H E L MThe

TYPOG RAPHIC ISSUE : ST. AUGUSTINE ART WALK FESTIVAL (pg . 123)

“BACK TO THE BASICS”

STOPPING SLOPPY

TYPEOGRAPHY

WAYS TO BETTER YOUR TYPE CASTING

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S T O R I E S O F T H E T Y P E

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10 302040 08 First Comes First:

Japanese Wood Prints

21TIME TO KILL 29 RANDOM HISTORY 36 YE OLD STUFF 39 LOOK INTO THE PAST

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W O O D B L O C K Ukiyo-e, or ukiyo-ye (“pictures of the f loating world”), is a genre of woodblock prints and paintings that f lourished in Japan from the 17th through 19th centuries. Aimed at the prosperous merchant class in the urbanizing Edo period (1603–1867), depictions of beautiful women; kabuki actors and sumo wrestlers; scenes from history and folk tales; travel scenes and landscapes; and popular typeography pictures. The earliest success was in the 1670s with Moronobu’s paintings and monochromatic prints of beautiful women. Colour prints came gradually—at first added by hand and only for special commissions. By the 1740s, artists such as Masanobu used multiple woodblocks to print areas of colour. From the 1760s, the success of Harunobu’s “brocade prints” led to full-colour production becoming standard, each print made with ten or more blocks.

The peak period in terms of quantity and quality was

marked by portraits of beauties and actors by masters

such as Kiyonaga, Utamaro, and Sharaku in the late

18th century. This peak was followed in the 19th

century by a pair of masters best remembered for their

landscapes: the bold formalist Hokusai, whose Great

Wave off Kanagawa is one of the best-known works of

Japanese art; and the serene, atmospheric Hiroshige,

most noted for the series The Fifty-three Stations of

the Tōkaidō. Following the deaths of these two masters,

and against the technological and social modernization

that followed the Meiji Restoration of 1868, ukiyo-e

production went into steep decline.

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10BACK TO THE

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STOPPING

There’s a billboard along the freeway in San Francisco that’s entirely typographic, and very simple. Against a bright blue background, white letters spell out a single short line, set in quotation marks: “Are you lookin’ at me?” The style of the letters is traditional, with serifs; it looks like a line of dialogue, which is exactly what it’s supposed to look like. Since this is a billboard, and the text is the entire message of the billboard, it’s a witty comment on the fact that you are looking at “me”—that is, the message on the billboard—as you drive past.

But, as my partner and I drove past and spotted this billboard for the first time, we both simultaneously voiced the same response: “No, I’m looking at your apostrophe!”

The quotation marks around the sentence are real quotation marks, which blend in with the style of the lettering—“typographers’ quotes,” as they’re sometimes called—but the apostrophe at the end of “lookin’” is, disconcertingly, a single “typewriter quote,” a straight up-and-down line with a rounded top and a teardrop tail at the bottom.

To anyone with any sensitivity to the shapes of letters, whether they know the terms of typesetting or not, this straight apostrophe is like a fart in a symphony—boorish, crude, out of place, and distracting.

10BACK TO THE

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THIS THIS THIS THIS THIS THIS THIS THIS THIS

SLOPPY

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The normal quotation marks at the beginning and end of the sentence just serve to make the loud “blat!” of the apostrophe stand out. If that had been the purpose of the billboard, it would have been very effective. But unless the billboards along Highway 101 have become the scene of an exercise in typographic irony, it’s just a big ol’ mistake. Really big, and right out there in plain sight.

ought to be part of the education of every graphic designer. But clearly, this isn’t the case—or else a lot of designers skipped that part of the class, or have simply forgotten what they have once learned about type. Or, they naively believe the software they use will do the job for them. Maybe it’s time for a nationwide—no, worldwide—program of remedial courses in using type.

Automated Errors As my own small gesture toward improvement, I’ll point out a couple of the more obvious problems—in the

slightly less commonplace, at least for awhile. Typewriter quotes and straight apostrophes are actually on the wane, thanks to word-processing programs and page-layout programs that offer the option of automatically changing them to typographers’ quotes on the fly. (I’m not sure what has made the phenomenon I spotted on that billboard so common, but I’ve noticed a lot of examples recently of text where the double quotation marks are correct but the apostrophes are straight.)

The Devil Is in the Details This may be a particularly large-scale example, but it’s not unusual. Too much of the signage and printed matter that we read—and that we, if we’re designers or typographers, create—is riddled with mistakes like this. It seems that an amazing number of people responsible for creating graphic matter are incapable of noticing when they get the type wrong.

This should not be so. These fine points ought to be covered in every basic class in typography, and basic typography

F I G H T F I G H T

F O R T H E T H I N G S Y O U N E E D I N Y O U R L I F E

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But those same automatic typesetting routines have created another almost universal mistake: where an apostrophe at the beginning of a word appears backwards, as a single open quotation mark. You see this in abbreviated dates (’99, ’01) and in colloquial spellings, like ‘em for them. The program can turn straight quotes into typographers’ quotes automatically, making any quotation mark at the end of a word into a closed quote, but it has no way of telling that the apostrophe at the beginning of ‘em isn’t supposed to be a single open quote, so it changes it into one. The only way to catch this is to make the correction by hand—every time.

Anemic Type The other rude noise that has become common in the symphony hall is fake small caps. Small caps are a wonderful thing, very useful and sometimes elegant; fake small caps are a distraction and an abomination. Fake caps are what you get when you use a program’s “small caps” command. The software just shrinks the full-size capital letters down by a predetermined percentage—which gives you a bunch of small, spindle-looking caps all huddled together in the middle of the text. If the design calls for caps and small caps—that is, small caps for the word but a full cap for the first letter—it’s even worse, since the full-size caps draw attention to themselves because they look so much heavier than the smaller caps next to them. (If you’re using caps and small caps to spell out an acronym, this might make sense; in that case, you might want the initial caps to stand out. Otherwise, it’s silly. (And—here comes that word again—distracting.) If it weren’t for a single exception, I’d advise everyone to just forget about the “small caps” command—forget it ever existed, and never, ever, touch it again.

Fake caps are

what you get

when you use a

program’s “small

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F I G H T

(The exception is Adobe InDesign, which is smart enough to find the real small caps in an OpenType font that includes them, and use them when the “small caps” command is invoked. Unfortunately, InDesign isn’t smart enough, or independent enough, to say, “No, thanks,” when you invoke “small caps” in a font that doesn’t actually have any. It just goes ahead and makes those familiar old fake small caps.) You don’t really need small caps at all, inmost typesetting situations; small caps are a typographic refinement,

not a crutch. If you’re going to use them, use real small caps: properly designed letters with the form of caps, but usually a little wider, only as tall as the x-height or a litter taller, and with stroke weights that math the weight of the lowercase and the full caps of the same typeface. Make sure you’re using a typeface that has true small caps, if you want small caps. Letterspace them a little, and set them slightly loose, the same way you would (or at least should) with a word in all caps; it makes the word much more readable.

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Pay Attention, NowThere are plenty of other bits of remedial typesetting that we ought to study, but those will do for now. The obvious corollary to all this is, to produce well-typeset words, whether in a single phrase on a billboard or several pages of text, you have to pay attention. Proofread. Proofread again. Don’t trust the defaults of any program you use. Look at good typesetting and figure out how it was done, then do it yourself. Don’t be sloppy. Aim for the best.

Words to live by, I suppose. And, certainly, words to set type by. -JOHN D. BERRY

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H E L M M A G

TTK

ARTIST OF THE WEEK

Is an American contemporary street artist, graphic designer activist and illustrator who emerged from the skateboarding scene. He first became known for his “Andre the Giant Has a Posse” (…OBEY…) sticker campaign, in which he appropriated images from the comedic supermarket tabloid Weekly World News.

Frank Shepard Fairey He became widely known during the 2008 U.S. presidential election for his Barack Obama “Hope” poster. The Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston calls him one of today’s best known and most influential street artists. His work is included in the collections at The Smithsonian, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego, the National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C., the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts in Richmond, and the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.

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c as M M y f i r s t j o b i n b o o k d e s i g n w a s a t N e w A m e r i c a n L i b r a r y , A p u b l i s h e r o f m a s s - m a r k e t b o o k s . I w a s t h r i l l e d t o b e h i r e d . I t w a s e x a c t l y w h e r e I w a n t e d t o b e . I l o v e t h e w r i t t e n w o r d , a n d v i e w e d t h i s a s m y e n t r a n c e i n t o a w o r l d I w a n t e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n . L i t t l e d i d I s u s p e c t a t t h e t i m e t h a t m a s s - m a r k e t b o o k s , a l s o k n o w n a s “ p o c k e t ” b o o k s ( t h e y m e a s u r e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 ” x 7 ” , a l t h o u g h I h a v e y e t t o w e a r a p o c k e t t h e y f i t c o m f o r t a b l y i n t o ) , w e r e v i e w e d i n t h e d e s i g n w o r l d a s t h e t a w d r y s t e p c h i l d o f t r u e l i t e r a t u r e a n d d e s i g n , g a u d y a n d u n s o p h i s t i c a t e d . I c a m e t o u n d e r s t a n d t h a t t h i s w a s d u e t o t h e f a c t t h a t m a s s - m a r k e t b o o k s , s o l d e x t e n s i v e l y i n s u p e r m a r k e t s a n d c o n v e n i e n c e s t o r e s , h a d m o r e i n c o m m o n w i t h s o a p d e t e r g e n t a n d c e r e a l b o x e s t h e n w i t h t h e i r m u c h m o r e d i g n i f i e d o l d e r b r o t h e r , t h e h a r d c o v e r f i r s t e d i t i o n b o o k . I n d e e d , t h e l e v e l o f d e s i g n o f p a p e r b a c k s w a s a s s l o w t o e v o l v e a s a b o x o f c h e e r i o s . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , h a r d c o v e r b o o k s , a s i f d r e s s e d i n e v e n i n g a t t i r e , w o r e e l e g a n t a n d s o p h i s t i c a t e d j a c k e t s . N e x t i n l i n e i n t e r m s o f s t a n d i n g , i n b o t h t h e l i t e r a r y a n d d e s i g n w o r l d s , w a s t h e t r a d e p a p e r e d i t i o n , a m i s n o m e r t h a t d o e s n o t r e f e r t o a s p e c i f i c a u d i e n c e w i t h i n a n a r e a o f w o r k , b u t , r a t h e r , t o t h e s e c o n d e d i t i o n o f t h e h a r d c o v e r , o r f i r s t e d i t i o n , t h a t s p o r t s a p a p e r b o u n d c o v e r . T r a d e p a p e r b a c k s u s u a l l y u t i l i z e t h e s a m e i n t e r i o r p r i n t i n g a s t h e h a r d c o v e r , a n d a r e r o u g h l y t h e s a m e s i z e ( g e n e r a l l y , 6 ” x 9 ” ) . M a s s - m a r k e t b o o k s w e r e n o t s o l u c k y . T h e i n t e r i o r p a g e s o f t h e o r i g i n a l e d i t i o n w e r e s h r u n k d o w n , w i t h n o r e g a r d f o r t h e f i n a l t y p e s i z e o r t h e e y e s o f t h e v i e w e r . T h e i n t e r i o r s t e n d e d t o b e p r i n t e d o n c h e a p p a p e r s t o c k , p r o n e t o y e l l o w i n g o v e r t i m e . T h e e d g e s w e r e o f t e n d y e d t o m a s k t h e d i f f e r e n t g r a d e s o f p a p e r u s e d . T h e c o v e r s w e r e u s u a l l y q u i t e l o u d , t r e a t e d w i t h m y r i a d o f s p e c i a l e f f e c t s ( i . e . , g o l d o r s i l v e r f o i l , e m b o s s i n g a n d d e - b o s s i n g , s p o t l a m i n a t i o n , d i e c u t , m e t a l l i c a n d D a y - G l o p a n t o n e c o l o r s , t h e r m o g r a p h y , a n d e v e n h o l o g r a p h y ) , a l l d e s i g n e d t o j u m p o u t a t y o u a n d i n t o y o u r s h o p p i n g c a r t a s y o u w a l k d o w n t h e a i s l e . T h e t r a d i t i o n o f m a s s - m a r k e t c o v e r s h a d m o r e i n c o m m o n w i t h , a n d , p e r h a p s , f o r t h e m o s t p a r t i s t h e d e s c e n d a n t o f , p u l p m a g a z i n e c o v e r s o f e a r l i e r d e c a d e s , w i t h t h e i r c o l o r f u l t i t l e s a n d o v e r - t h e - t o p i l l u s t r a t i o n s , t h a n t h a t o f i t s m o r e s t y l i s h , l a r g e r , a n d m o r e e x p e n s i v e c o u s i n s .

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W h a t I L e a r n e d S o , w h e n I m a d e m y e n t r y i n t o t h e e l i t e w o r l d o f l i t e r a t u r e , I b e g a n i n t h e “ b u l l p e n ” o f m a s s - m a r k e t h o u s e . I b e l i e v e d I w o u l d b e a f f o r d e d a g o o d o p p o r t u n i t y t o l e a r n s o m e t h i n g a b o u t t y p e a n d i m a g e . I n d e e d , i n m y s h o r t t e n u r e t h e r e , I e m p l o y e d m o r e d i s p l a y t y p e f a c e s i n a y e a r a n d a h a l f t h a n I w i l l i n t h e r e s t o f m y l i f e t i m e . A n d , I a b u s e d t y p e m o r e t h e n I e v e r d r e a m e d p o s s i b l e . T h e r e , t y p e w a s a l w a y s c o n d e n s e d o r s t r e t c h e d s o t h e h e i g h t w o u l d b e g r e a t e r i n a s m a l l f o r m a t . T h e p r o b l e m w a s t h e f a c e i t s e l f b e c a m e d i s t o r t e d , a s i f i t w a s p u t o n t h e i n q u i s i t i o n i s t r a c k , w i t h t h e h o r i z o n t a l s r e m a i n i n g “ t h i c k ” a n d t h e v e r t i c a l s t h i n n i n g o u t . B a c k t h e n , w h e n t y p e w a s “ s p e c ’ d ” a n d s e n t o u t t o a t y p e s e t t e r , t h e r e w a s a s t a n d i n g o r d e r a t t h e t y p e h o u s e t o c o n d e n s e a l l t y p e a n d e x t e n d i t b y h a n d , w h i c h c r e a t e d l e s s d i s t o r t i o n b u t s t i l l o d d - l o o k i n g f a c e s . O n c e , I w a s i n s t r u c t e d b y t h e a r t d i r e c t o r t o c u t t h e s e r i f s o f f a f a c e , t o s u i t h i s w h i m . I t ’ s a g o o d t i n g t h e r e i s n o c r i m i n a l p r o s e c u t i o n f o r t y p e a b u s e . T h e a r t d i r e c t o r u s u a l l y c o m m i s s i o n e d t h e a r t f o r t h e s e t i t l e s . T h e r e f o r e , t h e j o b o f t h e d e s i g n e r s w a s t o f i n d t h e “ a p p r o p r i a t e ” t y p e s o l u t i o n t h a t w o r k e d w i t h t h e s e i l l u s t r a t i o n s t o c r e a t e t h e p a c k a g e . I t w a s h e r e t h a t I l e a r n e d m y e a r l i e s t l e s s o n s i n t h e c l i c h é s o f t y p o g r a p h y . M a s s - m a r k e t p a p e r b a c k s a r e d i v i d e d i n t o d i f f e r e n t g e n r e s , d i s t i n c t c a t e g o r i e s t h a t d e f i n e t h e i r a u d i e n c e a n d s u b j e c t m a t t e r . T h o u g h t h e y w e r e u n s p o k e n r u l e s , h a n d e d d o w n f r o m g e n e r a t i o n t o g e n e r a t i o n , h e r e i s w h a t I l e a r n e d a b o u t t y p e d u r i n g m y e m p l o y :

A n d s o i t w e n t . E v e r y m o n t h , w e w e r e g i v e n f i v e t o s i x t i t l e s w e w e r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r , a n d e v e r y m o n t h , n e w v a r i a t i o n s o n o l d t h e m e s h u n g u p o n t h e w a l l . F o r a b r i e f p e r i o d I w a s a s s i g n e d a l l t h e r o m a n c e t i t l e s , w h i c h , t h e m s e l v e s , w e r e d i v i d e d i n t o s u b g e n r e s ( h i s t o r i c a l , r e g e n c y , c o n t e m p o r a r y , e t c . ) I m a d e t h e c o n s c i o u s d e c i s i o n t o c r e a t e t h e v e r y b e s t r o m a n c e c o v e r s a r o u n d . S u r e , I w o u l d u s e s c r i p t a n d c u r s i v e t y p e , b u t I w o u l d u s e b e t t e r s c r i p t a n d c u r s i v e t y p e , s o d i s t i n c t i v e , e l e g a n t , a n d b e a u t i f u l t h a t I , o r a n y o n e e l s e , w o u l d r e c o g n i z e t h e d i f f e r e n c e i m m e d i a t e l y . ( W h e n , s i x m o n t h s a f t e r I l e f t t h e j o b , I w e n t t o v i e w m y a c h i e v e m e n t s a t t h e l o c a l K - M a r t , I c o u l d n o t p i c k o u t a n y o f m y d e s i g n s f r o m a l l t h e r e s t o n t h e b o o k r a c k s . ) S o o n a f t e r , I g r a d u a t e d t o a r t d i r e c t o r o f a s m a l l p u b l i s h i n g h o u s e . T h e p r o b l e m w a s , I s t i l l k n e w l i t t l e o f a n d h a d l i t t l e c o n f i d e n c e i n , t y p o g r a p h y . H o w e v e r , b y t h i s t i m e , I k n e w I k n e w l i t t l e a b o u t t y p o g r a p h y . M y s o l u t i o n , t h e r e f o r e , w a s t o c r e a t e i m a g e s t h a t c o n t a i n e d t y p e a s a n i n t e g r a l p a r t o f t h e i m a g e , i n a p l a y o n v e r n a c u l a r d e s i g n , t h e r e b y a v o i d i n g t h e i s s u e e n t i r e l y . T h u s b e g a n a s e r i e s o f c o l l a b o r a t i o n s w i t h t a l e n t e d i l l u s t r a t o r s a n d p h o t o g r a p h e r s , i n w h i c h t h e t y p o g r a p h y o f t h e j a c k e t w a s i n c o r p o r a t e d a s p a r t o f t h e i l l u s t r a t i o n . M y s t e r y b o o k s e s p e c i a l l y l e n t t h e m s e l v e s w e l l t o t h i s e n d e a v o r . A n i c e t i n g a b o u t t h i s a p p r o a c h i s t h a t i t h a s a c e r t a i n i n f o r m a l i t y a n d f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h t h e a u d i e n c e . I t a l s o m a d e m y j o b e a s i e r , b e c a u s e I d i d n o t h a v e t o p a s t e u p m u c h t y p e f o r t h e c o v e r ( a s o n e h a d t o d o b a c k i n t h e d a y s o f t - s q u a r e s a n d w a x ) , s i n c e i t w a s , f o r t h e m o s t p a r t , s e l f - c o n t a i n e d w i t h i n t h e i l l u s t r a t i o n . T h i s m a y s e e m l i k e l a z i n e s s o n m y p a r t , b u t h e y , I w a s b u s y . E v e n t u a l l y , m y e y e b e g a n t o d e v e l o p , a n d m y a w a r e n e s s a n d a p p r e c i a t i o n o f g o o d t y p o g r a p h y i n c r e a s e d . I s o o n l e a r n e d t h e p i t f a l l s t h a t m o s t n o v i c e d e s i g n e r s f a l l i n t o , l i k e u t i l i z i n g a q u i r k y n o v e l t y f a c e d o e s n o t e q u a l c r e a t i v i t y a n d u s u a l l y c a l l s a t t e n t i o n t o t h e w r o n g a s p e c t s o f t h e s o l u t i o n . T h e i m p o r t a n c e o f g o o d l e t t e r s p a c i n g b e c a m e p a r a m o u n t . F i n d i n g t h e r i g h t c o m b i n a t i o n o f a s e r i f a n d s a n s e r i f f a c e t o e v o k e t h e m o o d o f t h e m a t e r i a l w i t h i n w a s n o w m y p r i m a r y c o n c e r n . T h e b e a u t y o f a c l a s s i c a l l y r e n d e r e d l e t t e r f o r m n o w m o v e d m e , t o q u o t e E r i c G i l l ,

a s m u c h “ a s a n y s c u l p t u r e o r p a i n t e d p i c t u r e . ” I d e v e l o p e d a n a p p r e c i a t i o n f o r t h e r u l e s o f t y p o g r a p h y .

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A s I ’ v e s a i d , i t i s a c o m m o n m i s t a k e a m o n g y o u n g d e s i g n e r s t o t h i n k a q u i r k y n o v e l t y f a c e e q u a l s c r e a t i v i t y . O f c o u r s e , t h i s c o u l d n ’ t b e f a r t h e r f r o m t h e t r u t h . I f a n y t h i n g , f o r t h e v i e w e r , i t h a s t h e o p p o s i t e o f t h e i n t e n d e d e f f e c t . R a t h e r t h a n b e i n g t h e t o t a l s u m o f i n d i v i d u a l e x p r e s s i o n , i t s i m p l y c a l l s a t t e n t i o n t o i t s e l f , d e t r a c t i n g f r o m , r a t h e r t h a n a d d i n g t o , t h e c o n t e n t o f t h e p i e c e . I t i s n o s u b s t i t u t e f o r a w e l l - r e a s o n e d c o n c e p t u a l s o l u t i o n t o t h e d e s i g n p r o b l e m a t h a n d . A s a g e n e r a l r u l e , n o m o r e t h a n t w o f a c e s s h o u l d b e u t i l i z e d i n a n y g i v e n d e s i g n , u s u a l l y t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f a s e r i f f a c e a n d a s a n s s e r i f f a c e . T h e r e a r e t h o u s a n d s t o c h o o s e f r o m , b u t I f i n d I h a v e r e d u c e d t h e l i s t t o f i v e o r s i x i n e a c h c a t e g o r y t h a t I h a v e u s e d a s b o d y t e x t t h r o u g h o u t m y c a r e e r :

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S a n S e r i fF r a n k l i n G o t h i cF u t u r aG i l l S a n sN e w G o t h i cT r a d e G o t h i c

Y o u s h o u l d n e v e r c o n d e n s e o r e x t e n d t y p e . A s I s t a t e d , t h i s l e a d s t o u n w a n t e d d i s t o r t i o n s . M u c h c a r e a n d c o n s i d e r a t i o n w e n t i n t o t h e d e s i g n o f t h e s e f a c e s , a n d t h e y s h o u l d b e t r e a t e d w i t h r e s p e c t . T h e r e a r e t h o u s a n d s o f c o n d e n s e d f a c e s t o c h o o s e f r o m w i t h o u t r e s o r t i n g t o h o r i z o n t a l a n d v e r t i c a l s c a l e f u n c t i o n s . D o n o t u s e t e x t t y p e a s d i s p l a y . E v e n t h o u g h t h e c o m p u t e r w i l l e n l a r g e t h e t o p b e y o n d t h e t y p e d e s i g n e r ’ s i n t e n t i o n , t h i s m a y r e s u l t i n d i s t o r t i o n s . D o n o t u s e d i s p l a y t y p e a s t e x t . O f t e n , d i s p l a y t y p e t h a t l o o k s g r e a t l a r g e c a n b e d i f f i c u l t t o r e a d w h e n s m a l l .

D o n o t s t a c k t y p e . T h e r e s u l t i s o d d - l o o k i n g s p a c i n g t h a t l o o k s a s i f i t i s a b o u t t o t u m b l e o n t o p i t s e l f . T h e t h i n n e s s o f t h e l e t t e r I i s n o m a t c h f o r t h e h e f t o f a n O s i t t i n g o n t o p o f i t . A s a l w a y s , t h e r e a r e w a y s t o a c h i e v e s t a c k i n g s u c c e s s f u l l y , b u t t h i s r e q u i r e s c a r . A l s o , a s I n o t e d , m u c h c a r e s h o u l d b e g i v e n t o l e t t e r s p a c e i n g t h e c h a r a c t e r s o f e a c h w o r d . T h i s i s n o t a s s i m p l e a s i t s e e m s . T h e c o m p u t e r s e t t i n g s f o r t y p e a r e r i f e w i t h i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s t h a t n e e d t o b e c o r r e c t e d o p t i c a l l y . C e r t a i n c o m b i n a t i o n s o f l e t t e r f o r m s a r e m o r e d i f f i c u l t t o a d j u s t t h a n o t h e r s . I t i s p a r a m o u n t t h a t e v e n o p t i c a l ( a s o p p o s e d t o a c t u a l ) s p a c i n g i s a c h i e v e d ,

r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e o p e n n e s s o r c l o s e n e s s o f t h e k e r n i n g . I t h e l p s i f y o u v i e w t h e s e t t i n g u p s i d e d o w n , o r b a c k w a r d s o n a l i g h t b o x o r s u n - f i l l e d w i n d o w , o r s q u i n t a t t h e c o p y t o a c h i e v e s a t i s f a c t o r y s p a c i n g .

I w o u l d c a u t i o n y o u i n t h e j u d i c i o u s u s e o f d r o p s h a d o w s . S h a d o w s t h e s e d a y s c a n b e r e n d e r e d e a s i l y i n p r o g r a m s s u c h a s A d o b e ’ s P h o t o s h o p a n d I l l u s t r a t o r , a n d c o n v i n c i n g l y , t o o . T h e p r o b l e m i s , i t i s s o e a s i l y d o n e t h a t i t i s o v e r d o n e . T h u s , t h e w h o l e s a l e u s a g e o f s o f t d r o p s h a d o w s h a s b e c o m e t h e t y p o g r a p h i c e q u i v a l e n t t o c l i p a r t . V i e w e r s k n o w t h e y h a v e s e e n i t b e f o r e . R a t h e r t h a n b e i n g e v o c a t i v e , i t m a i n l y e v o k e s t h e p r o g r a m i t w a s c r e a t e d i n .

H a r d d r o p s h a d o w s , o n e s t h a t a r e 1 0 0 p e r c e n t o f a c o l o r , a r e e a s i l y a c h i e v e d i n Q u a r k a n d p l a c e d b e h i n d t h e m a i n t e x t . T h i s m e t h o d i s g e n e r a l l y e m p l o y e d w h e n t h e m a i n t e x t i s n o t r e a d i n g a g a i n s t t h e b a c k g r o u n d , b e c a u s e o f a n e u t r a l t o n e o r a n i m a g e t h a t v a r i e s i n t o n e f r o m d a r k t o l i g h t . T h e h a n d e d -d o w n w i s d o m i s : I f y o u n e e d a d r o p s h a d o w t o m a k e i t r e a d , t h e p i e c e i s n ’ t w o r k i n g . T h e s e s o l i d d r o p s h a d o w s a l w a y s l o o k a r t i f i c i a l , s i n c e , i n r e a l i t y , t h e r e i s n o s u c h t h i n g a s a s o l d d r o p s h a d o w . T h e r e s h o u l d b e a b e t t e r s o l u t i o n t o r e a d a b i l i t y . P e r h a p s t h e b a c k g r o u n d o r t h e c o l o r o f t h e t y p e c a n b e a d j u s t e d . P e r h a p s t h e t y p e s h o u l d b e p a n e l e d o r o u t l i n e d . T h e r e a r e a n i n f i n i t e n u m b e r o f p o s s i b l e v a r i a t i o n s .

I f y o u m u s t u s e a s o l i d d r o p s h a d o w , i t s h o u l d n e v e r b e a c o l o r . H a v e y o u e v e r s e e n a s h a d o w i n l i f e t h a t i s b l u e , y e l l o w , o r g r e e n ?

“ a s a n y s c u l p t u r e o r p a i n t e d p i c t u r e . ” I d e v e l o p e d a n a p p r e c i a t i o n f o r t h e r u l e s o f t y p o g r a p h y .

I t s h o u l d c e r t a i n l y n e v e r b e w h i t e . W h y w o u l d a s h a d o w b e 1 0 0 p e r c e n t l i g h t e r t h a n w h a t i s , i n t h e o r y , c a u s i n g t h e s h a d o w ? W h i t e s h a d o w s c r e a t e a h o l e i n t h e b a c k g r o u n d , a n d d r a w t h e e y e t o t h e s h a d o w , a n d n o t w h e r e y o u w a n t i t t o g o : t h e t e x t . J u s t i f i e d t e x t s l o o k m o r e f o r m a l t h a n f l u s h l e f t , r a g r i g h t . M o s t b o o k s a r e s e t j u s t i f i e d ; w h i l e m a g a z i n e s a r e o f t e n f l u s h l e f t , r a g r i g h t . C e n t e r e d c o p y w i l l a p p e a r m o r e r e l a x e d t h a n a s y m m e t r i c a l c o p y . L a r g e b l o c k s o f c e n t e r e d t y p e c a n c r e a t e o d d - l o o k i n g s h a p e s t h a t d e t r a c t f r o m t h e c o p y c o n t a i n e d w i t h i n . A n o t h e r t h i n g i s t o c o n s i d e r t h e p o i n t s i z e a n d w i d t h o f b o d y c o p y . T h e t e n d e n c y i n r e c e n t t i m e s i s t o m a k e t y p e s m a l l e r a n d s m a l l e r , r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e i n t e n d e d a u d i e n c e . H o w e v e r , t h e w h o l e p u r p o s e o f t e x t i s t h a t i t b e r e a d . A m a g a z i n e c o v e r i n g c o n t e m p o r a r y m u s i c i s d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e m a g a z i n e f o r T h e

A m e r i c a n A s s o c i a t i o n o f R e t i r e d P e r s o n s .

I t i s a l s o c o m m o n t o d a y t o s e e v e r y w i d e c o l u m n s o f t e x t , w i t h t h e c o p y s e t a t a s m a l l p o i n t s i z e . T h e p r o b l e m i s t h a t a v e r y w i d e c o l u m n i s h a r d t o r e a d b e c a u s e i t f o r c e s t h e e y e t o m o v e b a c k a n d f o r t h , t i r i n g t h e r e a d e r . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , a v e r y n a r r o w m e a s u r e a l s o i s o b j e c t i o n a b l e , b e c a u s e t h e p h r a s e s a n d w o r d s a r e t o o c u t u p , w i t h t h e e y e j u m p i n g f r o m l i n e t o l i n e .

W e , a s r e a d e r s , d o n o t r e a d l e t t e r -b y - l e t t e r , o r e v e n w o r d - b y - w o r d , b u t r a t h e r p h r a s e - b y - p h r a s e . A c o n s e n s u s f a v o r s a n d a v e r a g e o f t e n t o t w e l v e w o r d s p e r l i n e .

L a s t l y , t o o m u c h l e a d i n g b e t w e e n l i n e s a l s o m a k e s t h e r e a d e r w o r k t o o h a r d j u m p i n g f r o m l i n e t o l i n e , w h i l e t o o l i t t l e l e a d i n g m a k e s i t h a r d f o r t h e r e a d e r t o d i s c e r n w h e r e o n l i n e e n d s a n d a n o t h e r b e g i n s . T h e a u d i e n c e s h o u l d a l w a y s b e p a r a m o u n t i n t h e d e s i g n e r s a p p r o a c h , a n d i t i s t h e a u d i e n c e - - - n o t t h e w h i m o f t h e d e s i g n e r , o r e v e n t h e c l i e n t - - - t h a t d e f i n e s t h e l e v e l o f d i f f i c u l t y a n d e a s e w i t h w h i c h a p i e c e i s r e a d . A s E r i c G i l l s a i d i n 1 9 3 1 , “ A b o o k i s p r i m a r i l y a t h i n g t o b e r e a d . ”

A f i n a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s t h e s i z e o f t h e t y p e . A s a r u l e o f t h u m b , m a s s - m a r k e t b o o k s t e n d t o b e 8 p o i n t f o r r e a s o n s o f s p a c e . A c l o t h b o u n d b o o k , m a g a z i n e , o r n e w s p a p e r u s u a l l y f a l l s i n t o t h e 9 . 5 p o i n t t o 1 2 - p o i n t r a n g e . O v e r s i z e d a r t b o o k s e m p l o y l a r g e r s i z e s - - - g e n e r a l l y , 1 4 p o i n t t o 1 8 p o i n t o r m o r e .

C h o o s i n g t h e r i g h t t y p e f a c e f o r y o u r d e s i g n c a n b e t i m e - c o n s u m i n g . T h e r e a r e t h o u s a n d s t o c h o o s e f r o m . Q u e s t i o n s a b o u n d . I s t h e f a c e l e g i b l e a t t h e s e t t i n g I w a n t ? D o e s i t e v o k e w h a t I w a n t i t t o e v o k e ? I s i t a p p r o p r i a t e t o t h e s u b j e c t m a t t e r ? T h e r e a r e n o e a s y a n s w e r s . W h e n a s t u d e n t o f m i n e u s e d C l a r e n d o n i n a s e l f - p r o m o t i o n p i e c e ,

wAIT WAIT WAIT WIATWAIT WAIT

wAIT WAIT WAIT WIATWAIT WAIT

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I q u e s t i o n e d w h y h e c h o s e a f a c e t h a t h a s 1 9 5 0 ’ s c o n n o t a t i o n s , m a i n l y i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h R e i d M i l e s ’ B l u e N o t e a l b u m c o v e r s . H e a n s w e r e d , “ B e c a u s e I t h o u g h t i t w a s c o o l . ” I l e c t u r e d h i m p r o f u s e l y o n s e l e c t i n g t y p e b a s e d o n i t s “ c o o l n e s s . ” L a t e r , I r e l a y e d t h e i n c i d e n t t o S e y m o u r C h w a s t , o f t h e l e g e n d a r y P u s h p i n G r o u p ( f o r m e r l y p u s h p i n s t u d i o s ) . H e o b s e r v e d t h a t C l a r e n d o n i s a c t u a l l y a V i c t o r i a n f a c e , w h i c h h e a n d h i s p e e r s r e v i v e d a s y o u n g d e s i g n e r s i n t h e 1 9 5 0 s . W h e n I a s k e d h i m w h y t h e y c h o s e t o b r i n g t h i s a r c a n e f a c e b a c k t o l i f e h e r e p l i e d , “ B e c a u s e w e t h o u g h t i t w a s c o o l . ”

B r e a k i n g t h e r u l e s

O f c o u r s e , t h e r e a r e a l w a y s e x c e p t i o n s t o t h e r u l e s . A n i n f i n i t e n u m b e r o f f a c e s c a n b e u s e d w i t h i n o n e d e s i g n , p a r t i c u l a r l y w h e n y o u e m p l o y a b r o a d s i d e - s t y l e t y p e s o l u t i o n , a s t y l e t h a t h a s d e v e l o p e d w i t h t h e w o o d t y p e s e t t i n g s o f t h e n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y . A n o t h e r s t y l e , u t i l i z i n g a m y r i a d o f f a c e s , i s t h a t i n f l u e n c e d b y t h e F u t u r i s t a n d D a d a m o v e m e n t s o f t h e e a r l y t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y . A s R o b e r t N . J o n e s s t a t e d i n a n a r t i c l e i n t h e M a y 1 9 6 0 i s s u e o f P r i n t m a g a z i n e : “ I t i s m y b e l i e f t h a t t h e r e h a s n e v e r b e e n a t y p e f a c e t h a t i s s o b a d l y d e s i g n e d t h a t i t c o u l d n o t b e h a n d s o m e l y a n d e f f e c t i v e l y u s e d i n t h e h a n d s o f t h e r i g h t …d e s i g n e r . ”

O f c o u r s e , t h i s w a s b e f o r e t h e n o v e l t y t y p e e x p l o s i o n t h a t t o o k p l a c e l a t e r t h a t d e c a d e , a n d , a g a i n , a f t e r t h e a d v e n t o f t h e M a c i n t o s h c o m p u t e r . S t i l l , J e f f e r y K e e d y , a c o n t e m p o r a r y t y p e d e s i g n e r w h o s e w o r k a p p e a r s r e g u l a r l y i n É m i g r é , c o n c u r s : “ G o o d d e s i g n e r s c a n m a k e u s e o f a l m o s t a n y t h i n g . T h e t y p e f a c e i s t h e p o i n t o f d e p a r t u r e , n o t t h e d e s t i n a t i o n . ” N o t e t h e c a v e a t “ a l m o s t . ” S t i l l , b a d u s e o f g o o d t y p e i s m u c h l e s s d e s i r a b l e t h a n g o o d u s e o f b a d t y p e .

W h e n I f i r s t b e g a n i n p u b l i s h i n g , a c o w o r k e r d e c i d e d t o l e t m e i n o n t h e “ s e c r e t s ” o f p i c k i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e f a c e . “ I f y o u g e t a b o o k o n L i n c o l n t o d e s i g n , ” h e a d v i s e d , “ l o o k u p a n a p p r o p r i a t e t y p e f a c e i n t h e i n d e x o f t h e t y p e s p e c i m e n b o o k . ” H e p r o c e e d e d t o d o s o . “ A h , h e r e w e g o - - - ‘ L o g C a b i n ! ’ ” W h i l e , o n t h e e x t r e m e l y r a r e o c c a s i o n , I h a v e f o u n d t h i s t o b e a u s e f u l m e t h o d , i t ’ s g o o d g e n e r a l r u l e o f w h a t n o t t o d o . xx

wAIT WAIT WAIT WIATWAIT WAIT

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T h e Ye l l o w R i v e r i s s a i d t o b e t h e c r a d l e o f C h i n e s e c i v i l i z a t i o n , a l t h o u g h c u l t u r e s o r i g i n a t e d a t v a r i o u s r e g i o n a l c e n t e r s a l o n g b o t h t h e Ye l l o w R i v e r a n d t h e Ya n g t z e R i v e r v a l l e y s m i l l e n n i a a g o i n t h e N e o l i t h i c e r a . W i t h t h o u s a n d s o f y e a r s o f c o n t i n u o u s h i s t o r y, C h i n a i s o n e o f t h e w o r l d ’ s o l d e s t c i v i l i z a t i o n s .

W r i t t e n r e c o r d s o f t h e h i s t o r y o f C h i n a c a n b e f o u n d f r o m a s e a r l y a s 12 0 0 B C u n d e r t h e S h a n g d y n a s t y ( c . 17 0 0 – 10 4 6 B C ) . A n c i e n t h i s t o r i c a l t e x t s s u c h a s t h e R e c o r d s o f t h e G r a n d H i s t o r i a n ( c a . 10 0 B C ) a n d t h e B a m b o o A n n a l s d e s c r i b e a X i a d y n a s t y ( c . 210 0 – 17 0 0 B C ) , w h i c h h a d n o s y s t e m o f w r i t i n g o n a d u r a b l e m e d i u m , b e f o r e t h e S h a n g .

M u c h o f C h i n e s e c u l t u r e , l i t e r a t u r e a n d p h i l o s o p h y f u r t h e r d e v e l o p e d d u r i n g t h e Z h o u d y n a s t y ( 10 4 5 – 2 5 6 B C ) . T h e Z h o u d y n a s t y b e g a n t o b o w t o e x t e r n a l a n d i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e s i n t h e 8 t h c e n t u r y B C , a n d t h e k i n g d o m e v e n t u a l l y b r o k e a p a r t i n t o s m a l l e r s t a t e s , b e g i n n i n g i n t h e S p r i n g a n d A u t u m n p e r i o d a n d r e a c h i n g f u l l e x p r e s s i o n i n t h e W a r r i n g S t a t e s p e r i o d . T h i s i s o n e o f m u l t i p l e p e r i o d s o f f a i l e d s t a t e h o o d i n C h i n e s e h i s t o r y, t h e m o s t r e c e n t b e i n g t h e C h i n e s e C i v i l W a r t h a t s t a r t e d i n 19 2 7.

B e t w e e n e r a s o f m u l t i p l e k i n g d o m s a n d w a r l o r d i s m , C h i n e s e d y n a s t i e s h a v e r u l e d p a r t s o r a l l o f C h i n a ; i n s o m e e r a s c o n t r o l s t r e t c h e d a s f a r a s X i n j i a n g a n d T i b e t , a s a t p r e s e n t . I n 2 21 B C Q i n S h i H u a n g u n i t e d t h e v a r i o u s w a r r i n g k i n g d o m s a n d c r e a t e d f o r h i m s e l f t h e t i t l e o f “ e m p e r o r ” ( h u a n g d i ) o f t h e Q i n d y n a s t y, m a r k i n g t h e b e g i n n i n g o f i m p e r i a l C h i n a . S u c c e s s i v e d y n a s t i e s d e v e l o p e d b u r e a u c r a t i c s y s t e m s t h a t e n a b l e d t h e e m p e r o r t o c o n t r o l v a s t t e r r i t o r i e s d i r e c t l y . C h i n a ’ s l a s t d y n a s t y w a s t h e Q i n g ( 16 4 4 – 1912 ) , w h i c h w a s r e p l a c e d b y t h e R e p u b l i c o f C h i n a i n 1912 , a n d i n t h e m a i n l a n d b y t h e P e o p l e ’ s R e p u b l i c o f C h i n a i n 19 4 9 .

RANDOM HISTORY

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RANDOM WIKIPEDIA PAGE

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FLYING H I G H

HELLOHELM MAG

30STOP GROOMING MY FONT

ROBERT BRINGHURST

W r i t i n g b e g i n s w i t h t h e m a k i n g o f m e a n i n g f u l m a r k s . T h a t i s t o s a y , l e a v i n g t h e t r a c e s o f m e a n i n g f u l g e s t u r e s . T y p o g r a p h y b e g i n s w i t h a r r a n g i n g m e a n i n g f u l m a r k s t h a t a r e a l r e a d y m a d e . I n t h a t r e s p e c t , t h e p r a c t i c e o f t y p o g r a p h y i s l i k e p l a y i n g t h e p i a n o – a n i n s t r u m e n t q u i t e d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e h u m a n v o i c e . O n t h e p i a n o , t h e n o t e s a r e a l r e a d y f i x e d , a l t h o u g h t h e i r o r d e r , d u r a t i o n a n d a m p l i t u d e a r e n o t . T h e n o t e s a r e f i x e d b u t t h e y c a n b e e n d l e s s l y r e a r r a n g e d , i n t o m e a n i n g f u l m u s i c o r m e a n i n g l e s s n o i s e . P i a n o s , h o w e v e r , n e e d t o b e t u n e d . T h e s a m e i s t r u e o f f o n t s . T o p u t t h i s i n m o r e l i t e r a r y t e r m s , f o n t s n e e d t o b e e d i t e d j u s t a s c a r e f u l l y a s t e x t s d o – a n d m a y n e e d t o b e r e - e d i t e d , l i k e t e x t s , w h e n t h e i r c i r c u m s t a n c e s c h a n g e . T h e e d i t i n g o f f o n t s , l i k e t h e e d i t i n g o f t e x t s , b e g i n s b e f o r e t h e i r b i r t h a n d n e v e r e n d s . Y o u m a y p r e f e r t o e n t r u s t t h e e d i t i n g o f y o u r f o n t s , l i k e t h e t u n i n g o f y o u r p i a n o , t o a p r o f e s s i o n a l . I f y o u a r e t h e e d i t o r o f a m a g a z i n e o r t h e m a n a g e r o f a p u b l i s h i n g h o u s e , t h a t i s p r o b a b l y t h e b e s t w a y t o p r o c e e d .

B u t d e v o t e d t y p o g r a p h e r s , l i k e l i k e l u t e n i s t s a n d g u i t a r i s t s , o f t e n f e e l t h a t t h e y t h e m s e l v e s m u s t t u n e t h e i n s t r u m e n t s t h e y p l a y .

D i g i t a l f o n t s a r e u s u a l l y l i c e n s e d t o t h e u s e r , n o t s o l d o u t r i g h t , a n d t h e l i c e n s e t e r m s m a y v a r y . S o m e m a n u f a c t u r e r s c l a i m t o b e l i e v e t h a t i m p r o v i n g a f o n t p r o d u c e d b y t h e m i s a n i n f r i n g e m e n t o f t h e i r r i g h t s . N o o n e b e l i e v e s t h a t t u n i n g a p i a n o o r p u m p i n g u p t h e t i r e s o f a c a r i n f r i n g e s o n t h e r i g h t s o f t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r – a n d t h i s i s t r u e n o m a t t e r w h e t h e r t h e c a r o r t h e p i a n o h a s b e e n r e n t e d , l e a s e d o r p u r c h a s e d . P r i n t i n g t y p e w a s t r e a t e d t h e s a m e w a y f r o m B i S h e n g ’ s t i m e u n t i l t h e 1 9 8 0 s . G e n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g , m e t a l t y p e a n d p h o t o t y p e a r e t r e a t e d t h a t w a y s t i l l . I n t h e d i g i t a l r e a l m , w h e r e t h e f o n t i s w h o l l y i n t a n g i b l e , t h o s e o l d e r n o t i o n s o f o w n e r s h i p a r e u n d e r p r e s s u r e t o c h a n g e .

T h e L i n o t y p e L i b r a r y ’ s s t a n d a r d f o n t l i c e n s e s a y s t h a t “ Y o u m a y m o d i f y t h e F o n t ’ S o f t w a r e t o s a t i s f y y o u r d e s i g n r e q u i r e m e n t s . ” F o n t S h o p ’ s s t a n d a r d l i c e n s e h a s a s i m i l a r p r o v i s i o n :

“ Y o u d o h a v e t h e r i g h t t o m o d i f y a n d a l t e r F o n t S o f t w a r e f o r y o u r c u s t o m a r y p e r s o n a l a n d b u s i n e s s u s e , b u t n o t f o r r e s a l e o r f u r t h e r d i s t r i b u t i o n . ” A d o b e ’ s a n d A g f a M o n o t y p e ’ s l i c e n s e s c o n t a i n n o s u c h p r o v i s i o n . M o n o t y p e ’ s s a y s i n s t e a d t h a t “ Y o u m y n o t a l t e r F o n t S o f t w a r e f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f a d d i n g a n y f u n c t i o n a l i t y . . . . Y o u a g r e e n o t t o a d a p t , m o d i f y , a l t e r , t r a n s l a t e , c o n v e r t , o r o t h e r w i s e c h a n g e t h e F o n t S o f t w a r e … . ”

I f y o u r l i c e n s e f o r b i d s i m p r o v i n g t h e f o n t i t s e l f , t h e o n l y l e g a l w a y t o t u n e i t i s t h r o u g h a s o f t w a r e o v e r r i d e . F o r e x a m p l e , y o u c a n u s e a n e x t e r n a l k e r n i n g e d i t o r t o o v e r r i d e t h e k e r n i n g t a b l e b u i l t i n t o t h e f o n t . T h i s i s t h e l e a s t e l e g a n t w a y t o d o i t , b u t a m u l t i t u d e o f e r r o r s i n f i t t i n g a n d k e r n i n g c a n b e m a s k e d , i f n e e d b e , b y t h i s m e a n s .

A n y p a r t o f t h e f o n t c a n b e t u n e d – l e t t e r s h a p e s , c h a r a c t e r s e t , c h a r a c t e r e n c o d i n g , f i t t i n g a n d s i d e b e a r i n g s , k e r n i n g t a b l e , h i n t i n g , a n d , i n a n O p e n T y p e f o n t , t h e r u l e s g o v e r n i n g c h a r a c t e r s u b -s i t u a t i o n .

30STOP GROOMING MY FONT

ROBERT BRINGHURST

W h a t d o e s n ’ t n e e d t u n i n g o r f i x i n g s h o u l d n ’ t b e t o u c h e d . I f y o u w a n t t o r e v i s e t h e f o n t j u s t f o r t h e s a k e o f r e v i s i n g i t , y o u m i g h t d o b e t t e r t o d e s i g n y o u r o w n i n s t e a d . A n d i f y o u h a c k u p s o m e o n e e l s e ’ s f o n t f o r p r a c t i c e , l i k e a b i o l o g y s t u d e n t c u t t i n g u p a f r o g , y o u m i g h t c r e m a t e o r b u r y t h e r e s u l t s .

O n e w a y t o r e f i n e t h e t y p o g r a p h y o f a t e x t i s t o w o r k y o u r w a y t h r o u g h i t l i k e b y l i n e , p u t t i n g s p a c e i n h e r e , r e m o v i n g i t t h e r e , a n d r e p o s i t i o n i n g e r r a n t c h a r a c t e r s o n e b y o n e . B u t i f t h e s e r e f i n e m e n t s a r e m a d e t o t h e f o n t i t s e l f , y o u w i l l n e v e r n e e d t o m a k e t h e m a g a i n . T h e y a r e d o n e f o r g o o d .

T h e n e e d s o f t h e t e x t s h o u l d t a k e p r e c e d e n c e o v e r t h e l a y o u t o f t h e f o n t , t h e i n t e g r i t y o f t h e l e t t e r f o r m s o v e r t h e e g o o f t h e d e s i g n e r , t h e a r t i s t i c s e n s i b i l i t y o f t h e d e s i g n e r o v e r t h e f o u n d r y ’ s d e s i r e f o r p r o f i t , a n d t h e f o u n d e r ’ s c r a f t o v e r a g o o d d e a l e l s e .

C h e c k e v e r y t e x t y o u s e t t o s e e w h e r e i m p r o v e m e n t s c a n b e m a d e . T h e n r e t u r n t o t h e f o n t a n d m a k e t h e m . L i t t l e b y l i t t l e , y o u a n d t h e i n s t r u m e n t – t h e f o n t , t h a t i s – w i l l f u s e , a n d t h e t y p e y o u s e t w i l l s t a r t t o s i n g . R e m e m b e r , t h o u g h , t h i s p r o c e s s n e v e r e n d s . T h e r e i s n o s u c h t h i n g a s a p e r f e c t f o n t .

I f t h e b a s i c l e t t e r s h a p e s o f y o u r f o n t a r e p o o r l y d r a w n , i t i s p r o b a b l y b e t t e r t o a b a n d o n i t r a t h e r t h a n e d i t i t . B u t m a n y f o n t s c o m b i n e s u p e r b b a s i c l e t t e r f o r m s w i t h a l i e n o r s l o p p y s u p p l e m e n t a r y c h a r a c t e r s . W h e r e t h i s i s t h e c a s e , y o u c a n u s u a l l y r e s t a s s u r e d t h a t t h e b a s i c l e t t e r f o r m s a r e t h e w o r k o f a r e a l d e s i g n e r , w h o s e c r a f t s m a n s h i p m e r i t s r e s p e c t , a n d t h a t t h e s u p p l e m e n t a r y c h a r a c t e r s w e r e a d d e d b y a n i n a t t e n t i v e f o u n d r y e m p l o y e e . T h e l a t t e r ’ s e r r o r s s h o u l d b e r e m e d i e d a t o n c e .

Y o u m a y f i n d f o r e x a m p l e t h a t a n a l p h a b e t i c c h a r a c t e r s s u c h a s @ + ± × = - − © a r e t o o b i g o r t o o s m a l l , t o o l i g h t o r t o o d a r k , t o o h i g h , o r t o o l o w , o r a r e o t h e r w i s e o u t o f t u n e w i t h t h e b a s i c a l p h a b e t .

Y o u m a y a l s o f i n d t h a t d i a c r i t i c s i n g l y p h s s u c h a s X X X X X X a r e p o o r l y d r a w n , p o o r l y p o s i t i o n e d , o r o u t o f s c a l e w i t h t h e l e t t e r f o r m s .

F o r r e a d a b l e t e x t , y o u a l m o s t a l w a y s n e e d f i g u r e s , b u t m o s t d i g i t a l f o n t s a r e s o l d w i t h t i t l i n g f i g u r e s i n s t e a d . M o s t d i g i t a l f o n t s a l s o i n c l u d e t h e l i g a t u r e s f i a n d f l b u t n o t f f , f f i , f f l , f j o r f f j . Y o u m a y f i n d a t l e a s t s o m e o f t h e m i s s i n g g l y p h s o n a s u p p l e m e n t a r y f o n t ( a n ‘ e x p e r t f o n t ’ ) , b u t t h a t i s n o t e n o u g h . P u t a l l t h e b a s i c g l y p h s t o g e t h e r o n t h e b a s e f o n t . I f , l i k e a g o o d R e n a i s s a n c e t y p o g r a p h e r , y o u u s e o n l y u p r i g h t p a r e n t h e s e s a n d b r a c k e t s ( X X X ) , c o p y t h e u p r i g h t f o r m s f r o m t h e r o m a n t o t h e i t a l i c f o n t . O n l y t h e n c a n t h e y b e k e r n e d a n d s p a c e d c o r r e c t l y w i t h o u t f u s s .

S t a n d a r d I S O d i g i t a l t e x t f o n t s ( P o s t S c r i p t o r T r u e T y p e ) h a v e 2 5 6 s l o t s a n d c a r r y a b a s i c s e t o f W e s t e r n E u r o p e a n c h a r a c t e r s . E a s t e r n E u r o p e a n c h a r a c t e r s s u c h a s ą ć đ ė ğ ħ ī ň ő ŗ ť ů a r e u s u a l l y m i s s i n g .

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S o a r e t h e W e l s h s o r t s ŵ a n d ŷ , a n d a h o s t o f c h a r a c t e r s n e e d e d f o r A f r i c a n , A s i a n a n d N a t i v e A m e r i c a n l a n g u a g e s . T h e c o m p o n e n t s r e q u i r e d t o m a k e t h e s e c h a r a c t e r s m a y b e p r e s e n t o n t h e f o n t , a n d a s s e m b l i n g t h e p i e c e s i s n o t h a r d , b u t y o u n e e d a p l a c e t o p u t w h a t e v e r c h a r a c t e r y o u m a k e . I f y o u n e e d o n l y a f e w a n d d o n o t c a r e a b o u t s y s t e m c o m p a t i b i l i t y , y o u c a n p l a c e t h e m i n w a s t e d s l o t s – e . g . , t h e ^ < > \ | ~ ` p o s i t i o n s , w h i c h a r e a c c e s s i b l e d i r e c t l y f r o m t h e k e y b o a r d , o r s l o t s s u c h a s ¢ ÷ X X X ™ X X , w h i c h c a n b e r e a c h e d t h r o u g h i n s e r t i o n u t i l i t i e s o r b y t y p i n g c h a r a c t e r c o d e s o r b y c u s t o m i z i n g t h e k e y b o a r d . I f y o u n e e d t o a d d m a n y s u c h c h a r a c t e r s , y o u w i l l n e e d t o m a k e a s u p p l e m e n t a r y f o n t o r , b e t t e r y e t , a n e n l a r g e d f o n t ( T r u e T y p e o r O p e n T y p e ) . I f t h e s e a r e f o r y o u r o w n u s e o n l y t h e e x t r a c h a r a c t e r s c a n b e p l a c e d w h e r e v e r y o u w i s h . I f t h e f o n t s a r e t o o b e s h a r e d , e v e r y n e w g l y p h s h o u l d b e l a b e l e d w i t h i t s P o s t S c r i p t n a m e a n d U n i c o d e n u m b e r .

T h e s p a c i n g o f l e t t e r s i s p a r t o f t h e e s s e n c e o f t h e i r d e s i g n . A w e l l - m a d e f o n t s h o u l d n e e d l i t t l e a d j u s t m e n t , e x c e p t f o r r e f i n i n g t h e k e r n i n g . R e m e m b e r , h o w e v e r , t h a t k e r n i n g t a b l e s e x i s t f o r t h e s a k e o f p r o b l e m a t i c a l s e q u e n c e s s u c h a s ƒ * , g y , “ A , T o , V a a n d 7 4 . I f y o u f i n d t h a t s i m p l e p a i r s s u c h a s o o o r o e r e q u i r e k e r n i n g , t h i s i s a s i g n t h a t t h e l e t t e r s a r e p o o r l y f i t t e d . I t i s b e t t e r t o c o r r e c t t h e s i d e b e a r i n g s t h a n t o w r i t e a b l o a t e d k e r n i n g t a b l e . T h e s p a c i n g o f m a n y a n a l p h a b e t i c s , h o w e v e r , h a s a s m u c h t o d o w i t h e d i t o r i a l s t y l e a s w i t h t y p o g r a p h i c d e s i g n . U n l e s s y o u r f o n t s a r e c u s t o m m a d e , n e i t h e r t h e t y p e d e s i g n e r n o r t h e f o u n d e r c a n k n o w w h a t y o u n e e d o r p r e f e r . I h a b i t u a l l y i n c r e a s e t h e l e f t s i d e b e a r i n g o f s e m i c o l o n , c o l o n , q u e s t i o n a n d e x c l a m a t i o n m a r k s , a n d t h e i n n e r b e a r i n g s o f g u i l l e m e t s a n d p a r e n t h e s e s , i n s e a r c h o f a k i n d o f C h a n n e l I s l a n d c o m p r o m i s e : n e i t h e r t h e t i g h t f i t t i n g p r e f e r r e d b y m o s t a n g l o p h o n e e d i t o r s n o r t h e w i d e - o p e n s p a c i n g c u s t o m a r y i n F r a n c e . I f I w o r k e d i n F r e n c h a l l t h e t i m e , I m i g h t i n c r e a s e t h e s e s i d e b e a r i n g s f u r t h e r .

D i g i t a l t y p e c a n b e p r i n t e d i n t h r e e d i m e n s i o n s , u s i n g z i n c o r p o l y m e r p l a t e s , a n d m e t a l t y p e c a n b e p r i n t e d f l a t , f r o m p h o t o s o r s c a n s o f t h e l e t t e r p r e s s p r o o f s . U s u a l l y , h o w e v e r , m e t a l t y p e i s p r i n t e d i n t h r e e d i m e n s i o n s a n d d i g i t a l t y p e i s p r i n t e d i n t w o . T w o - d i m e n s i o n a l t y p e c a n b e p r i n t e d m o r e c l e a n l y a n d s h a r p l y t h a n t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l t y p e , b u t t h e g a i n i n s h a r p n e s s r a r e l y e q u a l s w h a t i s l o s t i n d e p t h a n d t e x t u r e . A d i g i t a l p a g e i s t h e r e f o r a p t t o l o o k a e n e m i c n e x t t o a p a g e p r i n t e d d i r e c t l y f r o m h a n d s e t m e t a l . T h i s i m b a l a n c e c a n b e a d d r e s s e d b y g o i n g d e e p e r i n t o t w o d i m e n s i o n s . D i g i t a l t y p e i s c a p a b l e o f r e f i n e m e n t s o f s p a c i n g a n d k e r n i n g b e y o n d t h o s e a t t a i n a b l e i n m e t a l , a n d t h e p r i m a r y m e a n s o f a c h i e v i n g t h i s r e f i n e m e n t i s t h e k e r n i n g t a b l e . A l w a y s c h e c k t h e s i d e b e a r i n g s o f f i g u r e s a n d l e t t e r s b e f o r e y o u e d i t t h e k e r n i n g t a b l e . S i d e b e a r i n g s c a n b e c h e c k e d , q u i c k l y f o r e r r o r s b y d i s a b l i n g k e r n i n g a n d s e t t i n g c h a r a c t e r s , a t a m p l e s i z e , i n p a i r s : 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 … q q w w e e r r t t y y … . I f t h e s p a c i n g w i t h i n t h e p a i r s a p p e a r s t o v a r y , o r i f i t a p p e a r s c o n s i s t e n t l y c r a m p e d o r l o o s e , t h e s i d e b e a r i n g s p r o b a b l y n e e d t o b e c h a n g e d . T h e f u n c t i o n o f a k e r n i n g t a b l e i s t o a c h i e v e w h a t p e r f e c t s i d e b e a r i n g s c a n n o t . A t h o r o u g h c h e c k o f t h e k e r n i n g t a b l e t h e r e f o r e i n v o l v e s c h e c k i n g a l l f e a s i b l e p e r m u t a t i o n s o f c h a r a c t e r s : 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 … q w q e q r q t q y q u q i q o q p …( a ( s ( d ( f ( g ( h ( j ( k ( l … ) a )s ) d ) f ) g … - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 … T q T w T e T r T t T y T u T i T o T p … a n d s o o n . T h i s w i l l t a k e s e v e r a l h o u r s f o r a s t a n d a r d I S O f o n t . F o r a f u l l p a n - E u r o p e a n f o n t , i t w i l l t a k e s e v e r a l d a y s . C l a s s - b a s e d k e r n i n g ( n o w a s t a n d a r d c a p a b i l i t y o f f o n t e d i t i n g s o f t w a r e ) c a n b e u s e d t o s p e e d t h e p r o c e s s . I n c l a s s - b a s e d k e r n i n g , s i m i l a r l e t t e r s , s u c h a s a á â ä à å ã ă ā ą a r e t r e a t e d a s o n e k e r n e d a l i k e . T h i s i s a n e x c e l l e n t w a y t o b e g i n w h e n y o u a r e k e r n i n g a l a r g e f o n t , b u t n o t a w a y t o f i n i s h . T h e c o m b i n a t i o n T a a n d T ä , T i a n d T ï , i l a n d í l , i ) a n d ï ) , a r e l i k e l y t o r e q u i r e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t .

K e r n i n g s e q u e n c e s s u c h a s T p , T t a n d f ( m a y s e e m t o y o u a b s u r d , b u t t h e y c a n a n d d o o c c u r i n l e g i t i m a t e t e x t . ( T p i g i s t h e n a m e o f a t o w n i n t h e m o u n t a i n s o f D a g e s t a n , n e a r t h e s o u t h e r n t i p o f R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n ; T t a n u u i s a n i m p o r t a n t h i s t o r i c a l s i t e o n t h e B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a c o a s t ; s e q u e n c e s s u c h a s y = ƒ ( x ) o c c u r r o u t i n e l y i n m a t h e m a t i c s . ) I f y o u k n o w w h a t t e x t s y o u w i s h t o s e t w i t h a g i v e n f o n t , a n d k n o w t h a t c o m b i n a t i o n s s u c h a s t h e s e w i l l n e v e r o c c u r , y o u c a n c e r t a i n l y o m i t t h e m f r o m t h e t a b l e . B u t i f y o u a r e p r e p a r i n g a f o n t f o r g e n e r a l u s e , e v e n i n a s i n g l e l a n g u a g e , r e m e m b e r t h a t i t s h o u l d a c c o m m o d a t e t h e o c c a s i o n a l f o r e i g n p h r a s e a n d t h e n a m e s o f r e a l a n d f i c t i o n a l p e o p l e , p l a c e s a n d t h i n g s . T h e s e c a n i n v o l v e s o m e u n u s u a l c o m b i n a t i o n s . ( A f e w a d d i t i o n e x a m p l e s : M c T a v i s h , F i t z W i l l i a m , O ’ Q u i n n , d o g f i s h , j o c k o ’ - l a n t e r n , h a l l o w e ’ e n . ) I t i s a l s o w i s e t o c h e c k t h e f o n t b y r u n n i n g a t e s t f i l e – a s p e c i a l l y w r i t t e n t e x t d e s i g n e d t o h u n t o u t m i s s i n g o r m a l f o r m e d c h a r a c t e r s a n d k e r n i n g p a i r s t h a t a r e e i t h e r t o o t i g h t o r t o o l o o s e . O n p a g e s 2 0 4 - 2 0 5 i s a s h o r t e x a m p l e o f s u c h t e s t f i l e , s h o w i n g t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n a n u n g r o o m e d f o n t a n d a g r o o m e d o n e . ( P R O B A B L Y R E M O V E ) I t i s n o t h i n g u n u s u a l f o r a w e l l - g r o o m e d I S O f o n t ( w h i c h m i g h t c o n t a i n a r o u n d t w o h u n d r e d w o r k i n g c h a r a c t e r s ) t o h a v e a k e r n i n g t a b l e l i s t i n g a t h o u s a n d p a i r s . K e r n i n g i n s t r u c t i o n s f o r l a r g e O p e n T y p e f o n t s a r e u s u a l l y s t o r e d i n a d i f f e r e n t f o r m , b u t i f c o n v e r t e d t o t a b u l a r f o r m , t h e k e r n i n g d a t a f o r a p a n - E u r o p e a n L a t i n f o n t m a y e a s i l y r e a c h 3 0 , 0 0 0 p a i r s . R e m e m b e r , t h o u g h , t h a t t h e n u m b e r i s n ’ t w h a t c o u n t s . W h a t m a t t e r s i s t h e i n t e l l i g e n c e a n d s t y l e o f t h e k e r n i n g . R e m e m b e r t o o t h a t t h e r e i s n o s u c h t h i n g a s a f o n t w h o s e k e r n i n g c a n n o t b e i m p r o v e d .

T h e w o r d s p a c e – t h a t i n v i s i b l e b l a n k b o x – i s t h e m o s t c o m m o n c h a r a c t e r i n a l m o s t e v e r y t e x t . I t i s n o r m a l l y k e r n e d a g a i n s t s l o p i n g a n d u n d e r c u t g l y p h s : q u o t a t i o n m a r k s , a p o s t r o p h e , t h e l e t t e r s A , T , V , W , Y , a n d o f t e n t o t h e n u m e r a l s 1 , 3 , 5 . I t i s n o t , h o w e v e r , n o r m a l l y k e r n e d m o r e t h a n a h a i r e i t h e r t o o r a w a y f r o m a p r e c e d i n g l o w e r c a s e ƒ i n e i t h e r r o m a n o r i t a l i c . A c a u t i o n a r y e x a m p l e . M o s t o f t h e M o n o t y p e d i g i t a l r e v i v a l s I h a v e t e s t e d o v e r t h e y e a r s h a v e s e r i o u s f l a w s i n t h e k e r n i n g t a b l e s . O n e p r o b l e m i n p a r t i c u l a r r e c u r s i n M o n o t y p e B a s k e r v i l l e , C e n t a u r a n d A r r i g h i , D a n t e , F o u r n i e r , G i l l s S a n s , P o l i p h i l u s a n d B a l d o , V a n D i j c k a n d o t h e r m a s t e r w o r k s i n t h e M o n o t y p e c o l l e c t i o n . T h e s e a r e w e l l - t r i e d f a c e s o f s u b e r b d e s i g n – y e t i n d e f i a n c e o f t r a d i t i o n , t h e m a k e r ’ s k e r n i n g t a b l e s c a l l f o r a l a r g e s p a c e ( a s m u c h a s M / 4 ) t o b e a d d e d w h e n e v e r t h e ƒ i s f o l l o w e d b y a w o r d s p a c e . T h e r e s u l t i s a l a r g e w h i t e b l o t c h a f t e r e v e r y w o r d e n d i n g i n ƒ u n l e s s a m a r k o f p u n c t u a t i o n i n t e r v e n e s . P r o f e s s i o n a l t y p o g r a p h e r m a y a r g u e a b o u t w h e t h e r t h e a d d e d s p a c e s h o u l d b e z e r o , o r t e n , o r e v e n 2 5 t h o u s a n d t h s o f a n e m . B u t t h e r e i s n o p r o f e s s i o n a l d i s p u t e a b o u t w h e t h e r i t s h o u l d b e o n t h e o r d e r o f a n e i g h t h o r a q u a r t e r o f a n e m . A n e x t r a s p a c e t h a t l a r g e i s a p r e f a b r i c a t e d t y p o g r a p h i c e r r o r – o n e t h a t w o u l d b r i n g s n o r t s o f d i s b e l i e f a n d i n s t a n t a n e o u s c o r r e c t i o n f r o m S t a n l e y M o r i s o n , B r u c e R o g e r s , J a n v a n K r i m p e n , E r i c G i l l a n d o t h e r s o n w h o s e e x p e r t i s e a n d g e n i u s t h e M o n o t y p e h e r i t a g e i s b u i l t . B u t i t i s a n e a s y e r r o r t o f i x f o r a n y o n e e q u i p p e d w i t h t h e r e q u i s i t e t o o l : a d i g i t a l f o n t e d i t o r .

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D i g i t a l h i n t s a r e i m p o r t a n t c h i e f l y f o r t h e s a k e o f h o w t h e t y p e w i l l l o o k o n s c r e e n . B r o a d l y s p e a k i n g , h i n t s a r e o f t w o k i n d s : g e n e r i c h i n t s t h a t a p p l y t o t h e f o n t a s a w h o l e a n d s p e c i f i c h i n t s a p p l i c a b l e o n l y t o i n d i v i d u a l c h a r a c t e r s . M a n y f o n t s a r e s o l d u n h i n t e d , a n d f e w f o n t s i n d e e d a r e s o l d w i t h h i n t s t h a t c a n n o t b e i m p r o v e d . M a n u a l h i n t i n g i s t e d i o u s i n t h e e x t r e m e , b u t a n y g o o d f o n t e d i t o r o f r e c e n t v i n t a g e w i l l i n c l u d e r o u t i n e s f o r a u t o m a t e d h i n t i n g . T h e s e r o u t i n e s a r e u s u a l l y e n o u g h t o m a k e a p o o r l y h i n t e d t e x t f o n t m o r e l e g i b l e o n s c r e e n . ( i n t h e l o n g r u n , t h e s o l u t i o n i s h i g h - r e s o l u t i o n s c r e e n s , m a k i n g t h e h i n t i n g o f f o n t s i r r e l e v a n t e x c e p t a t t i n y s i z e s . )

T h e p r e s u m p t i o n o f c o m m o n l a w i s t h a t i n h e r i t e d d e s i g n s , l i k e i n h e r i t e d t e x t s , b e l o n g i n t h e p u b l i c d o m a i n . N e w d e s i g n s ( o r i n t h e U S A , t h e s o f t w a r e i n w h i c h t h e y a r e e n s h r i n e d ) a r e p r o t e c t e d f o r a c e r t a i n t e r m b y c o p y r i g h t ; t h e n a m e s o f t h e d e s i g n s a r e a l s o n o r m a l l y p r o t e c t e d b y t r a d e m a r k l e g i s l a t i o n . T h e n a m e s a r e o f t e n b e t t e r p r o t e c t e d , i n f a c t , b e c a u s e i n f r i n g e m e n t s o n t h e r i g h t s c o n f e r r e d b y a t r a d e m a r k a r e o f t e n m u c h e a s i e r t o p r o v e t h a n i n f r i n g e m e n t s o f c o p y r i g h t . N e v e r t h e l e s s t h e r e a r e t i m e s w h e n a t y p o g r a p h e r m u s t t i n k e r w i t h t h e n a m e s m a n u f a c t u r e r s g i v e t o t h e i r d i g i t a l f o n t s .

T e x t f o n t s a r e g e n e r a l l y s o l d i n f a m i l i e s , w h i c h m a y i n c l u d e s m o r g a s b o r d o f w e i g h t s a n d v a r i a t i o n s . M o s t e d i t i n g a n d t y p e s e t t i n g s o f t w a r e t a k e s a n a r r o w e r , m o r e s t e r e o t y p i c a l v i e w . I t r e c o g n i z e s o n l y t h e n u c l e a r f a m i l y o f r o m a n , i t a l i c , b o l d a n d b o l d i t a l i c .

K e y b o a r d s h o r t c u t s m a k e i t e a s y t o s w i t c h f r o m o n e t o a n o t h e r o f t h e s e , a n d t h e s w i t c h c o d e s e m p l o y e d a r e g e n e r i c . I n s t e a d o f s a y i n g “ S w i t c h t o s u c h a n d s u c h a f o n t a t s u c h a n d s u c h a s i z e , ” t h e y s a y , f o r i n s t a n c e , “ S w i t c h t o t h i s f o n t ’ s i t a l i c c o u n t e r p a r t , w h a t e v e r t h a t m a y b e . ” T h i s c o n v e n t i o n m a k e s t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s t r a n s f e r a b l e . Y o u c a n c h a n g e t h e f a c e a n d s i z e o f a w h o l e p a r a g r a p h o r f i l e a n d t h e r o m a n , i t a l i c a n d b o l d s h o u l d a l l c o n v e r t c o r r e c t l y . T h e s l i g h t e s t i n c o n s i s t e n c y i n f o n t n a m e s c a n p r e v e n t t h i s t r i c k f r o m w o r k i n g – a n d n o t a l l m a n u f a c t u r e r s n a m e t h e i r f o n t s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s a m e c o n v e n t i o n s . F o r t h e f o n t s t o b e l i n k e d , t h e i r f a m i l y n a m e s m u s t b e i d e n t i c a l a n d t h e f o n t n a m e s m u s t a b i d e b y r u l e s k n o w n t o t h e o p e r a t i n g s y s t e m a n d s o f t w a r e i n u s e . I f , f o r e x a m p l e , y o u i n s t a l l M a r t i n M a j o o r ’ s S c a l a o r S c a l a S a n s ( i s s u e d b y F o n t S h o p ) o n a P C , y o u w i l l f i n d t h a t t h e i t a l i c a n d t h e r o m a n a r e u n l i n k e d . T h e s e a r e s u p e r b l y d e s i g n e d f o n t s , h a n d s o m e l y k e r n e d a n d f u l l y e q u i p p e d w i t h t h e r e q u i s i t e t e x t f i g u r e s a n d s m a l l c a p s – a l m o s t e v e r y t h i n g a d i g i t a l f o n t s h o u l d b e – b u t t h e P C v e r s i o n m u s t b e p l a c e d i n a f o n t e d i t o r a n d r e n a m e d i n o r d e r t o m a k e t h e m w o r k a s e x p e c t e d .

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( S e p t e m b e r 2 , 17 3 6 - M ay 2 0 , 1814 ) w a s a n 18 t h c e n t u r y I t a l i a n c a r t o g r a p h e r a c t i v e i n Ve n i c e a n d Na p l e s . Z a n n o n i w a s b o r n i n P a d u a , I t a ly o n S e p t e m b e r 2 , 17 3 6 . B e t w e e n 174 9 a n d 17 51 Z a n n o n i s t u d i e d A s t r o n o my a t t h e Un i v e r s i t y o f P a d u a u n d e r J o h n Po l e n , a p r o m i n e n t a s t r o n o m e r o f t h e p e r i o d . A f t e r l e av i n g t h e Un i v e r s i t y, Z a n n o n i w a s c o m m i s s i o n e d b y t h e K i n g o f Po l a n d , Au g u s t u s I I I , t o m a p t h a t c o u n t r y. Z a n n o n i ’ s s u b s e q u e n t s u r v e y i s c o n s i d e r e d t h e f i r s t a c c u r a t e t r i a n g u l a t i o n o f Po l a n d . A f t e r w a r d s Z a n n o n i ’ s s e r v i c e s w e r e i n h i g h d e m a n d a n d h e t r av e l e d a r o u n d m u c h o f E u r o p e , w o r k i n g o n v a r i o u s s u r v e y s i n D e n m a r k , G e r m a ny, P r u s s i a , a n d S w e d e n . A r o u n d 18 5 7 Z a n n o n i w a s c a u g h t u p i n t h e h o s t i l i t i e s s u r r o u n d i n g t h e S e v e n Ye a r Wa r a n d , a f t e r o n e b a t t l e , w a s t a ke n t o P a r i s a s a p r i s o n e r o f w a r. P a r i s m u s t h av e s u i t e d Z a n n o n i fo r h e r e m a i n e d t h e r e fo r n e a r ly 2 0 y e a r s , e v e n t a k i n g s e r v i c e w i t h t h e P a r i s E n g i n e e r ’ s O f f i c e . I t w a s a l s o h e r e i n P a r i s t h e Z a n n o n i d e v e l o p e d m a ny o f t h e c a r t o g r a p h i c c o n t a c t s t h a t w o u l d l e a d t o a n u m b e r o f i mp o r t a n t c a r t o g r a p h i c p u b l i c a t i o n s , i n c l u d i n g t h e i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h L a t t r e . I n 17 81 Z a n n o n i w a s c a l l e d t o Na p l e s b y t h e B o u r b o n m o n a r c h t h e r e t o h e l p i n t h e r e v i s i o n o f t h e C h a r t e r o f 176 9 . A f t e r w a r d s h e s t ay e d o n a n d p r o d u c e d a n u m e r o u s i mp o r t a n t m a p s o f t h e K i n g d o m o f Na p l e s . Z a n n o n i i s c o n s i d e r e d a c a r e f u l a n d p r e c i s e c a r t o g r a p h e r a n d h i s w o r k , p a r t i c u l a r ly t h e m a p s h e m a d e i n Na p l e s , h av e b e e n p r a i s e d b y R . V. T o o l e y a s “ r e m a r k a b l e fo r a m a r v e l o u s ly m i n u t e a t t e n t i o n t o d e t a i l , a n d a mp ly d e s e r v e s t h e c o m m e n d a t i o n p a s s e d u p o n i t b y S i r G e o rge Fo r d h a m ” Z a n n o n i w o u l d s p e n d t h e r e m a i n d e r o f h i s d ay s i n Na p l e s a n d p a s s e d aw ay o n M ay 2 0 , 1814 .

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39AST P

PAS

T C a v e p a i n t i n g s a r e p a i n t i n g s f o u n d o n c a v e w a l l s a n d c e i l i n g s , a n d e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e o f p r e h i s t o r i c o r i g i n , w h i c h d a t e b a c k t o s o m e 4 0 , 0 0 0 y e a r s a g o i n b o t h A s i a a n d E u r o p e . T h e e x a c t p u r p o s e o f t h e P a l e o l i t h i c c a v e p a i n t i n g s i s n o t k n o w n . E v i d e n c e s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e y w e r e n o t m e r e l y d e c o r a t i o n s o f l i v i n g a r e a s s i n c e t h e c a v e s i n w h i c h t h e y h a v e b e e n f o u n d d o n o t h a v e s i g n s o f o n g o i n g h a b i t a t i o n . T h e y a r e a l s o o f t e n l o c a t e d i n a r e a s o f c a v e s t h a t a r e n o t e a s i l y a c c e s s i b l e . S o m e t h e o r i e s h o l d t h a t c a v e p a i n t i n g s m a y h a v e b e e n a w a y o f c o m m u n i c a t i n g w i t h o t h e r s , w h i l e o t h e r t h e o r i e s a s c r i b e a r e l i g i o u s o r c e r e m o n i a l p u r p o s e t o t h e m . T h e p a i n t i n g s a r e r e m a r k a b l y s i m i l a r a r o u n d t h e w o r l d , w i t h a n i m a l s b e i n g c o m m o n s u b j e c t s t h a t g i v e t h e m o s t i m p r e s s i v e i m a g e s . Hu m a n s m a i n l y a p p e a r a s i m a g e s o f h a n d s , m o s t l y h a n d s t e n c i l s m a d e b y b l o w i n g p i g m e n t o n a h a n d h e l d t o t h e w a l l .

H E L M M A G

PAST

40ART

WALK

40ART

WALKS T O R Y O F T H E J P M E X P E R I E N C E

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JPM

EXPIIn the beginning of the semester my

goal of this class was to create, achieve,

and succeed. But I achieved more than all

three combined, that the value of teamwork

and cooperation actually drive me to actually

keep my cool to finish this semester with,

out of the ordinary colors. That what I have

learned doesn’t need to be black and white

to look good on paper, but it can be paint-

splattered mess and still have the look of a

well-put together work of art. Experimenting

and rediscovering is how I achieve goals, and

this is the basis of art, and that is the way I

discovered my approach to working.

That the fact is in every day life, being

different will get you noticed, doesn’t matter

if it looks well presented or not, that matter

is that creativity is not well presented, it’s

a whole apocalypse of unadulterated throw

up. Bringing a sense of inspiration always has

a motive in my work, and in great works of

every artist ever to exist, nothing is original.

During the week of November the 7th,

2014, a deadline approached and a festival

began. The Art Walk Festival is a monthly

attraction that the City of St. Augustine,

Florida, allows local artist to display and sell

their work. During this month I and two other

partners developed a system and style that

was completely different from the rest. Those

two artists are Julian Black and Peter Stetson,

with creativity, style, and personality like no

one else.

JPM EXPERIENCE

JUILAN BLACK

PETER STETSON

MICHAEL SPAZIANI

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JPM

EXP

We developed a collection of ideas

before we could have a set plan, going

through hundreds of materials that were cost

efficient and easy to obtain. Going back and

forth with ideas, changing at the last minute

to a more complex and back to the easiest

that was at hand.

Our ideas lasted for weeks, until we

discovered the meaning behind our word,

which was need to be assigned at the end

of the week of September 20th. We needed

a fast easy word that was the minimum of

seven letters, until Peter, came up with the

first idea to work with the word “Bridge,”

but it wasn’t seven letters. Until realizing

that adding the letter “S” made the word

now seven. Quickly realizing that we had the

word all along, decisively we drew out the

characteristics of the word, and with most

reasons why a bridge is made, is to bridge

two landmasses together, over “water.”

An there it was, Water, a natural resource

that humans cannot live without,

but what the question was, how does water be

considered man-made?

Bottled water was invented back in the

17th century, but it was not that bottled water

that we have today, instead of plastic bottles,

humans made and manufactured glass bottles.

At that point the solution was clear as day,

St. Augustine downtown district is the home

to over thrity bars and restaurants, that host

to thousands of people a year. Who sell over

hundreds of thousands of drinks a year. Which

in the City of St. Augustine, garbage is free,

and so were glass bottles.

That point our adventure truly began,

almost every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday

we go to every bar that was opened, recycling

dumps, and trash bins in search for glass

bottles. Starting out with twenty-five, which

grew to fifty, then over a hundred, and finally

our goal of three-hundred-an-twenty-five

bottles. Collecting the bottles was the easy

part, until we discovered how time consuming

the actual construction of the sculpture was;

“That the fact is, in every day life, being different will get you noticed, doesn’t matter if it looks well presented or not, that matter is that creativity is not well presented, it’s a whole apocalypse of unadulterated throw up.”

BRIDGE

we work extensively until the final day. Using

over seven bottles of industrial cement-like

glue, our project was on the track to being

completed.

Each day was a new learning experience,

developing new friendships, learning how well

glass is a wonderful resource to create and

develop art from, and never stop trying new

things. Never be afraid to ask for help, always

stand tall an speak clear and loud. And never

listen to older generation because half the

time the really have no idea what they are

doing are talking about, but who really does?

-MICHAEL SPAZIANI

TOTAL BUGET

Michael Spaziani- $40

Pete Stetson- $30

Julian Black- $30

Total= $100

44

BRIDGE

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LETTER FROM THE EDITOR“I would like to thank all these websites who own these pictures, and that this magazine will not be used for profit just a school project.” -Michael Spaziani

This project is meant to be a solution to type introduction. Nothing in or on this magazine is meant to be sold, distributed or copied. Most artist featured in this magazine did not volunteer, nor did have contact with me to have their work featured. I would just like to say thanks that the internet is a free source of information, and should remain that way forever. People from future and past generations should take work from all sorces and develop their ways of working and style. Also like to thank Wikipedia, Julian Black, and Peter Stetson, for enormous amount of help contributed.

T I M E

T O

L E A V E

T H E

U N I V E R S E

G o w i t h o u t

m e i ’ l l b e

r i g h t

b e h i n d H E L M M A G

BYE

DON’’T LOOK HERE

or do i’m not a cop

HELM

I 1