attain a higher and higher percentage of its

maximal possible performance, output, or ability.

Social progress : The belief that there is such a thing as

social progress, and that, in the main, it is beneficent.

According to Winston (2003) four major ethical implications

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficiency_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_progresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_progresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficiency_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_and_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_and_society


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Ethics

According to Winston (2003), four major ethical implications

of technological development are:

Challenges traditional ethical norms:

Because technology impacts relationships among individuals,

it challenges how individuals deal with each other, even inethical ways.

Creates an aggregation of effects:

One of the greatest problems with technology is that its

detrimental effects are often small, but cumulative. Such is

the case with the pollution from the burning of fossil fuels in

automobiles. Each individual automobile creates a very

small, almost negligible, amount of pollution, however the

cumulative effect could possibly contribute to the global

warming effect. Other examples include accumulations of

chemical pollutants in the human body, urbanization effectson the environment, etc.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_and_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_and_society


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Justice

Changes the distribution of justice:

The important quality with technology tends to have higher

access to justice systems. Or, justice is not distributed

equally to those with technology versus those without.

Provides great power:

Not only does technology amplify the ability, and hence the

strength, of humans, it also provides a great strategic

advantage to the human(s) who hold the greatest amount of

technology.

For example, Bill Gates has considerable influence (even

outside of the computer industry) in the course of human

affairs due to his successful implementation of computer

technology.


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Lifestyle

In many ways, technology simplifies life.

The rise of a leisure class

A more informed society, which can make quicker responses

to events and trends

Global networking

Creates denser social circles

Cheaper prices

Greater specialization in jobs


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technology complicates life .

In other ways, technology complicates life .

Pollution is a serious problem in a technologically advanced

society (from acid rain to Chernobyl and Bhopal)

The increase in transportation technology has brought

congestion in some areas

New forms of danger existing as a consequence of new

forms of technology, such as the first generation of nuclear

reactors

New forms of entertainment, such as video games and

internet access could have possible social effects on areas

such as academic performance

Increased probability of some diseases and disorders, such

as obesity

Social separation of singular human interaction. Technology

has increased the need to talk to more people faster.


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Institutions and groups

Technology often enables organizational and bureaucratic

group structures that otherwise and heretofore were simply

not possible. Examples of this might include:

The rise of very large organizations: e.g., governments, the

military, health and social welfare institutions, supranational

corporations.

The commercialization of leisure: sports events, products,

etc.

The almost instantaneous dispersal of information

(especially news) and entertainment around the world.


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International

Technology enables greater knowledge of international

issues, values, and cultures. Mostly due to mass

transportation and mass media, the world seems to be amuch smaller place, due to the following, among others:

Globalization of ideas

encourage of values

Population growth and control

Others


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Influence of technology

Technology provides an understanding, and an

appreciation for the world around us.

Influence of technological change on society

Family system and technological change

Religion and technological change

Rural life and technological change

Urban life and technological change


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Influence of technological change on society

Mass production of goods through machines automation

Faster means of transportation

Mass communication

Availability of labor saving device

Faster pace of life

Commercialized recreation

Emphasis on high degree of specialization


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Family system and technological change

Technological change has affected traditional family system

in the following new changes:

Emergence of nuclear family

Women’s involvement in male dominated area of work

Change in standard of living

New way of socialization of the children

Change in orthodox values


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Some demerits brought by technological change to the family system are:

Some demerits to the family system are:

Mechanical life-style Formal type of relationships

Change in existing social customs

Less family ties between family members


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Religion and technological change

Some of the effects of technological change on religion are:

Analysis of religious doctrines and traditions

The rigidity in caste system has been relaxed

Men are free from religious rituals

Religion has become the secondary thing not a primary one


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Rural life and technological change

Some of the effects of technological change on

rural life are:

Migration towards urban areas

Increase in consciousness of rural people

Change in method of farming

Life become comfortable than before Change in life pattern



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Some of the effects of technological change on

urban life are:

Shortage of land and houses

Increase in slums

Problem of transportation

Increase in crimes Expensive life

Money has become the most important thing


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Social application: Solve human/ social problem

such as◦ Medical diagnosis

◦ Computer assisted instruction

◦ Government program planning

◦ Environmental quality control

◦ Law enforcement

Employment and productivity:◦ Increase in employment and productivity

◦ Reduction in some type of job

Impact on competition:◦ Allows large organisation to become more efficient or

gain strategic competitive advantage

◦ Small firms are driven out

NRS IOE 66


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Impact on individuality:

◦ Reduce human relationship◦ Inflexible.

Impact on quality of life:

◦ Production of better quality goods/services at low

costs/effort/time◦ Increase in leisure time

◦ Eliminated monotonous tasks (upgraded quality of life)

Impact on privacy:

◦ Collect, store, integrate, interchange and retrieve-easy.◦ Lost privacy

◦Theft, crime

NRS IOE 67


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Printing press

The printing press is a mechanical device for printing

multiple copies of a text on sheets of paper. Building on

movable type which made its way to Europe fromChina in the 1300s, the use of movable type to mass

produce printed works was popularized by a German

goldsmith and eventual printer, Johannes Gutenberg,

in the 1450s. While there are several local claims for the

invention of the printing press in other parts of

Europe, including Laurens Janszoon Coster in the

Netherlands and Panfilo Castaldi in Italy, Gutenberg is

credited by most scholars with its invention.


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Printing press

Five hundred years ago when the printing press was

invented there was a shift from laborious manuscriptmaking to a print technology allowing large numbers

of copies of written work to be created quickly, giving

greater access to information and setting the stage for a

slow but important transformation of societal literacy.

Through the use of the printing press literature became more


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Printing press

Through the use of the printing press, literature became more

commonplace than a rare commodity.

More copies being circulated of books meant more readers and

more exposure of writing style and technique.

Writers become better at their craft through reading others and

the accessibility made this possible.

This made literature not only more common, but better.

written material became available to the common people

books could be mass produced

newspapers could be produced in large numbers

ideas/scientific knowledge could be easily communicated.

copyright laws were passed helped standardise grammar/spelling


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Gun powder

Chinese Taoist alchemists were the major force behind

the early invention of gunpowder. Emperor Wu Di

(156-87 B.C.) of the Han dynasty financed researchdone by the alchemists on the secrets of eternal life.

The alchemists experimented with the sulphur and

saltpeter heating the substances in order to transform

them. The alchemist Wei Boyang wrote the Book of the

Kinship of the Three detailing the experiments made by

the alchemists.

During the 8th century Tang dynasty, sulphur and

saltpeter were first combined with charcoal to create

an explosive called huoyao or gunpowder. A substance that did not encourage eternal life, however,

gunpowder was used to treat skin diseases and as a

fumigant to kill insects before its advantage as

a weapon was made clear.

http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blrockethistory.htmhttp://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blrockethistory.htm


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gunpowder

The Chinese began experimenting with the gunpowder

filled tubes. At some point, they attached bamboo tubes

to arrows and launched them with bows. Soon theydiscovered that these gunpowder tubes could launch

themselves just by the power produced from the

escaping gas. The true rocket was born.


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Organic chemistry

Chemistry and society

The name organic chemistry came from the word organism.

Prior to 1828, all organic compounds had been obtained from

organisms or their remains.

The scientific philosophy back then was that the synthesis of

organic compounds could only be produced within living matter

while inorganic compounds were synthesized from non-living

matter.

A theory known as "Vitalism" stated that a "vital force" from

living organisms was necessary to make an organic compound.

1828, a German chemist Friedrich Wöhler (1800-1882) amazed the

since community by using the inorganic compound ammonium

cyanate, NH4OCN to synthesize urea, H2NCONH2, an organic

substance found in the urine of many animals.

This led to the disappearance of the "Vitalism" theory.


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Organic chemistry

Chemistry and society

For the first two-thirds of the 20th century, chemistry

was seen by many as the science of the future. The potential of chemical products for enriching

society appeared to be unlimited.

Increasingly, however, and especially in the public

mind, the negative aspects of chemistry have come to the fore.

Disposal of chemical by-products at waste-disposal

sites of limited capacity has resulted in environmental

and health problems of enormous concern.

The legitimate use of drugs for the medically

supervised treatment of diseases has been tainted by

the growing misuse of mood-altering drugs.


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Mechanization

Mechanization or mechanisation is providing human operators

with machinery to assist them with the physical requirements of

work.

It can also refer to the use of machines to replace manual labor oranimals.

A step beyond mechanization is automation.

the term is most often used in industry.

The addition of powered machine tools, such as the steam

powered lathe dramatically reduced the amount of time needed to

carry out various tasks, and improves productivity.

Today very little construction of any sort is carried out with hand

tools.


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Mechanization

At the beginning of the 19th century, mechanization

changed the world.

Now, it looks as if automation might have a similarimpact on society.

Automating difficult, hazardous, and tedious jobs

makes a better work environment for humans.

Robots are remarkable automation tools that havecaptured our imaginations.


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Mechanization

The invention of the steam engine at the end of the 18th century

marked the advent of the Industrial Revolution.

The social and economic impact of the Industrial Revolution on allcountries that embraced it can hardly be overstated.

Though individual strains quickly resulted and a host of new

social problems, none can argue against the increased standard of

living that resulted.

There are those that argue the current expansion of automationand robotics will have an equally profound impact on our society.


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mechanization

Machines have been enhancing human productivity

throughout history, but it wasn't until the IndustrialRevolution that mechanization escalated to alleviate

drudgeries of manual labor and increase productivity

across the board.

Machines became the backbone of production and

manufacturing, but human operators retained their

essential role in controlling the machines.

Slowly, technologies have been developed to reduce

this dependence on human controllers.

Pre-Industrial-Revolution controllers included waterdelivery controlled by clock type mechanisms and

wind aims that kept windmills facing the dominant

winds.


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Political and societal limitation

One-to-one reciprocity.

One-to-many and many-to-one

Generalized reciprocity

Plato‘s Crito, Socrates considers whether citizens

might have a duty of gratitude to obey the laws of the

state, in much the way they have duties of gratitude to

their parents. Many other philosophers haveconsidered similar questions.

political philosophy, history of; for other traditions,

Political philosophy in classical Islam;

Political philosophy, Indian; African philosophy,Anglophone;

Marxism, Chinese;Bushi philosophy; Shō toku

constitution; Sunzi; Marxist thought in Latin America.)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critohttp://www.rep.routledge.com/article/S043http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/H012http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/F083http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/Z007http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/Z007http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/G005http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/G104http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/G107http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/G107http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/G107http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/G107http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/G054http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/ZA013http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/ZA013http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/G054http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/G107http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/G107http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/G107http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/G107http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/G104http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/G005http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/Z007http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/Z007http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/F083http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/H012http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/S043http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato


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Politcal and societal limitation

Economic analysis

Legal analysis

Philosophical analysis (ethics)

Justice and happiness (Aristotle) (GOOD)

Epicurus 3 century BC pleasure , healthy,

friendship

Buddha 500 BC

No killing Respect for life

No stealing Respect for others property

No sexual misconduct Respect for our pure nature

No lying

Respect for honesty

No intoxicants

Respect for a clear mind


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Cultural motivation and limitation

All human behavior is caused. People have a reason for doing

whatever they do.

All human behavior is directed toward achieving a goal. People do

things to accomplish something. Their behavior is not random. Each person is unique because of different heredity and

environment. No two people are alike, so no two people have

exactly the same characteristics.

Most of the traditional theories research methodologies do not

distinguish between different genders and cultures.Today at the time of increased globalization, lots of people seek

employment in other countries and it seems that their prime

motivator is higher wages, thus conclusions of some theories that

money is not prime motivator is uncertain. (any comments)


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Area of forest in new york‘


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Fuel consumption

Economic problems emerge due to scarcity of

resources


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Alternative use and scarce resources

resources.

We do not get adequate resources from the nature to

satisfy all our needs.

Thus an economic man always chooses for whichpurposes the resources are to be utilised.

Economics is the science of scarcity and it studies

how the scarce resources are allocated in between

different uses

“Economics is the science which studies humanbehavior as a relationship between ends and scarce

means which have alternative uses."

Wants are unlimited.

No economic problem would have arisen if man's wants

had been limited


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had been limited.

But in the real life there is no end of wants.

Wants come to half after the death of a man.

Wants rise one after another.

Wants differ in intensity.

Some wants are more intense than others.

As the wants differ in intensity, people allocate

resources to maximise their want satisfaction.

As against wants means to satisfy these wants are

limited.

Unlimited resources would pose no economic problem

as all wants would have been satisfied with unlimited

resources.

Thus there would have been no problem of choosing

between the wants and allocating resources between

them.

The resources refer to natural productive resources,

man made capital goods consumer goods time


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man-made capital goods, consumer goods, time

available with man etc.

The scarce resources have alternative uses.

The scan resources can be put into various uses.Monetary resources can either be utilised for the

production of consumer goods or for the production of

capital goods.

The owner has to decide for which use resources

should be allocated. If the resources would have single use only the

question of choice would not have arisen.

It is because of the alternative uses of resources we

have to decide the best allocation of resources.

With limited wants and unlimited resources a humanbeing faces the problem of choice.

The problem of choice arises due to the presence of

limited resources and the resources are alternatively


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limited resources and the resources are alternatively

used.

In the face of limited resources a man has to choose

which want to satisfy first and which want to reject. He arranges different wants in order of their necessity

for him.

The most urgent wants are satisfied and the less urgent

wants are postponed for future.

The Professor Robbin remarks, when time and meansfor achieving ends are limited and capable of

alternative application and the ends are capable of

being distinguished in order of importance, then

behavior necessarily assume the form of choice."


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scarcity


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Discussion


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Drinking Water crisis

A comprehensive report by former World Bank chief

economist Nicholas Stern undertaken on behalf of


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Climate change and GDP

economist Nicholas Stern undertaken on behalf of

the UK government documents both the costs of

climate change and of options for mitigation and

adaptation. The Stern report estimates the cost of a changed

climate could be from 5 percent to 20 percent of

global GDP.

Costs include those related to losses from declining

agricultural production, heat-waves, droughts,flooding events, extreme precipitation, biodiversity

loss, disease spread, and soil erosion.

Conversely, the study estimates that a stabilization at

500-550 ppm CO2equivalent CO2e, a measure of the

contribution of six key greenhouse gases) will cost

the global community roughly 1 percent of GDP by

2050.

Necessary changes the power sector.

Policies called for in the Stern report include a strong


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Climate change and GDP

Policies called for in the Stern report include a strong

carbon signal through taxes, trading, or regulation,

and research and development into low carbon-

intensive technologies. In addition, Stern suggests that activities to curtail

greenhouse gas emissions will be substantially more

expensive if action is delayed rather than initiated in

the near future:

if we fail to act within the next decade or two,stabilization at 550 ppm CO2e may be too challenging

to achieve at all.

, Hydrology Professor Uri Shamir


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once noted: ‗If there is a political

will for peace, water will not be

a hindrance. If you want reasons

to fight, water will give you

ample opportunities‘

Peace


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Conflict

Climate change Food security

Water

Route

Sustainable security focuses on the interconnected, long- term drivers of insecurity, including:

Cli h l f i f i


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• Climate change: loss of infrastructure, resource scarcityand the mass displacement of peoples, leading to civilunrest, intercommunal violence and internationalinstability.

• Competition over resources: competition for increasinglyscarce resources – including food, water and energy –especially from unstable parts of the world.

• Marginalisation of the majority world: increasing socio-economic divisions and the political, economic and culturalmarginalisation of the vast majority of the world‘spopulation.

• Global militarisation: the increased use of military forceas a security measure and the further spread of military technologies (including chemical, biological, radiologicaland nuclear weapons).

ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY ANDECONOMY; GENERAL AND


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Why engineering and safety?

ECONOMY; GENERAL ANDMISCELLANEOUS//MATHEMATICS, COMPUTING, ANDINFORMATION SCIENCE; HEALTHHAZARDS; RISK ASSESSMENT;OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY;REGULATIONS; COST BENEFIT

ANALYSIS; DECISION MAKING;PRODUCTIVITY; HAZARDS;SAFETY

Marginalisation is an issue both between and withinnations, with income inequality labeled as a driver ofi it th d d i lit i


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insecurity a common thread, and inequality in powerrelations highlighted by the role of unelected forcese.g. the military.

• Militarisation is an issue both at a local level (theavailability of small arms and light weapons,particularly those with an entrenched and seeminglyintractable culture of violence), and at a regionallevel e.g. arms race dynamics in Asia feedinginsecurity.

• Environmental issues (including climate change

and competition over resources) will feed into waterand food insecurity, and affect nations that rely onnatural resources. Natural disasters will occur moreoften because of a changing climate, and this willplace demands on some already fragile governments

C t– b fit d th i k t


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Risk, cost benefit and engineering

decision

Cost– benefi t and other risk acceptance

studies are routinely conducted by the

Nuclear Regulatory Commission, theEnvironmental Protection Agency, the

Federal Aviation Administration, and other

agencies. These studies are particularly

useful for low probability–high consequence

events where public safety is a key criterionfor decision making. This includes the

design and assessment of buildings, bridges,

levees, and other infrastructure systems for

protection against seismic, flood, hurricaneand other natural hazards.

Since the events of SEP 11 there has been much focus

on preventing or mitigating damage and casualties


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on preventing or mitigating damage and casualties

caused by terrorist activity. For example, since 2001

over $300 billion has been spent

by US government agencies on counterterrorism(CT) protective measures in the US homeland. Of

this, approximately $90 billion has been spent by the

US government on ‘protecting critical infrastructure

and key resources

A key issue is whether this CT expenditure has been invested in a manner that optimises public

safety in a cost-effective manner.

This is why the 9-11 Commission report, amongst

others, called on the US government to implement

security measures that reflect assessment of risks andcost effectiveness

Technology advances risk are unavoidable

Engineers are in social experimentation


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risk

Engineers are in social experimentation

Multiple responsibilities

Social benefit and risk

risk /risk/

Noun:A situation involving exposure to danger:

"flouting the law was too much of a

risk".Verb:Expose (someone or something valued) to

danger, harm, or loss: "he risked his life to save his

dog".Synonyms:noun . hazard - peril - jeopardy -danger - venture - chance

verb . hazard - venture - jeopardize - adventure -

chance

RISK ANALYSIS

Possible alternatives


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Possible alternatives

Specify objectives and measure the effect

Identify consequences

Quantify the alternatives

Analyses the alternatives

MANAGING RISK

Deal with uncertaintiesFocus Specific classes of risk

Commitment to immediate solution

Inflexibility in risk analysis

Risk management does not promote consensus,

collaboration cooperation


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Cost / Benefit / Risk Analysis

Cost / Benefit

1. Define, or breakdown the plan / decision /process into its elements by drawing up a

flowchart or list of inputs, outputs, activities

and events.

2. Calculate, research or estimate the cost and

benefit associated with each element. (Include

if possible direct, indirect, financial and social

costs and benefits)

3. Compare the sum of the costs with the sum

of the benefits.


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Cost / Benefit / Risk Analysis

Benefit / Risk

4. Rank the elements into a hierarchy thatreflects their impact of their potential success /

failure on the whole process. If the variation in

the potential impact of the ranked elements is

significant, then:

5. Assign weighting values to each element.

6. Estimate the likelihood of success or failure

of each element.

7. Multiply the likelihood of success or failure

for each element by its weighting value.

8. Compare the risk (result of 7) with the costs

and benefits associated with (3).

en·gi·neer·ing /ˌenjəˈni(ə)riNG/

N Th b h f i d


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What is engineering

Noun: The branch of science and technology concerned with the

design, building, and use ofengines, machines, andstructures.

The work done by, or theoccupation of, an engineer.

Synonyms :technique - technics

Engineering is the practical application of


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What is Engineering?

g g p ppscience and math to solve problems, and it iseverywhere in the world around you.

From the start to the end of each day,engineering technologies improve the ways that we communicate, work, travel, stay healthy, andentertain ourselves.

Engineers are problem-solvers who want to

make things work more efficiently and quicklyand less expensively.

From computer chips and satellites to medicaldevices and renewable energy technologies,engineering makes our modern life possible.

In particular, engineers have a wide range ofstudy options and career paths that let themdesign, build, and manage those ideas intoreality.

ed·u·ca·tion

[ej-oo -key-shuh n] Show IPA


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what is education?

u 1. the act or process of imparting or acquiring generalknowledge, developing the powers ofreasoning andjudgment, and generally of prepari

ng oneself or othersintellectually for mature life. 2. the act or process of imparting or acquiring pa

rticularknowledge or skills, as for a profession.

3.a degree, level, or kind of schooling: a universit y education.

4. the result produced by instruction, training, or study: toshow one's education.

5. the science or art of teaching; pedagogics.

1. instruction, schooling, learning. EDUCATION, TRAINING imp

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/maturehttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/arthttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/arthttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mature


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Synonyms of education

ly a

discipline and development by means of study and learning.

EDUCATION

is the development of the abilities of the mind(learning to know): a liberal education. TRAINING is practical

education (learning to do) or practice, usually under supervi

sion,

in some art, trade, or profession: training in art, teacher trai

ning. 4. learning, knowledge, enlightenment. EDUCATION, CUL

TURE are

often used interchangeably to mean the results of schooling.

EDUCATION, however, suggests chiefly the information acqui

red. CULTURE is a mode of thought and feeling encouraged by

education. It suggests an aspiration toward, and an apprecia

tionof high intellectual and esthetic ideals: The level of culture i

n country depends upon the education of its people.

What Is Education? is a profound philosophical explorationof how we transmit knowledge in human society and how


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What is Education?

of how we transmit knowledge in human society and how we think about accomplishing that vital task.

Most contemporary approaches to education follow astrictly empirical track, aiming to discover pragmaticsolutions for teachers and school administrators.

Jackson argues that we need to learn not just how toimprove on current practices but also how to think about

what education means—in short, we need to answer Dewey

by constantly rethinking education from the ground up.Guiding us through the many facets of Dewey‘s comments, Jackson also calls on Hegel, Kant, and Paul Tillich to shedlight on how a society does, can, and should transmit truthand knowledge to successive generations.

Teasing out the implications in these thinkers‘ worksultimately leads Jackson to the conclusion that education is

at root a moral enterprise.


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Before the Industrial Revolution in

the late 18th century there were


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History of engineering

the late 18th century, there were

only two kinds of engineers:

Military engineers – who built

fortifications, catapults, and later,

cannons

Civil engineers – who built bridges,harbors, aqueducts, buildings and

other structures

Engineering is an incredibly broad field which involves the

harnessing of mathematical and scientific concepts to create


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engineering

practical and useful things, ranging from automobiles to

wind turbines. This field is huge, encompassing people in a

wide range of industries, and some people call it ―theinvisible science,‖ because engineers are often unsung and

unheralded, despite the fact that the work they do is very

important. Many colleges and universities offer courses in

engineering, for people who are interested in pursuing this

field as a career.

Engineering is a very ancient field of human endeavor. Early

humans utilized their knowledge of the natural world to

figure out things like irrigation schemes and how to build

boats which didn't sink. Over time, as humans learned more

about science and mathematics, engineering got more

complex, and this field paved the way for the modern society

we live in today. Chances are that you are benefiting from a

product of engineering right now, as you are probably using a

computer to read this article.

There are a number of subfields encompassed by engineering.

Among these are mechanical, computer, electrical, military,

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engineering

civil, environmental, aerospace, and chemical engineering. All

of these fields require different types of training; aerospace

engineers, for example, learn a great deal about physics andspace in the course of their work, while environmental

engineers consider issues like pollution control and the

impact of humans on their environment.

An engineering education is based on a strong

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What is engineering?

foundation in math and science.

Additional courses emphasize the application of this

knowledge to a specific engineering field.

Studies in the social sciences and the humanities give

the engineer a broader education.

Engineering Technology Council of the AmericanSociety for Engineering Education.

E i i h l i h f i i hi h


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What is engineering?

Engineering technology is the profession in which a knowledge of mathematics and natural sciences

gained by higher education, experience, and practice is devoted primarily to the implementation and extension of existing technology for the benefit of humanity.

Engineering technology education focuses primarily

on the applied aspects of science and engineering aimed at preparing graduates for practice in that portion of the technological spectrum closest to product improvement, manufacturing, construction, and engineering operational functions.

Thus engineering technology is the application ofengineering principles and modern technology tohelp solve or prevent technical problems.

Update and expand your technical skills

and knowledge


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Education and training

and knowledge

Understand and apply new technologies

Solve on-the-job problems

Network with your peers

Industry expects an increasing shortage of high qualityengineers over the next years.

Industry and universities are in good agreement on the


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Engineering education & training in 21st century

Industry and universities are in good agreement on the ways in which university engineering courses should be improved to provide graduates better motivated and

attuned to the needs of industry and business. Research quality has benefited from the strong focus

on research performance and increased funding forresearch.

We must now turn that focus on teaching and makeour learning and teaching approaches for engineeringstudents fit for 21st Century ‗learners‘ and able todeliver the knowledge and skills industry needs.

This requires increased funding for engineeringcourses and an increase in the perceived status of andreward for innovative teaching in our strongest

universities.

…………………

Ethi


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Ethics,

environment, equality,

sustainability etc

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