THE GREAT WAR: THE WORLD IN UPHEAVAL

La Belle Époque - 1871 - 1914

Absence of armed conflict

Increasing power of popularly elected legislatures.

Increasing involvement of government in social legislation.

Improved health and leisure.

CAUSES AND ORIGINS OF THE WAR Short term cause – Assassination of Archduke

Franz Ferdinand

Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie enter their car one final time unaware they are minutes from dying

LONG TERM CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I

Long term causes are much more complex

National rivalries

Imperialism

Military Arms Race

Economic Rivalries

Domestic Problems

LONG TERM CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I

Alliance System

Triple Alliance (Central Powers ) – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (later left and became neutral, then joined the Allies)

Triple Entente (Allied Powers) – Britain, France, Russia

Nationalism

MARCH TO WAR Crisis in the Balkans

SerbiaBosnia – Herzegovina

MARCH TO WAR Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Gavrilo Princip Black Hand Produces a Chain Reaction

Gavrilo Princip Gavrilo Princip being apprehended

Franz Ferdinand and family

AUSTRIA – HUNGARY ISSUES ULTIMATUM TO SERBIA

- Demands were impossible for Serbia to meet

- Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia

- This sets off a chain reaction

CHAIN REACTION

Austria-Hungary and Germany

Vs.

Serbia and Russia

MARCH TO WAR

Schlieffin Plan Had been created in 1905 Take France, then Russia

Rape of Belgium Belgium was neutral Germany invades Great Britain enters WWI

Battle of the Marne

REACTION TO WAR - EXCITEMENT

NEW TECHNOLOGIES

Trench warfare

TRENCH FOOT

NO MAN’S LAND

NEW TECHNOLOGIES

Poisonous gas

Tanks

Airplanes

Submarine

BATTLE OF VERDUN – FEBRUARY 1916

BATTLE OF THE SOMME – JULY 1916

THE EASTERN FRONT

ON THE HOMEFRONT…

Total War

Mass conscription

Government controlled economies

Wage & price controls, work hours, full employment

Limited & restricted freedoms.

PROPAGANDA

WOMEN AND WAR

Women performed the jobs of men at home

Women served as nurses on the battlefield

At the war’s end, women expected more equality with men

In some places, gained the right to vote

WIDENING THE WAR

The Ottoman Empire

Italy

Middle East

Japan

United States

AMERICA JOINS THE WAR

Lusitania

AMERICA JOINS THE WAR Lusitania

AMERICA JOINS THE WAR

The Zimmerman Telegram

1918 OFFENSIVES

German Offensive Treaty of Brest – Litovsk with Russia Moved troops to Western Front

Second Battle of the Marne

The Hundred Days

German defeat – November 1918 Government collapse Weimar Republic

HUMAN COST Military & Civilian Deaths: 15 million

Wounded: 20 million

Germany – 2 million

Russia – 1.7 million

France – 1.4 million

Great Britain – 1 million

U.S. – 126k

PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE

Georges Clemenceau

David Lloyd George

Victorio Orlando

Woodrow WilsonFourteen Points George, Orlando, Clemenceau, Wilson

THE REORDERING OF EUROPE

Treaty of Versailles Germany blamed for the war Territorial loss Military reduction Saddled with reparations payments

League of Nations America didn’t join

Redrawing the Map of Europe

IMPACT OF WAR AND PEACE

Weak peace settlement – led to WWII

Bolshevik Revolution

Destroyed Empires

New Map of Europe

Age of Anxiety