The Height of ImperialismThe Height of Imperialism

1800-19141800-1914

Ch. 21Ch. 21

Colonial Rule in Southeast Colonial Rule in Southeast AsiaAsia

The Scramble for TerritoriesThe Scramble for Territories Imperialism Imperialism The extension of a The extension of a

nation’s power over other landsnation’s power over other lands Europeans had set up colonies and Europeans had set up colonies and

trading posts in North America, South trading posts in North America, South America, and AfricaAmerica, and Africa

The New Imperialism set up in the late The New Imperialism set up in the late sixteenth century was established to sixteenth century was established to create direct control over vast territoriescreate direct control over vast territories

Motives for ImperialismMotives for Imperialism

1. Capitalist states were looking for both 1. Capitalist states were looking for both markets and raw materials for their markets and raw materials for their industriesindustries

2. Gain advantage over rivaling European 2. Gain advantage over rivaling European nationsnations

3. National Prestige3. National Prestige 4. Social Darwinism & Racism (Only the fit 4. Social Darwinism & Racism (Only the fit

are victorious)are victorious) Racist beliefs led to the use of military forceRacist beliefs led to the use of military force

Colonial Take OverColonial Take Over

Great BritainGreat Britain 1819 G.B. sent Sir 1819 G.B. sent Sir

Thomas Stamford Thomas Stamford Raffles to found a Raffles to found a new colony on a new colony on a small island now small island now called Singaporecalled Singapore

Burma would be Burma would be colonized next to colonized next to protect its protect its possessions in Indiapossessions in India

FranceFrance

France had missionaries in France had missionaries in Vietnam and they nervously Vietnam and they nervously watched the British advance watched the British advance into Burmainto Burma

The French refused to leave The French refused to leave and the country was divided and the country was divided (North & South)(North & South)

French finally succeeded in French finally succeeded in making the Vietnamese set making the Vietnamese set up a up a PROTECTORATEPROTECTORATE

ProtectorateProtectorate Political unit Political unit that depends on another that depends on another government for its protectiongovernment for its protection

1880s France extended rule 1880s France extended rule into Cambodia, Annam, into Cambodia, Annam, Tonkin, and LaosTonkin, and Laos

United StatesUnited States

1898 1898 During the Spanish-American War, During the Spanish-American War, the US naval forces under Commodore the US naval forces under Commodore George Dewey defeated the Spanish fleet George Dewey defeated the Spanish fleet in Manila Bayin Manila Bay

President William McKinley decided to turn President William McKinley decided to turn the Philippines into an American colonythe Philippines into an American colony

Emilio Aguinaldo fought for resistance and Emilio Aguinaldo fought for resistance and fought the US in bloody warfare but fought the US in bloody warfare but ultimately lostultimately lost

Colonial RegimesColonial Regimes

Indirect & Direct RuleIndirect & Direct Rule Direct RuleDirect Rule

Colonial government in which local elites are removed Colonial government in which local elites are removed from power and replaced by a new set of officialsfrom power and replaced by a new set of officials

Indirect RuleIndirect Rule Local rulers were allowed to keep their authority and Local rulers were allowed to keep their authority and

status in a new colonial settingstatus in a new colonial setting This made access to the region’s natural resources This made access to the region’s natural resources

easiereasier Cheaper because fewer officials had to be trained and Cheaper because fewer officials had to be trained and

it did not affect the culture as muchit did not affect the culture as much

Colonial EconomiesColonial Economies

Colonial powers did not want their Colonial powers did not want their colonists to develop their own colonists to develop their own industriesindustries

Stressed exports of raw materialsStressed exports of raw materials Plantation owners kept wages at Plantation owners kept wages at

poverty level to increase profitspoverty level to increase profits

Resistance to Colonial RuleResistance to Colonial Rule

Most resented the Western powers Most resented the Western powers controlling themcontrolling them

Peasant revolts were commonPeasant revolts were common Early resistance movements failedEarly resistance movements failed

Empire Building in AfricaEmpire Building in Africa

West AfricaWest Africa Europeans wanted Europeans wanted

Africa’s raw materials, Africa’s raw materials, especially those of West especially those of West Africa Africa

By late 1800’s, slave By late 1800’s, slave trade ended, other trade trade ended, other trade became very importantbecame very important

1874 1874 Great Britain Great Britain annexed the west annexed the west coastal states as the coastal states as the first British colony of the first British colony of the Gold CoastGold Coast

Most of Africa was taken Most of Africa was taken by Europeans between by Europeans between 1880-19141880-1914

North AfricaNorth Africa

Egyptians break from Egyptians break from the Ottoman Empire in the Ottoman Empire in 1805 1805

Muhammad Ali seized Muhammad Ali seized power and established power and established a separate Egyptian a separate Egyptian statestate

Modernized: Army, Modernized: Army, Schools, Industry, Ships Schools, Industry, Ships for tradefor trade

Britain takes an active Britain takes an active interest in the Suez interest in the Suez canal and makes Egypt canal and makes Egypt a protectorate in 1914a protectorate in 1914

South AfricaSouth Africa

Boers occupied South AfricaBoers occupied South Africa Boer Wars break outBoer Wars break out

1899-1902 1899-1902 Fierce guerrilla warfare Fierce guerrilla warfare broke out and angered the British. The broke out and angered the British. The British captured about 120,000 Boer British captured about 120,000 Boer women and children and placed them women and children and placed them into detainment campsinto detainment camps

British eventually win and the Boers are British eventually win and the Boers are forced to sign a treatyforced to sign a treaty

British Rule in IndiaBritish Rule in India

Sepoy MutinySepoy Mutiny

Sepoys – hired Indian soldiers to protect Sepoys – hired Indian soldiers to protect the British East India Company’s interests the British East India Company’s interests in the regionin the region

Growing distrust, the Sepoys revolt and Growing distrust, the Sepoys revolt and this becomes their first war of this becomes their first war of IndependenceIndependence

Rumor that the British were greasing Rumor that the British were greasing bullets with cow fat (Hindu religion)bullets with cow fat (Hindu religion)

The English government took direct The English government took direct control of the companycontrol of the company

Colonial RuleColonial Rule

The British government ruled India directly The British government ruled India directly through a British official known as a through a British official known as a viceroy viceroy governor who ruled as a governor who ruled as a representative of a monarchrepresentative of a monarch

Benefits of British Rule Benefits of British Rule 1. Brought order among Indians 1. Brought order among Indians 2. New school system set up2. New school system set up 3. Railroads, telegraphs, and postal services 3. Railroads, telegraphs, and postal services

were set up in Indiawere set up in India

Colonial RuleColonial Rule

Costs of British RuleCosts of British Rule Destroyed local industries (British Destroyed local industries (British

gained enormous amounts of wealth)gained enormous amounts of wealth) Zamindars (Tax collectors) became Zamindars (Tax collectors) became

corruptcorrupt Made farmers grow cotton (Food Made farmers grow cotton (Food

shortage)shortage)

Indian Nationalist Indian Nationalist MovementMovement

The first Indian nationalists were The first Indian nationalists were upper class and English-educatedupper class and English-educated Most wanted reform NOT revolutionMost wanted reform NOT revolution 1885 Indian National Congress was 1885 Indian National Congress was

formed and called for a share of formed and called for a share of governing powersgoverning powers

Religious differences created a Muslim Religious differences created a Muslim league as wellleague as well

Mohandas Gandhi became the symbol for Mohandas Gandhi became the symbol for Independence in India (Pacifist)Independence in India (Pacifist)