The Great War Unit 7, SSWH 16 a p. 816-838. Militarism Militarism—policy of glorifying military...
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Transcript of The Great War Unit 7, SSWH 16 a p. 816-838. Militarism Militarism—policy of glorifying military...
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The Great WarUnit 7, SSWH 16 a p. 816-838
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Militarism•Militarism—policy of glorifying
military power, preparing army • Protect overseas colonies and
interest• Social Darwinism—only the strong
survive• Results in an arms race (UBOAT)
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Alliances• Germany believes France wants revenge
for loss in 1870 Franco-Prussian War • Otto von Bismarck seeks to isolate France
with a series of treaties/alliances:- forms Triple Alliance—Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy—in 1882
Response is Triple Entente—Britain, Russia, France
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Alliances Threaten Peace• Kaiser Wilhelm II: German ruler in 1888• Foreign policy changes in 1890 with
dismissal of Bismarck, German Foreign Minister.- alliance with Russia dropped; Russia thenallies with France -effort to strengthen German navy, which alarms Britain
• Britain, France, Russia form Triple Entente alliance in 1907
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Imperialism
• Domination of a country/territory by a stronger country
• Created by the need for raw materials (coal & iron) in industrialized countries
• Colonies became a source of competition among nations
• Morocco• Russo-Japanese War
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The Rise of Nationalism (1)
•Nationalism leads many groups to demand independence
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Balkan – Powder Keg A Restless Region• Many Slavic people in Balkans want
independence • New nation of Serbia made up largely of Slavs• Austria-Hungary annexes Slavic region Bosnia
and Herzegovina (1908)• Serbia outraged, sees itself as rightful ruler of
Bosnia & Herzegovina
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A Shot Rings Throughout Europe (spark that starts the war)
• June 1914: Serbian rebel, Gavrilo Princip, killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Austro-Hungarian heir
•Austria declares war on Serbia; Russia (a Slavic country) comes to aid of Serbia
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Europe Plunges into War
Unit 6, SSWH 16 b
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The Great War Begins – Aug. 1914
• Russia moves troops to its borders with Austria & Germany• Germany declares war on Russia,
& quickly attacks France• •Great Britain declares war on
Germany
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Nations Take Sides• By mid-August 1914, two sides at
war throughout Europe:- Central Powers—Germany,
Austria-Hungary (and other nations)
- Allies—Britain, France, Russia (and other nations)
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A Bloody Stalemate• Western Front—heavy battle zone in
northern France• Schlieffen Plan—German plan to defeat
France, then fight Russia• German army advances to outskirts of �
Paris• Germans retreat at First Battle of the �
Marne• Schlieffen Plan fails; Germany has to �
fight two-front war
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War in the Trenches• Conflict descends into trench warfare—
armies fighting from trenches• Battles result in many deaths, small land
gains - life in trenches is miserable �(unsanitary/machine gun = deaths)• Massive losses in 1916: battle of Verdun
(gained 4 miles, each lost 300,000) & Somme (gained 5 miles each lost 500,000)
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Early Fighting – Eastern Front• Eastern Front—site of main
fighting along the German-Russian border•Russians push into Austria & �
Germany, but soon retreat
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Russia Struggles• Russia’s war effort suffering by
1916; many casualties, few supplies• Huge size of Russian army keeps �
it a formidable force- prevents Germany from sending
more troops to the Western Front
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A Global ConflictUnit 7, SSWH 16 b & c
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The Gallipoli Campaign• Allies move to capture Ottoman
Dardanelles strait in February 1915• Hope to defeat Ottoman Empire, a
Central Powers ally• •Also want to open a supply line
through region to Russia• •Effort ends in costly Allied defeat
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America Joins the Fight• Germany seeks to control Atlantic Ocean
to stop supplies to Britain, uses unrestricted submarine warfare - ships sunk without warning• Halts policy in 1915, after sinking of
Lusitania angers U.S. (Killed 128 Americans)• •Renews unrestricted policy in 1917,
hopes to starve Britain quickly
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• •Effort to enlist Mexico anger U.S. (Zimmerman Note: Germany asks Mexico to attack U.S.)• •U.S. declares war against Germany
in April 1917, joining Allies p. 832
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War Affects the Home Front• WW I becomes total war—nations devote
all resources to war govt takes control of �economy to produce war goods• Nations ration: limiting purchases of war-�
related goods• Propaganda—one-sided information to �
build morale, support for war• 1000s of women fill jobs held by men• Women experience war as nurses�
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Allies Win the War• �Unrest in Russia forces Czar to step
down from throne in 1917• Communists soon take control of �
Russia’s government – Vladimir Lenin (leader)• Russia signs Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
with Germany in March 1918, Russia pulls out of war
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Central Powers Collapse• With Russia gone, Germany moves
most forces to Western Front• •Allies force Germans to retreat at
2nd Battle of Marne• Revolution in Austria-Hungary & stop
fighting • Allies win war; armistice (end
fighting) signed in Nov. 11, 1918
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Legacy of The Great War•War takes heavy toll: 8.5 million
soldiers dead, 21 million wounded•War devastates European
economies, drains national treasuries• •Many acres of land/homes,
villages, towns destroyed p. 834-835
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A Flawed Peace
Unit 7, SSWH 16 c & dp. 836 -837
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Key Leaders Come Together• Group of leaders known as the
Big Four dominate peace talks:- U.S. president Woodrow Wilson- French ruler Georges Clemenceau- David Lloyd George of Great
Britain- Vittorio Orlando of Italy
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Wilson’s Plan for Peace• Wilson’s 14 Points—outline for
lasting world peace• Calls for free trade & end to secret �
alliances, military buildups• Promotes self-determination—the �
right to govern own nation• �Envisions international peace-
keeping body to settle world dispute
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The Versailles Treaty• Britain& France oppose 14 Points: wanted to
be stronger, want to punish/weaken Germany, treaty included (3): - creates League of Nations—international org. to keep peace- “War Guilt Clause” blames Germans for war, forces Germany to pay damages to nations (reparations) - $33 Billion- League to rule German colonies until ready for independence
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A Troubled Treaty• Versailles treaty changes the look of
Europe• •Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman
Empire all lose lands• •Former Ottoman lands in Southwest
Asia turn into mandates• •New countries created in southeastern
Europe; Russia gives up land
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“A Peace Built on Quicksand”• Treaty creates bitterness on both sides• •German people feel bitter & betrayed after
taking blame for war• America never signs Treaty of Versailles:
many Americans oppose League of Nations & involvement with Europe
• •Some former colonies express anger over not winning independence
• •Japan, Italy criticize agreement; gain less land than they want