The History of an The History of an Idea: Idea:

DEVOLUTIONDEVOLUTION

Throughout the 16Throughout the 16thth century differences century differences between England and Wales became minimal between England and Wales became minimal and a new amalgam of Norman, Welsh and and a new amalgam of Norman, Welsh and English elements facilitated the incorporation English elements facilitated the incorporation of Wales into the English political, legal and of Wales into the English political, legal and administrative system (Acts of Union 1536-administrative system (Acts of Union 1536-1543).1543).

The emergence of the English Empire -an The emergence of the English Empire -an empire based mainly on the predominance of empire based mainly on the predominance of the wealth, resources and population of the wealth, resources and population of southern England over the rest of the British southern England over the rest of the British Isles and later on over North America and the Isles and later on over North America and the West Indies.West Indies.

Steady internal colonization: IRELANDSteady internal colonization: IRELAND Scotland conquered by Cromwell’s armies – Scotland conquered by Cromwell’s armies –

Union Act of 1707 (great contributor: John Union Act of 1707 (great contributor: John Knox, the father of the KIRK, a process Knox, the father of the KIRK, a process encouraged by the Tudors and Stuarts)encouraged by the Tudors and Stuarts)

Reformation and the subsequent translation Reformation and the subsequent translation of the Bible into English: great instruments of of the Bible into English: great instruments of AnglicizationAnglicization

The Legacy of the English The Legacy of the English REVOLUTION:REVOLUTION:

It generated new political and religious It generated new political and religious ideasideas

The Protectorate exerted a ruthless, The Protectorate exerted a ruthless, colonial power over the ‘Celtic Fringe’ colonial power over the ‘Celtic Fringe’ (the conquest of Scotland; the massacre (the conquest of Scotland; the massacre of Irish Catholics)of Irish Catholics)

Its overall impact will be sanctioned with Its overall impact will be sanctioned with a vengeance upon Restoration: a vengeance upon Restoration: Dissenters will be rendered second-class Dissenters will be rendered second-class citizens for the next two centuries.citizens for the next two centuries.

HOSTILITY between the Establ.HOSTILITY between the Establ. Church and DissentChurch and Dissent

The Glorious RevolutionThe Glorious Revolution The Protestant Ascendancy (once the Jacobite The Protestant Ascendancy (once the Jacobite

Rebellion is quashed in Ireland (at the Boyne in Rebellion is quashed in Ireland (at the Boyne in 1690) and in Scotland in 1746 (Culloden); modern 1690) and in Scotland in 1746 (Culloden); modern principles of governmentprinciples of government

Liberal principles enshrined in the constitution; Liberal principles enshrined in the constitution; religious toleration (?!)religious toleration (?!)

William III – a fierce opponent of Catholicism William III – a fierce opponent of Catholicism Settlement Act (1701)Settlement Act (1701)

DISSENT AND THE INDUSTRIAL DISSENT AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

– Large-scale movement of the population within Large-scale movement of the population within the British Isles: the British Isles: melting pot effectmelting pot effect

– Dissent numerically comparable to the Est. Dissent numerically comparable to the Est. Church; Dissenting sects take advantage of the Church; Dissenting sects take advantage of the great modernising and urbanising effects of great modernising and urbanising effects of IndustrializationIndustrialization

– Reform Act of 1832 and the est. of the Reform Act of 1832 and the est. of the University College London University College London great strength of the great strength of the Dissenters; the setting up of the Liberal Party Dissenters; the setting up of the Liberal Party (the party of the North against the South)(the party of the North against the South)

From Home Rule to DevolutionFrom Home Rule to Devolution

** Charles St. Parnell and the Charles St. Parnell and the Home Rule Movement in the 1880’sHome Rule Movement in the 1880’s

* The Third Home Rule Bill * The Third Home Rule Bill passed by the Commonspassed by the Commons

* James Connolly and the Easter * James Connolly and the Easter Rising of 1916Rising of 1916

* The Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921* The Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921

By arranging chronologically the following events you will end up with the By arranging chronologically the following events you will end up with the story ofstory of

the ‘Troubles’ in Northern Ireland:the ‘Troubles’ in Northern Ireland:

30 January 1972 30 January 1972 Blood SundayBlood Sunday when the customary water cannons were when the customary water cannons were replaced by real guns and 13 demonstrators were shot dead by soldiers;replaced by real guns and 13 demonstrators were shot dead by soldiers;

Stormont, the parliament of N Ireland unable to accept British interference, Stormont, the parliament of N Ireland unable to accept British interference, resigned; resigned;

Attacked by Protestant extremists. Clashes with the police - serious Attacked by Protestant extremists. Clashes with the police - serious tensions between the communities; tensions between the communities;

August 1969 severe rioting broke out in Londonderry and Belfast; August 1969 severe rioting broke out in Londonderry and Belfast; British troops sent in to restore order; British troops sent in to restore order; 1969 IRA moved in to protect Catholics from the gangs of protestant 1969 IRA moved in to protect Catholics from the gangs of protestant

extremists; extremists; British government decided to take over responsibility for law and order; British government decided to take over responsibility for law and order; In the late 60’s many Catholics (who made up more than a third of Ireland’s In the late 60’s many Catholics (who made up more than a third of Ireland’s

population) first organised peaceful demonstrations for civil rights; population) first organised peaceful demonstrations for civil rights; The role of the army changed from protecting the Catholics to fighting the The role of the army changed from protecting the Catholics to fighting the

IRA who previously did not have much support in N Ireland; IRA who previously did not have much support in N Ireland; The Good Friday Agreement, signed in 1998, and its provisions successfully The Good Friday Agreement, signed in 1998, and its provisions successfully

passed. A referendum organized in Ireland and N Ireland; passed. A referendum organized in Ireland and N Ireland; The Province under direct rule from London; The Province under direct rule from London; The agreement led to the reopening of Stormont and replacement of British The agreement led to the reopening of Stormont and replacement of British

rule by a power-sharing government where all political parties were rule by a power-sharing government where all political parties were represented; represented;

They used all the methods of terrorism to try to achieve their aim to get the They used all the methods of terrorism to try to achieve their aim to get the British army out and secure a united Ireland; British army out and secure a united Ireland;

In 2002, Stormont was once again suspended over mounting In 2002, Stormont was once again suspended over mounting disagreements, especially the refusal of the IRA to decommission (give up disagreements, especially the refusal of the IRA to decommission (give up weapons); weapons);

Early 70s IRA’s control of some urban areas was so great that they were Early 70s IRA’s control of some urban areas was so great that they were called ‘no-go areas’ (e.g. Londonderry).called ‘no-go areas’ (e.g. Londonderry).

DEVOLUTION IN CONTEMPORARY BRITAINDEVOLUTION IN CONTEMPORARY BRITAIN

Devolution put to referendum in 1979 – failed (only Devolution put to referendum in 1979 – failed (only 11. 8% in favour in Wales and only 33% voted in 11. 8% in favour in Wales and only 33% voted in Scotland out of the mandatory 40%)Scotland out of the mandatory 40%)

The 1997 referenda – a historic breakthrough, The 1997 referenda – a historic breakthrough, followed by parliamentary elections in May 6, 1999 – followed by parliamentary elections in May 6, 1999 – huge reshuffle of political powerhuge reshuffle of political power

Acute fear of nationalist triumph in the May 2007 Acute fear of nationalist triumph in the May 2007 elections in Scotland – recent polls suggest that elections in Scotland – recent polls suggest that Alexander Salmond’s SNP is ahead of LabourAlexander Salmond’s SNP is ahead of Labour

October 2006 IMC concludes that IRA abandoned October 2006 IMC concludes that IRA abandoned terrorism irreversibly, thus paving the road to a final terrorism irreversibly, thus paving the road to a final settlement of the “troubles” in N Ireland – St settlement of the “troubles” in N Ireland – St Andrews AgreementAndrews Agreement

Yet, Sinn Fein should recognize PSNIYet, Sinn Fein should recognize PSNI 26 March 2007 - the new deadline for devolution in 26 March 2007 - the new deadline for devolution in

N Ireland and the appointment of a power-sharing N Ireland and the appointment of a power-sharing government (Ian Paisley of the DUP First Minister government (Ian Paisley of the DUP First Minister and Martin McGuiness of Sinn Fein as Deputy First and Martin McGuiness of Sinn Fein as Deputy First Minister)Minister)

At the base of the statue there were inscribed the opening wordsAt the base of the statue there were inscribed the opening words of the Scotland Act: ‘There Shall Be A Scottish Parliament’, of the Scotland Act: ‘There Shall Be A Scottish Parliament’, a phrase to which Dewar himself famously said ‘I Like That!’a phrase to which Dewar himself famously said ‘I Like That!’

From Immigration to MulticulturalismFrom Immigration to Multiculturalism Norman ConquestNorman Conquest Beginnings of slave tradeBeginnings of slave trade GypsiesGypsies CeltsCelts Huguenots and other persecuted Huguenots and other persecuted

protestants protestants Black community of London of Black community of London of

about 15.000about 15.000 RomansRomans German Hansa merchants and German Hansa merchants and

Flemish weaversFlemish weavers Jewish community expelledJewish community expelled First Jewish communityFirst Jewish community Caribbeans Caribbeans First black people (the African First black people (the African

Division of the Roman army)Division of the Roman army) Anglo-SaxonsAnglo-Saxons Irish workers fled starvationIrish workers fled starvation Resettlement of JewsResettlement of Jews Asians expelled from East AfricaAsians expelled from East Africa Jews fled pogroms in Russia and Jews fled pogroms in Russia and

Poland and later the rise of Poland and later the rise of Nazism in Germany.Nazism in Germany.

Seafarers from India and China Seafarers from India and China settling in such ports as London, settling in such ports as London, Liverpool and Cardiff.Liverpool and Cardiff.

Immigrants from India, Pakistan Immigrants from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh and Bangladesh

Lombard moneylendersLombard moneylenders Hong Kong Chinese and refugees Hong Kong Chinese and refugees

from Vietnamfrom Vietnam VikingsVikings The first group of 492 Jamaicans The first group of 492 Jamaicans

arrived on the MV arrived on the MV Empire Empire WindrushWindrush

17th century3rd century8th century5th century106616561st millennium BCAD43 16th century after 106619th and 20th century12901960’s and 1980smid 18th century19th century13th and 14th centurythe 1970s and 1980s22 June 1948throughout the 1950s and early 60s16th centurythe 1970smid 19th century

Some statistical data:Some statistical data: Compared to the majority population:Compared to the majority population:

– Ethnic minorities are YOUNGER: median age for Afro-Ethnic minorities are YOUNGER: median age for Afro-Caribbeans is 33, for Indians 31, for Bangladeshi 18 (white Caribbeans is 33, for Indians 31, for Bangladeshi 18 (white population: 37)population: 37)

– Non-whites form the majority of residents in Newham and Non-whites form the majority of residents in Newham and Brent, Southall’s Sikhs, Leicester’s Hindus and Brixton’s Brent, Southall’s Sikhs, Leicester’s Hindus and Brixton’s blacks live in areas with white majorityblacks live in areas with white majority

– In areas with large ethnic population like Rochdale, In areas with large ethnic population like Rochdale, Oldham, Burnley – high levels of internal ethnic Oldham, Burnley – high levels of internal ethnic segregation: in Rochdale, 96 per cent of the Pakistani segregation: in Rochdale, 96 per cent of the Pakistani community and 89 per cent of Bangladeshis live in the five community and 89 per cent of Bangladeshis live in the five inner wards, among the most deprived areas in the North-inner wards, among the most deprived areas in the North-West. West.

– Pakistanis form the largest ethnic group in the North-Pakistanis form the largest ethnic group in the North-West, Yorkshire and Scotland, while British Indians are the West, Yorkshire and Scotland, while British Indians are the largest ethnic group in both the West and East Midlands, largest ethnic group in both the West and East Midlands, as well as in most of the predominantly white regions of as well as in most of the predominantly white regions of England. England.

– The Afro-Caribbean community is the most 'integrated', The Afro-Caribbean community is the most 'integrated', with the highest levels of inter-racial marriages (eight with the highest levels of inter-racial marriages (eight times higher than those for blacks in the United States), times higher than those for blacks in the United States),

– Two-thirds (67%) of Pakistanis and Bangladeshis are living Two-thirds (67%) of Pakistanis and Bangladeshis are living in poverty according to latest statistics. it also found that in poverty according to latest statistics. it also found that a third of Indians and Caribbeans and half of Black a third of Indians and Caribbeans and half of Black Africans are living in poverty. This compares with less than Africans are living in poverty. This compares with less than a quarter of the British population overall. a quarter of the British population overall.

How would you describe an How would you describe an inner cityinner city using the using the props below:props below:

“…“…he found three Englands. There was guide-he found three Englands. There was guide-book England, of palaces and forests; 19th book England, of palaces and forests; 19th century industrial England of factories and century industrial England of factories and suburbs; and contemporary England of by-suburbs; and contemporary England of by-passes and suburbs. Now half a century later, passes and suburbs. Now half a century later, there is another England as well: the inner city.”there is another England as well: the inner city.”

The inner city in question is in Bradford/ derelict The inner city in question is in Bradford/ derelict houses/ poverty/ unemployment/ most of the houses/ poverty/ unemployment/ most of the area an Asian district/ pubs stayed open late/ area an Asian district/ pubs stayed open late/ heavily policed/ “diverse, disparate population, heavily policed/ “diverse, disparate population, ethnically mixed”/ “no shared outlook, beliefs ethnically mixed”/ “no shared outlook, beliefs and an established form of life.and an established form of life.””

(Hanif Kureishi,(Hanif Kureishi,London Kills MeLondon Kills Me, Faber & Faber, , Faber & Faber, 1991: 128-130)1991: 128-130)

““In the mid-1960s Pakistanis were a risible In the mid-1960s Pakistanis were a risible subject in England, derided on television and subject in England, derided on television and exploited by politicians. They had the worst exploited by politicians. They had the worst jobs, they were uncomfortable in England, jobs, they were uncomfortable in England, some of them had difficulties with the some of them had difficulties with the language. They were despised and out of place. language. They were despised and out of place. From the start I tried to deny my Pakistani self. From the start I tried to deny my Pakistani self. It was a curse and I wanted to be rid of it. I It was a curse and I wanted to be rid of it. I wanted to be like everyone else. I read with wanted to be like everyone else. I read with understanding a story in a newspaper about a understanding a story in a newspaper about a black boy, who, when he noticed that burnt skin black boy, who, when he noticed that burnt skin turned white, jumped into a bath of boiling turned white, jumped into a bath of boiling water. At school one teacher always spoke to water. At school one teacher always spoke to me in a ‘Peter Sellers’ Indian accent. Another me in a ‘Peter Sellers’ Indian accent. Another refused to call me by name, calling me refused to call me by name, calling me Pakistani Pete instead…”Pakistani Pete instead…”

(Hanif Kureishi, (Hanif Kureishi, London Kills MeLondon Kills Me, Faber & , Faber & Faber, 1991, 73-75, 100)Faber, 1991, 73-75, 100)

““The breeding of millions of half-caste children would merely The breeding of millions of half-caste children would merely produce a generation of misfits and create national tensions”produce a generation of misfits and create national tensions” (Duncan Sandys, 1967)(Duncan Sandys, 1967)

““This country will not be worth living in for our children…As I look This country will not be worth living in for our children…As I look ahead I am filled with foreboding. Like the Romans I seem to see ahead I am filled with foreboding. Like the Romans I seem to see the River Tiber foaming with much blood…”the River Tiber foaming with much blood…” (Enoch Powell, 1968). (Enoch Powell, 1968).

"Europe becomes more and more a province of Islam, a colony of "Europe becomes more and more a province of Islam, a colony of Islam."Islam." (Oriana Fallaci, (Oriana Fallaci, The Force of ReasonThe Force of Reason, 2004), 2004)

“ “Christianity’s ancient stronghold of Europe is rapidly giving way Christianity’s ancient stronghold of Europe is rapidly giving way to Islam... Current trends suggest Islamization will happen, for to Islam... Current trends suggest Islamization will happen, for Europeans seem to find it too strenuous to have children, stop Europeans seem to find it too strenuous to have children, stop illegal immigration, or even diversify their sources of immigrants. illegal immigration, or even diversify their sources of immigrants. Instead, they prefer to settle unhappily into civilizational Instead, they prefer to settle unhappily into civilizational senility…”.senility…”. (Daniel Pipes director of (Daniel Pipes director of The Middle East ForumThe Middle East Forum and and author of author of MiniaturesMiniatures). ).

““We are a British nation with British characteristics. Every nation We are a British nation with British characteristics. Every nation can take some minorities and in many ways they add to the can take some minorities and in many ways they add to the richness and variety of this country. But the moment a minority richness and variety of this country. But the moment a minority threatens to become a big one, people get frightened. Some people threatens to become a big one, people get frightened. Some people have felt swamped by immigrants. They’ve seen the whole have felt swamped by immigrants. They’ve seen the whole character of their neighbourhood change… Of course people can character of their neighbourhood change… Of course people can feel that they are swamped. Small minorities can be absorbed but feel that they are swamped. Small minorities can be absorbed but once a minority in a neighbourhood gets very large people do feel once a minority in a neighbourhood gets very large people do feel swamped.”swamped.” (Margaret Thatcher’s* speeches in Solomos, J. (Margaret Thatcher’s* speeches in Solomos, J. Race and Race and Racism in BritainRacism in Britain. London: Macmillan. 1993). London: Macmillan. 1993)

RACIAL RELATIONS IN CONTEMPORARY BRITAINRACIAL RELATIONS IN CONTEMPORARY BRITAIN Immigration legislation introduced in 1962, 1968 and 1971, and the Immigration legislation introduced in 1962, 1968 and 1971, and the

1981 Nationality Act, brought in new restrictions to discourage 1981 Nationality Act, brought in new restrictions to discourage immigration. immigration.

During the 1990s the scale of immigration declined, consisting mainly During the 1990s the scale of immigration declined, consisting mainly of spouses and dependents of those already in Britain. More recently, of spouses and dependents of those already in Britain. More recently, there has been a growing number of refugees and asylum seekers. there has been a growing number of refugees and asylum seekers.

In 1971 the Heath government introduced an Immigration Act which In 1971 the Heath government introduced an Immigration Act which had the effect of treating Commonwealth citizens as had the effect of treating Commonwealth citizens as aliensaliens, except , except those born in Britain or who had a parent or grandparent born in those born in Britain or who had a parent or grandparent born in Britain (patriality).Britain (patriality).

The Race Relations Act of 1976The Race Relations Act of 1976 marked an important step forward in marked an important step forward in combating racial discrimination and promoting equality of opportunity combating racial discrimination and promoting equality of opportunity in employment, education, provision of goods and facilities. The Act in employment, education, provision of goods and facilities. The Act also distinguishes between two main types of racial discrimination: also distinguishes between two main types of racial discrimination: direct discriminationdirect discrimination and and indirect discriminationindirect discrimination

Public Order Act of 1986Public Order Act of 1986 – incitement to racial hatred, circulation of – incitement to racial hatred, circulation of racist material: offencesracist material: offences

The Football (Offences) Act of 1991 makes racist chanting at football The Football (Offences) Act of 1991 makes racist chanting at football matches an offencematches an offence

Commission for Racial Equality – CRE, set up under the 1976 Act. Commission for Racial Equality – CRE, set up under the 1976 Act. There are 87 Racial Equality councils funded jointly by the CRE and There are 87 Racial Equality councils funded jointly by the CRE and

local authorities. local authorities. The Leadership Challenge 1997; The Leadership Challenge 1997; Race in MediaRace in Media awards; A awards; A Race RelationsRace Relations

ForumForum was set up by the Home Secretary Jack Straw in June 1998 was set up by the Home Secretary Jack Straw in June 1998

FACTFACTfilefile: The Stephen LAWRENCE Case: The Stephen LAWRENCE Case ““I would like Stephen to be remembered as a I would like Stephen to be remembered as a

young man who had a future. He was well-loved young man who had a future. He was well-loved and had he been given the chance to survive and had he been given the chance to survive maybe he would have been the one to bridge the maybe he would have been the one to bridge the gap between black and white.” gap between black and white.” (Doreen Lawrence, (Doreen Lawrence, the late Stephen Lawrence’s mother)the late Stephen Lawrence’s mother)