The Heirs of the Roman Empire - Copy

8/11/2019 The Heirs of the Roman Empire - Copy

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The Byzantine EmpireThe Heir of the Roman Empire in the East


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Byzantine: The Land

The Byzantine Empire lasted from395-1453 CE

It covered the Balkan Peninsula, Asia

Minor, Syria, Palestine and Egypt

A highly-centralized and autocratic

government under the rule of an

emperor characterized this easternempire.


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The Reign of Justinian (527-565

CE) Determined to re-establish the Roman

Empire in the entire Mediterraneanworld.

Under Belisarius, fought against theOstrogoths to regain Italy and NorthAfrica

In 552 CE, former Mediterranean

territories were restored only to losethem to the Lombards three yearsafter the Justinians reign.


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The Byzantine Wars

Emperor Heraclius fought against thePersians who carried off a relic of the

Cross of Christ in 614 CE. He

retrieved it in 627 CE and ruled until641 CE.

Emperor Leo Isaurian (717-741 CE)

used a device known as Greek Fireto repel invading Arabs.


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The Byzantine Wars

BENEFITS:

The empire had a remarkable sense

of unity amidst its conquered people of

diverse ethnic origins, languages andreligions.

To cope with foreign invasions, the

empire had to undergo internalreorganization: the division of the

empire into themesor military districts

governed by strategoi.


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The Decline of Byzantine

In 1081, the Seljuks annihilated theByzantine Army in the Battle of

Manzikert in Asia Minor. This allowed

them to overrun the remainingprovinces of the empire.

In 1453, the Turks attacked

Constantinople The Ottoman Empire succeeded the

Byzantine Empire


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Byzantine Culture

RELIGION The emperor nominated thepatriarchas the

highest prelate of the Eastern Church.Religion was a branch of the State.

Iconoclastic Controversy Pope Leo III issued an edict in 726 CE

forbidding the use of images or icons. Theremoval of icons from Byzantine churchesprovoked violent riots.

In 843 CE, the icons were restored. In 1054, the issue of iconoclasm contributed

to the split in the Church. The West becameknown as the Roman Catholic Churchwhile

the East became the Eastern OrthodoxChurch.


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The Triumph of ChristianityThe Church as Successor to the Caesars


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The Christian Church

St. Paul (Saul of Tarsus) began thepropagation of Christianity among

non-Jews (Gentiles) in Asia Minor

St. Peter brought Christianity to Rome The Petrine Doctrinesupports the

assertion of authority of the bishops of

Rome (later on Supreme Pontiff orPope) over other bishops in the

Church


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Monasticism

St. Anthony of EgyptFather ofMonasticism

St. Basil (330-379)the most

successful example of communalmonasticism

St. Benedict of Nursia (480-543)

drafted the Benedictine Rule. Thisbecame the guide for nearly all monks

in the West. It imposed important

vows: poverty, obedience, labour, and


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Fathers of the Western

Church St. Jerome (340-420)

translated Hebrew and Greek bible to

Latin

St. Ambrose (340-397)Archbishop of Milan; wrote an ethical

book called Duties of Ministers

St. Augustine (354-430)Doctor of the Church, wrote The

Confessionsconsidered one of the

most influential books in the history of

Euro e


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The Crusades

The most obvious manifestation of papalleadership of Christian society

In 1071, Jerusalem fell to the Turks Pope Urban II calls for the First Crusade.

In 1099, three years after, Jerusalemwas captured.

Pope Eugenius III calls for the SecondCrusade and King Louis VII of France

and Holy Roman Emperor Conrad IIIresponds. In 1167, Saladin, Sultan ofEgypt, invaded Palestine and reclaimsJerusalem.


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The Crusades

Frederick Barbarossa of the Holy RomanEmpire, Richard the Lion-Hearted ofEngland and Philip Augustus of Francefinanced the Third Crusade. The rivalry

between England and France doomedthe expedition. In 1208, Pope Innocent III calls for the

Fourth Crusade or the Albigensian

Crusade. The 10,000 crusaders insteadproceeded to Constantinople and wenton a rampage, attacking, burning andlooting Byzantine churches. This assaultfurthered the split in the Church and

discredited the Crusades.


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The Carolingian EmpireThe Heir of the Roman Empire in the West


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Rise of the Franks

The Frankish rulers in the Gallic regionremained as the surviving barbarianpower in Western Europe.

Clovis, founder of the Frankish state,established an alliance with the WesternCatholic Church. Upon his death, hissons quarrelled over supremacy in the

kingdom. In 700 CE, the so-called chief ministers

or mayors of the palacetook control ofthe kingdom


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Rise of the Franks

The Roman papacy under Pope GregoryI (r. 590-604) forged an alliance with theBenedictine Order to repel theLombards.

Pope Gregory I articulated a theologythat emphasized the idea of penanceand the concept of purgatory. He also

pioneered the writing of a simplified Latinliturgy.

With papal support, the Benedictineswere successful in converting the Anglo-

Saxons and the Franks, thus arming the


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Rise of the Franks In 687 CE, Pepin of Heristal, one of the mayors

of the palace, ascended to the throne andextended the power base to include Belgiumand the Rhine and established closer ties withthe Church

Charles Martel (The Hammer) repulsed theTurks in the Battle of Tours in 732 CE. The nameCarolingiancomes from his Latin name,Carolus.

Boniface (680-754), an Anglo-Saxon,established the Benedictine Rulein all themonasteries that he founded or reformed, thuspromoting monastic unity. With Frankish

alliance, he reformed the Church in the Frankish-


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Disintegration of the Carolingian

Empire Louis the Pious (814-840), only heir of

Charlemagne was not able to hold the

empire together.

He left the empire to his three sons:Lothair the Eldest, Louis the German

and Charles the Baldas provided for

in the Treaty of Verdun.


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Lay Investiture Controversy

Otto I (r. 936-973) of Germany took thetitle of emperor. The basis of his powerwas to remain in control of the Church byasserting his right to place ecclesiastical

appointments under his authority, knownas lay investiture.

Pope Gregory VII published a ban on layinvestiture in 1075 and had the power toimpose excommunication

Concordat at Worms settled the issuethrough a compromise


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