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The Global Challenge:Reducing water use for Agriculture while improving
food security and peoples livelihoods.
Dr. Biksham GujjaPolicy Advisor,Global Freshwater ProgrammeGland
For 23rd Aug. 2007 lecture at SRI training, DRR, Hyd.
A flood affected family leaves their home for a relief center on a makeshift tube raft at Balrampur village, in Gorakpur district, in the north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, Friday, Aug. 10, 2007. Authorities on Friday canceled doctors' vacation time and rushed food, clean drinking water and medicine to India's flood-hit areas to ward off an epidemic with thousands of people returning to their ravaged homes. Torrential rains in the past two weeks across much of northern India, Bangladesh and Nepal have flooded rivers and submerged villages and farmland, killing at least 530 people and stranding some 19 million more, officials said Friday. (AP Photo/Rajesh Kumar Singh)
People take shelter on either side of the railway track near the Kamtaul railway station in north Bihar after the area was flooded by the Bagmati river.
Flood victims rush to collect relief material dropped by an Air Force helicopter in Darbhanga district of north
Bihar on Saturday. An aerial view of a part of Darbhanga district in North Bihar on Saturday.
A woman transports her possessions and goat on a boat made of banana leaves in Sirajganj, Bangladesh
Village family, Sirajganj, BangladeshA Bangladeshi woman and child wade through floodwaters in Sirajgonj District.
A man wades through a flooded road after heavy rains in Mumbai August 3, 2007.
Residents of Keraniganj walk on a bridge on the bank of the Buriganga river August 4, 2007. More than 200 people have died
in monsoon flooding in South Asia in the last 10 days while more than 10 million remained marooned in their villages or
homeless on Friday, with many having no access to health care.
Villagers watch flooded paddy field in Nepal
WWF's MISSION IS TO STOP THE DEGRADATION OF THE PLANET'S NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND TO BUILD A FUTURE IN WHICH HUMANS LIVE IN HARMONY WITH NATURE, BY:
• Conserving the world's biological diversity
• Ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable
• Promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption
WWF’s INFLUENCE COMES FROM….
• 5 million members globally• Offices in 56 Countries• Working in 100 Countries
FROM MISSI0N TO GLOBAL CONSERVATION PRIORITIES
FORESTS
FRESHWATER
OCEANS &
COASTS
SPECIES
TOXICS
CLIMATECHANGE
WHAT + WHERE = WWF'S GLOBAL CONSERVATION PRIORITIES
WHAT ? WHERE ?
Water: a global challenge
• 1.1 B without safe water supply• 2.4 B without sanitation• 3-10 M deaths from waterborne
diseases• Ecosystem being most rapidly
destroyed• Most species-rich ecosystem; greatest
decline
A water scarcity crisis:
• 70% agriculture
• 20% industry
• 10% urban use
Eradicating malnutrition by 2025, with current productivity, requires additional diversions “close to all the water withdrawals at present”(IMWI & SIWI).
WWF LPR 2002
A biodiversity crisis:
• Losses over 50% since 1970, greater than forests and marine (~ 30%)
• Severe human impacts
• The hidden freshwater crisis
WWF Living Planet Report 2004
‘How we eat and wear water’Promote adoption of policies and practices by at least 100 governments, by three food and fibre industry sectors
at least 20 WWF initiatives have stopped or modified infrastructure schemes ....
5 market-based or policy frameworks are in place to promote better practice in agricultural commodities
10 countries are supported in water use programmes that reduce poverty and conserve biodiversity
SRI is part of that Global vision…
Climate change and water•Dry areas > drier, wet areas > wetter •Human consumption exceeds climate-induced loss•Renewed incentive for hydropower•Water variability > more dams•Desalinisation = energy internsive
Water use - agriculture
Agricultural Water Use (percent of renewable resource)
3379
%
1619
%
939%
638%
423%
414%
117%
108%
107%
88%
77%
70%
69%
69%
66%
59%
59%
57%
42%
40%
40%
38%
38%
35%
35%
34%
29%
28%
27%
23%
1%
10%
100%
1000%
10000%
Bah
rain
Kuw
ait
Uni
ted
Ara
b E
mira
tes
Sau
di A
rabi
a
Liby
an A
rab
Jam
ahiri
ya
Qat
ar
Om
an
Jord
an
Syr
ian
Ara
b R
ep
Iran,
Isla
mic
Rep
Indi
a
Bul
garia
Egy
pt
Tajik
ista
n
Yem
en
Pak
ista
n
Uzb
ekis
tan
Tuni
sia
Kaz
akhs
tan
Aze
rbai
jan
Afg
hani
stan
Isra
el
Turk
men
ista
n
Iraq
Dom
inic
an R
ep
Mor
occo
Spa
in
Leba
non
Arm
enia
Bar
bado
s
Data source: WRR 2000-01
Paddy cultivation = High demand on Freshwater Water = Water Crisis
Less water consumption in paddy cultivation = Less Water conflicts = good for people and ecosystems
Producing more Rice with less Water – Should be priority no.1 for scientist
Global Area- 175 million ha
Top 20 Countries in Rice, Paddy Area
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Ind
ia
Chi
na
Ind
ones
ia
Ban
glad
esh
Tha
iland
Vie
t Nam
Mya
nmar
Phi
lippi
nes
Bra
zil
Pak
ista
n
Nig
eria
Cam
bodi
a
Jap
an
Nep
al
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
of A
mer
ica
Mad
agas
car
Kor
ea,
Rep
ublic
of
Sri
Lank
a
Lao
s
Mal
aysi
a
Area
in M
illio
n Ha
Year 1999 Year 2000 Year 2001 Year 2002 Year 2003 Year 2004
A. P. Irrigation
Area of Irrigation in A.P. for Rice in Last five years
- 41 lakhs of hectares to 26 lakhs of hectares
0500
1,0001,5002,0002,5003,0003,5004,0004,500
1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03
Year
Are
a ( i
n 10
00 h
a)
Rice
Percentage of Area of Irrigation, A.P.
Percentage of area of irrigation for Ten crops
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03
Year
Perc
enta
ge (%
)
RiceSugarcane
Groundnut
CottonMaize
ChilliesTurmeric
Coconut
TobaccoOnions
Jowar
Comparison Graph
Comparison between Canals & Total of Others in A.P.
0500
100015002000250030003500
1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03
Year
Area
(100
0 ha
)
Canals Total of Others
Area of Rice & Food Grains
District wise Area of Rice and Area of Total Food Grains
0
100
200300
400
500
600
Wes
tG
odav
ari
Eas
t God
avar
i
Kris
hna
Nel
lore
Gun
tur
Kar
imna
gar
Srik
akul
am
War
anga
l
Nal
gond
a
Mah
bubn
agar
Niz
amab
ad
Kha
mm
am
Viz
iana
gara
m
Med
ak
Adi
laba
d
Pra
kasa
m
Vis
akha
patn
am
Kur
nool
Chi
ttoor
Ana
ntap
ur
Kad
apa
Ran
ga R
eddy
Are
a (1
000
ha)
Rice Total Food grains
Comparison of Surface and Groundwater Irrigated Rice Areas in Andhra Pradesh
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Years
Are
a in
100
0 H
a
Surface water Ground water
Per capita of Rice & Total Food Grains Production
Percapita of Rice Production & Total Food Grains
0
100
200
300
400
500
Srik
akul
am
Vizi
anag
aram
Visa
khap
atna
m
East
God
avar
i
Wes
t God
avar
i
Kris
hna
Gun
tur
Prak
asam
Nel
lore
Chi
ttoor
Kada
pa
Anan
tapu
r
Kurn
ool
Mah
bubn
agar
Ran
ga R
eddy
Hyd
erab
ad
Med
ak
Niz
amab
ad
Adila
bad
Karim
naga
r
War
anga
l
Kham
mam
Nal
gond
a
Perc
apita
(Kg
/ Per
son)
Percapita Rice Production (Kg/Person) Percapita total food grains (Kg/Person)
“Have you eaten rice today?”• 23% calories, wheat and
maize together
• Main food for 50% of global population
• 2 billion people work in rice fields
• “a grain of gold”
• It is culture, tradition and also food…
• 4000 years of history
Rice- Oryza stavia
• Area: 154 m. ha.• Production- 605 MT.• Productivity- 3,897 kg/ha.• Production value: $ 105 b.• Exports- 23 MT • Export Value- $ 6 billion• Asia -160 kg/y/person.
Rice and food security…
• 95% consumed by producing nations
• 23. m.t traded internationally
• 4.5 m.t. imported by sub-Saharan Africa
• Expanding… Africa
• Role in meeting MDG
Rice = water…1• > 70% irrigated rice• > 70% water used for irrigation
globally• Rice uses> 80% water, many
countries• 2-5,000 litres to produce one kg
Rice and water …2• Globally 3-5000 billion
cubic meter used to produce rice
• 70% all water used for agriculture
• 40% more rice need to be produced by 2050
• More water is needed
• Govt. want to construct more dams
Rice and ecosystems• Rice fields are also
considered wetlands, but they are too many
• Impact on rivers, lakes, ground water is immense
• Irrigation projects are too expensive, damaging…
Global Production- 605 m. t. (2004)
Top 20 Countries Rice, Paddy Production
0
50
100
150
200
250
Chi
na
Ind
ia
Ind
ones
ia
Ban
glad
esh
Vie
t Nam
Tha
iland
Mya
nmar
Phi
lippi
nes
Bra
zil
Jap
an
Uni
ted
Stat
es o
f Am
eric
a
Pak
ista
n
Kor
ea, R
epub
lic o
f
Egy
pt
Cam
bodi
a
Nep
al
Nig
eria
Sri
Lank
a
Mad
agas
car
Ira
n, Is
lam
ic R
ep o
f
Prod
uctio
n ( M
illio
ns M
t)
Year 1999 Year 2000 Year 2001 Year 2002 Year 2003 Year 2004
Conclusions
• Less water in Paddy cultivation contributes to-• - more production• - Less water conflicts• - Money saving to country, farmers• - Good for ecology• - avoids expensive dams, displacements, social issues
• So, by 2020 we should have target that at least 40% of irrigated rice should be use SRI kind of water saving farm based methods to reduce water input.