The Great War
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Transcript of The Great War
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Causes of the War in Europe
•Imperialism•Militarism
•Nationalism•Alliances
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imperialism
•Competition for territory to colonize
•Mostly in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific
2
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militarism
•Aggressively building up a nation’s armed forces in preparation for war
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nationalism
•Countries act in their own best interest as a matter of pride
•The desire of ethnic minorities to create an independent homeland
4
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nationalism•Germany had conquered
Alsace-Lorraine in 1871•France wanted it back
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Too bad. She’s ours now.
We had her first and we
want her back.
Too bad! She’s
ours now.
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nationalism• Bosnia and Serbia were inhabited
by Slavic people • Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia
in 1908• Serbia had wanted to join with
Bosnia to create a Serbian kingdom
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Serbia
Austria-Hungary
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SerbiaBosnia
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alliances
•The great powers had promised to come to each other’s aid if attacked
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alliances
•Germany + Austria-Hungary•Russia + France
•France + Great Britain
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European Alliances Just Before the Great War
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Franz Josef, Emperor of the Austro-Hungarian
Empire
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand Karl Ludwig Josef
von Habsburg Lothringen
Nephew to Franz Josef, Heir to the Austrian
Throne
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How the Great War Begins
• June 28, 1914 - Archduke Franz Ferdinand and the Archduchess Sophia make an official visit to Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia
• Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian nationalist shoots them both with a pistol in protest over Austria’s annexation of Bosnia
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SerbiaBosnia
Sarajevo
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand
& Archduchess Sophia
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June 28, 1914
Leaving for Sarajevo
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The Archduke’s Car is Attacked
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Gavrilo Princip Shoots the
Archduke and Archduchess
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Gavrilo Princip
Member of a secret
Serbian Nationalist
society called the
Black Hand
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Princip is Arrested
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The Chain Reaction
• July 28 – Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
• July 29 – Russia (Serbia’s protector) mobilizes its troops
• July 30 – France (Russia’s ally) mobilizes its troops
• August 1 – Germany declares war on Russia, but plans to attack France first
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The Chain Reaction
• August 3 - Germany invades Belgium on the way to attack France
• August 4 - Great Britain (Belgium’s ally) joins the war against Germany
• August 4 – U.S. declares neutrality
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2
3
41
56
78
June 28 – August 4, 1914
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And so . . .
“the war to end all wars”
begins.
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Central Powers
•Germany•Austria-Hungary
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Franz Josef
Emperor of the Austro-Hungarian
Empire
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Kaiser Wilhelm II
Emperor of the
German Empire(grandson of
Queen Victoria)
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Allied Powers
•Great Britain•Russia•France•Serbia
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Queen Victoria of England
1837 - 1901
Grandmother of Kaiser Wilhelm II
George V Tsarina Alexandra
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King George V
of England
1910 - 1936
Grandson of Queen Victoria
Cousin of Kaiser Wilhelm II & Czarina
Alexandria
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King George V
in full royal regalia
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Tsar Nicholas
II
Emperor of
Russia
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Tsarina Alexandra of Russia
Granddaughter of Queen Victoria
Cousin of George V & Kaiser Wilhelm II
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The Tsar & Tsarina
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Tsar Nicholas & Family
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Modern Weapons of Warfare
• Machine guns• Rapid fire artillery
• Hand grenades• Submarines
• Dirigibles (Zeppelins)• Airplanes
• Poison gas
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Machine Guns
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Lewis Air-Cooled Machine Gun
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French Machine Gunners
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American Machine Gunners in France
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Belgium
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Dog Teams Used to Pull Machine Gun Carts in Belgium
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Belgian Machine Gun
Movement
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More Belgians
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Russian Machine Gun Captured by Germans
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German Anti-Aircraft
Gun
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German soldiers examine captured Russian machine
gun
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Russian- Built
Machine Gun
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U.S. Marines – Machine Gunners
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British “mono-plane” for scouting missions
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A “bi-plane” – 2 wings
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French “tri-plane”
(those silly French)
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Russian “super bi-plane”
(those scary Russians)
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British Sea Plane
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German Curved-back
Bi-plane
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German Taube
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Crash Landing
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United States bi-planes over San Antonio, Texas
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LTA’s
Lighter Than Air Airships (Dirigibles)
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Dirigibles• Rigid airships made of a lightweight wooden or
aluminum frame• Covered with cloth• Filled with hydrogen gas - FLAMABLE• 400 – 800 feet long• Used primarily by the Germans and British for
reconnaissance and bombing• Called “Zeppelins” when made by the German
Zeppelin Company• Could reach higher altitudes than early planes and
difficult to shoot down• Could hover in one spot or travel up to 60 mph
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British Airship - 1909
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British Airship1912
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British Airship and a “Blimp” 1918
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German Zeppelin
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German Zeppelin hovering over an airship shed
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Zeppelin guarding German fleet
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German Zeppelin in hanger
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Zeppelin
stern (rear) view
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French Reconnaissance Airship
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United States
dirigible
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British bi-plane
bombs a German Zeppelin
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German Zeppelin wrecked in Finland
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German Zeppelin shot down over England
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Poison Gas
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Ariel view of gas attack
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German gas attack
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Mustard Gas
Yperite was first used by the German Army in September 1917. It was one of the most lethal of all the poisonous chemicals used during the war. It was almost odorless and took twelve hours to take effect. Yperite was so powerful that only small amounts had to be added to high explosive shells to be effective. Once in the soil, mustard gas remained active for several weeks.
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Mustard Gas
The skin of victims of mustard gas blistered, the eyes became very sore and they began to vomit. Mustard gas caused internal and external bleeding and attacked the bronchial tubes, stripping off the mucous membrane. This was extremely painful and most soldiers had to be strapped to their beds. It usually took a person four or five weeks to die of mustard gas poisoning.
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Mustard GasOne nurse, Vera Brittain, wrote: "I wish those people who talk about going on with this war whatever it costs could see the soldiers suffering from mustard gas poisoning. Great mustard-colored blisters, blind eyes, all sticky and stuck together, always fighting for breath, with voices a mere whisper, saying that their throats are closing and they know they will choke."
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World War I Mustard Gas Victim
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Mustard Gas Burns
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Mustard GasBurns
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British Soldiers Blinded by Mustard Gas
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Early Gas Mask – the
British Hypo Helmet – effective against
chlorine gas
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British Small Box Respirator – first
used in April 1916 – Effective against mustard
gas
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Military Training Poster
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Horsies Too
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Volunteers in French engineering school test masks
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The “Front”
•Where the opposing sides in a war meet and engage in battle
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Trench Warfare
• Both sides dug a system of deep trenches to hide in for protection
• Stretched for miles along the front• Muddy, lice and rat infested• Lines of trenches separated by
empty “no man’s land”
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Stalemate
•A situation in which neither side is able to gain the advantage
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Neutrality
•Not taking either side in a conflict
•America’s official policy until 1917
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How America Enters the Great War
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Unterseeboots•German submarines•Known as “U-Boats”
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Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
• Germany began to sink merchant ships carrying supplies to Great Britain “without warning”
• U-boats were undetectable• Passenger and merchant
ships were helpless
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German U-boat
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German U-boat deck with
quick-fire gun lowered
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British sub
Quick-fire Gun
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The Lusitania
• British passenger ship
• Secretly carrying weapons for Allies
• May 7, 1915 Germany sank it
• 1200 passengers died
• 128 Americans on board
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The Lusitania Sinks
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The Sussex
• French passenger ship• March 24, 1916 torpedoed by
the Germans• Killed or injured 80
passengers• 2 Americans• America threatened to cut
diplomatic ties to Germany
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• German government again pledged not to sink passenger ships without warning
• January 31, 1917 – Germany informed the U.S. it would resume unrestricted submarine warfare the next day
19 Sussex Pledge
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Zimmerman Note
• Arthur Zimmerman – Germany’s foreign secretary
• Feb. 1917 - Makes a secret offer to Mexico – if Mexico would attack U.S., Germany would reward them with U.S. land (Arizona, New Mexico, & Texas)
• Telegram is intercepted by Britain
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The Zimmerman Telegram inDiplomatic
Code
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Russian Revolution
• March 1917 – Tsar Nicholas II is overthrown and a republic is set up
• U.S. had not wanted to join sides with an autocrat
• Americans now felt more comfortable joining the Allies
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War Resolution
• March 16–18, 1917, Germany sank 3 U.S. ships
• April 2 – Wilson asks Congress for a declaration of war against Germany
• “The world must be made safe for democracy.”
• April 6 – Congress passes a war resolution
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AEF• American Expeditionary
Force• June 1917 - 14,500 men sent
to France, led by General John J. Pershing
• Pershing recommends the army be expanded to 1 million by 1918
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General John J. Pershing
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Selective Service Act
• May 1917 - Congress authorizes the draft
• By November 1918, 24 million men had registered
• 3 million draftees sent to serve
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Convoy• Group of unarmed ships
surrounded by destroyers and other armed naval vessels for protection
• Very successful way to get American troops to Europe
• German U-boats did not sink any U.S. troop transport ships
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The Tide of the War
Turns
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New Technology
The British develop the Mark IV tank which can roll right over trenches
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The British Mark IV
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Bolshevik Revolution
• November 1917 – Communists led by Vladimir Lenin overthrow the republic
• March 1918 – Lenin signs treaty with Germany, surrendering much of Russia’s western territory
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Saving Paris
• May 1918 – German forces were only 50 miles from Paris
• American Marines and Army forces met attacking German troops just east of Paris
• Refused to dig trenches – “The Marines will hold where they stand.”
• Battle of Chateau-Thierry – half of American troops were lost
• Paris was saved
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Meuse-Argonne Offensive
• September 1918• Over 1 million AEF troops drive
the Germans through the Argonne Forest and out of France
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Austro-Hungarian Empire Falls
• October 1918 – Austria-Hungary breaks apart creating independent ethnic groups
• Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, and Hungarians
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Armistice• October 29, 1918 – German sailors
mutiny• November 10 – Kaiser Wilhelm flees to
Holland• November 11 – The armistice is signed
and at 11 a.m. all fighting stops • “11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th
month”
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War Casualties
• Battle Dead: 8 million– Americans – 51,000– Other Allies – 4.9 million– Central Powers – 3.1 million
• Wounded / disabled: 21 million– Americans – 206,000– Other Allies – 12.6 million– Central Powers – 8.4 million
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Paris Peace Conference
January 1919Woodrow Wilson meets
with leaders from Britain, France,
and Italy
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The BIG Four
Lloyd George Orlando Clemenceau Wilson
Britain Italy France U.S.
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Wilson’s 14 Points
• Wilson’s plan for keeping world peace after the war. He wanted– end to secret treaties– removal of trade barriers– reduction of military forces– self-determination for ethnic groups– formation of a permanent agency
where countries could resolve disputes
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President Wilson asks
Americans for support of his plan for the League of Nations
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League of Nations
• Wilson’s plan for global security• Members of the League would
consider an attack on one to be an attack on all
• The League would have no military power
• The Senate rejected the League, believing it would draw the U.S. into future wars in Europe
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Treaty of Versailles
• Signed June 28, 1919 at the Palace of Versailles in France
• 9 new nations formed• Ottoman Empire became Turkey• Germany forced to accept guilt for
the war and would pay the Allies $33 billion in reparations
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The Palace of Versailles
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Fighting the War on the Home Front
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Economic Measures
• Liberty Bonds • Daylight Savings Time
• Food Rationing
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Daylight Savings Time
moved an hour of daylight to the end of the
work day – saving
America’s energy
consumption
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The sale of bonds to the public helped
finance the war.
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Political Measures
• Immigration halted• “Hate the Hun” campaign• 1918 – Espionage and Sedition Act
prohibited– obstructing the sale of Liberty Bonds– promoting disloyalty toward the U.S.
government, the Constitution, or the military
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How the Great War Changed Us
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Political Effects of the War
•U.S. is recognized as a world military power
•U.S. becomes an economic power as bankers loaned $11 billion to Allies
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Economic Effects of the War
• 400,000 women take men’s jobs during the war, but many are forced to quit as troops returned
• 500,000 blacks migrate from the South to the North to take industrial jobs, but face resentment and discrimination
• Economy booms during the war, but slows as troops returned home
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Psychological Effect of the War
Feeling of gloom and disillusionment because of the terrible destruction and loss of
life
“a lost generation”
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Cemetery at Montfaucon, France
14,246 graves
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German Cemetery at Neuville-St. Vaast, France 44,000 graves
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The world mourned “a lost generation”