The Future of Satellite Navigationv11 - Stanford...
Transcript of The Future of Satellite Navigationv11 - Stanford...
1üpoüpo
Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
The Future ofSatellite Navigation
(PNT)Professor Brad Parkinson
Stanford UniversityMuch Credit and many thanks toInside GNSS &
GPS World for photos"You've got to be very careful if you don't know where you are going,
because you might not get there." –
-- Yogi Berra
2Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
Purpose of this TalkDiscuss the Future of PNT:
• Navigation Satellite Systems• Augmentation Systems• Applicable Technology and
• User Applications
plus
• Issues for sustaining Civil Capability
For Satellite-based PNT
3Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
CONTEXT: The “Big Five”Civil Goals for GPS (GNSS) (As recommended by the IRT)
1. Assured Availability of GPS signals-Includingimpaired situations (mountains, urban areas, foliage, etc.)
2. Resistance to Interference (RFI)
3. Accuracy
4. Bounded inaccuracy to limit wild points
5. Integrity - eliminating HMI, meetingrequired time to alarm
4Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
The Outline - What’s New?
Satellites Augmentations Summary of New Signals and Payoffs New Technology New Applications Cautions Conclusions
5Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
The Eras of Satellite NavigationFocus on the future
Pioneers -Transit
Deploymentand
Applications Development
2020201520102005200019951990198519801975197019651960
GPS Synthesis & Dev.Competition
IOC
GULF
D-1
IRAQ
Glonass
Augmentations – WAAS et.al.
Upgraded GPS +Galileo andGLONASS
“Robustening”
Our Focus
6Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
An Expanding GNSS World –Basic Satellite Systems
GPS
GLONASS (Russia)
Galileo (Europe)
QZSS (Japan)
Compass (China)
7Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
System Comparisons (courtesy Prof. Hein and Inside GNSS)
8Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
GPS Next Steps and Future
9Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
GPS Space Vehicle Comparisons
Category Block I Block II Block IIA Block IIR Block IIR-M Block IIF
SV Dry Mass444 Kg
(978 Lbs)
860 Kg
(1896 Lbs)
860 Kg
(1896 Lbs)
1039 Kg
(2291 Lbs)
1074 Kg
(2368 Lbs)
1453 Kg
(3204 Lbs)
EOL Power 410 W 710 W 798 W 1061 W 1061 W 2405 W
Design Life 5 years 7.5 years 7.5 years 10 years 10 years 12 Years
First Launch 22 Feb 1978 14 Feb 1989 26 Nov 1990 23 Jul 199720 May 2005
(Scheduled)
2006
(Scheduled)
Launch Vehicle Atlas E/F Delta II Delta II Delta II Delta II EELV (Both)
EC Nav Payload
(Signals)
L1 C/A, L1 P(Y),
L2 P(Y)
L1 C/A, L1 P(Y),
L2 P(Y)
L1 C/A, L1 P(Y),
L2 P(Y), L3
L1 C/A, L1 P(Y)
L2 P(Y), L3
L1 C/A, L1 P(Y),
L2 P(Y), L2 C,
L1 M, L2 M, L3
L1 C/A, L1 P(Y),
L1 M, L2 C,
L2 P(Y),L2 M,
L3, L5
May 2005 Q4 2008
L1 C/A, L1 P(Y), L1M, L2C,
L2 P(Y), L2M,L3, (+L5)
Our Focus
10Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
GPS Block IIR/IIRM Technical Specifications
Space Vehicle Weight• 1,039kg (2,291 lbs)
Launch Vehicle – Delta IIDesign Life – 10 YearsPayload Power
• Solar panels generate up to 1061 watts (EOL)Signals
• L1 C/A, L1 P(Y), L2 P(Y), L2 C/A, L1M, L2M, L3(+ L5)
11Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
GPS Block IIF Technical Specifications
GPS IIF Space Vehicle Weight- 1,672 kg (3,758 lbs)
Launch Vehicle• EELV (Delta IV, Atlas V)
Improvements/Upgrades from prior satellitesinclude:• Design life of 12 years• Twice the payload power of IIR satellites (2.440 kW)• Signals: L1 C/A, L1 P(Y), L1 M, L2 C/A, L2 P(Y), L2 M,
L3, L5
12Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
Summary GPS – The Future IIRM(last) to add L5 IIF to be Launched – end of 2008 GPS III in Source Selection (RFP last July)
• Backwards Compatible• All IIF (IIRM+) signals• L1C – International Civil Signal• Higher Power with Flex• Improved Position and Timing Accuracy
13Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
Summary - Spectrum of Modernized GPS Signals
L5ARNS/RNSS Band
L1ARNS/RNSS Band
L2RNSS Band
P(Y)C/A
L2CM
L5
L1C
Earlier GPSDual Frequency w/Semi-codeless P(Y)
Block IIR-MLaunch 2005Dual Frequency
L1 C/A & L2C (+L5)
Block IIFLaunch 2008Three FrequencyL1 C/A, L2C, & L5
Block IIILaunch 2013
L1C, L2C, L5,& L1 C/A Code
L5
New!
14Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
GPS Satellite Status 9 July 07
168.512.06.9313.05.93II-A2265775
18.613.11.0526.09.05IIR-M28874174
39.005.04.0420.03.04II-R28190193
133.609.04.9628.03.96II-A2383332
158.728.03.9410.03.94II-A2302761
C
6.813.12.0617.11.06IIR-M29601125
164.728.09.9330.08.93II-A2277954
82.817.08.0016.07.00II-R26407283
128.401.10.9612.09.96II-A24320302
52.518.02.0329.01.03II-R27663161
B
180.824.03.9223.02.92II-A21890255
176.830.09.9209.09.92II-A22108274
114.718.12.9706.11.97II-A2503083
8.813.10.0625.09.06IIR-M29486312
166.920.07.9326.06.93II-A2270091
A
Active life(months)Input dateLaunch
dateTypeSCNORADPR
NSlo
tPlane
174.711.12.9222.11.92II-A2223116
173.105.01.9318.12.92II-A22275295
35.909.07.0423.06.04II-R28362234
113.231.01.9823.07.97II-R24876133
179.423.07.9207.07.92II-A22014262
78.910.12.0010.11.00II-R26605141
F
76.615.02.0130.01.01II-R26690184
130.815.08.9616.07.96II-A23953103
41.912.01.0421.12.03II-R28129222
85.201.06.0011.05.00II-R26360201
E
190.230.08.9104.07.91II-A21552246
163.522.11.9326.10.93II-A2287744
50.812.04.0331.03.03II-R27704213
90.203.01.0007.10.99II-R25933112
31.522.11.0406.11.04II-R2847421
D
Active life(months)Input dateLaunch
dateTypeSCNORADPRNSlotPla
ne
Total 30 Satellites Average Age 8.9 yrs.Standard Deviation 5.0 yrs. Oldest: operational 15.9 yrs – (Launched 4 July 1991)
Legitimate Concern for Future:Satellites 30 → 24 ??
15Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
GLONASS : Global Orbiting NavigationSatellite System (Russia)Nominally Comparable
to GPS.Orbit
• 64.8 deg inclination• 3 orbit planes• 19,100 km circular (8 day repeat track)
Design Life -1 to 2 years24 Active Satellites when Operational
Glonass - M
16Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
GLONASS : Global Orbiting NavigationSatellite System (Russia)
Accuracy: 50-70 meters C/A signals(10-20 meter accuracy military signals)
Spacecraft• 3-Axis stabilized, nadir pointing. Dual solar arrays.
Navigation signals (25 0.5625 MHz channels)• 2 bands: 1602.5625 - 1615.5 MHz & 1240 - 1260
MHz.• EIRP 25 to 27 dBW. -Right hand circular polarized.
Cesium clocks provide time accuracy to 1000nanoseconds.
17Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
GLONASS status on 9 July 2007(10 Operational Satellites – none older than 5 years)
27.806.02.0526.12.042412797068
18.207.10.0526.12.042413712057
25.708.12.0410.12.032404701016
switched off36.109.07.0613.02.0301.12.012382711075
41.129.01.0410.12.032403795064
59.504.01.0201.12.012381789123
switched off38.319.04.0702.02.0410.12.032402794012
26.506.02.0526.12.042411796071
I
NotesActive life(months)
OutagedateInput dateLaunch
dateCosmosNumber
GLONASS Number
FrequencyChannelSlotPlane
Comssing25.12.0624257160015
3.203.04.0725.12.0624247150414
2.703.04.0725.12.0624267170410
II
switched off8.809.07.0731.08.0625.12.0524187130224
8.931.08.0625.12.0524197140323
switched off46.507.02.0721.01.0325.12.0223947911022
49.831.01.0325.12.0223957920821
switched off17.409.07.0722.01.0625.12.0524177980319
switched off66.525.05.0705.01.0113.10.0023747831018
III
18Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
GLONASS Snapshot of Visibility
19Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
GLONASS the Future
Renewed Funding and Support by Russia
Apparently in negotiations with India
FDMA signal not as useful as CDMA• Notwithstanding, Combined GPS-GLONASS
receivers are important for impaired situations
• Apparently considering CDMA
Central Issue remains Satellite Lifetime andconstellation sustainability/affordability
20Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
EU Galileo Satellite Constellation
Constellation of 30 satellites in MEO• 27 active satellites - 3 spares• 23616 km height above earth• 1+2/3 revolutions/day• 56° inclination
Cost Saving setup ofGalileo constellation• Only 3 orbital planes compared to 6 with GPS• 3 Soyuz (2 satellites per launch) +
3 Ariane5 (8 satellites per launch)• Soyuz launches will be used during
the In-Orbit Validation (IOV) Phase
EADS-Astrium 2 0 0 3
21Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
Galileo – Technical Aspects
22Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
Galileo
Open Service (3 frequencies, free of charge)
Commercial Service (3-4 freq., not free, +integrity)
Safety of Life Service (airborne, railways etc.)
Public Regulated Service (security related, military)
Search and Rescue (compatible to COSPAS-SARSAT)
Galileo Services
23Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
Frequency Plan
MissionUplink
C1
5030 MHz5000 5010
GALILEO
OS + OS / SOL / CS CS / PRS
OS / SOL / PRS
GPS
1216 1240 1256
E3 E4
1260 1300 MHz
E6
12151164 1188
E5B L2 G2
GALILEOGALILEOGPS/ GALILEO
E5A / L5
GLONASS
1563 1587 1591 1610 MHz1559
E1E2 G1L1
GPS/ GALILEO GLONASS
Upper L-Band
Lower L-Band
C-Band
EADS-Astrium 2 0 0 3
24Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
First Galileo satellites
Contracts awarded in July 2003
GIOVE -A satellite
operational 12 Jan 2006 (by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (UK)
GIOVE A2 on contract as frequency insurance
EADS-Astrium (Munich) is building GIOVE – B (Launchdelayed to 2008?)
25Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
Looking Ahead - Galileo Galileo - operational 2013 – 2014 (?) Commercial Model evidently not Viable
• Difficult to compete with free resource World wide users will benefit from new
signals -Improved accuracy, higher reliability, better availability
Breakthrough: Instantaneous RTK through combination of GPS & Galileo
Agreement on Interoperability with GPS• But does this mean “Interchangeability?
26Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
Quazi –Zenith Satellite System (QZSS)
Japanese Regional, Multi-use system
Supplement to GPS System
Includes WAAS like function
Adds communications and reporting
1st satellite 2010 (following several years later)
Orbits similar to USAF 621B of 1967• Regional coverage - “elliptical-synchronous”
27Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
QZSS Orbit Constellation
28Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
QZSS Ground Track and Coverage
29Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
Original Planned Services of QZSS
30Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
QZSS Technical Capabilities
??
31Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
Original QZSS Applications
Japanese Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS)
Services of QZSS
Applications of QZSS
Source: Advanced Space Business Corpration.
Last updated: Thu, June 17, 2004 14:26
32Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
Compass (Beidou) by ChinaThe Satellites
CommentOps?Loc.Constell.LocationLaunchSatellite
?MEOCZ-3AXichang14 Aug07BeiDou-1E
Recovered from asolar panelfailure
?GEO58.75°E
CZ-3AXichang3 Feb 07BeiDou-1D
YesGEO110.5°E
CZ-3AXichang25 May03BeiDou-1C
YesGEO80°ECZ-3AXichang21 Dec
00BeiDou-1B
YesGEO140°ECZ-3AXichang31 Oct
00BeiDou-1A
33Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
Compass (Beidou) Accuracy:
• positioning 10 meters, velocity - 0.2 meter per second timingaccuracy - 50 nanoseconds.
System : To include at least 35 satellites• five geostationary Earth orbit (GEO)• 30 medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellites
4/14/2007 9:15:57 AMChina have successfully launched their second Compassnavigation satellite, which lifted off 4:11 am local time onSaturday from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center. TheLong March 3-A launch vehicle placed the Beidou-2Bsatellite in a 21,500 km orbit.
34Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
Compass Operational Concept(A 2-way “active” system)
• Satellites transmit at 2491.75+/-4.08MHz• Ground receiver transmits back at 1615.68MHz.• The BeiDou reference - Beijing 1954 Coord. Sys.• Time reference Chinese UTC
Consequences:
• Large, power-hungry equip.
• Location revealed
• Could institute user charges
• Limits on number of users
35Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
GPS has Fathered aNumber of Augmentations…
Ground Based• NDGPS (US) (Marine Beacons) + EDGPS (EU)
• LAAS (Future)• (eLORAN) decision soon??
Space Based• WAAS (Operational)• EGNOS• MSAS• GAGAN• Commercial
We will only touch on a few
36Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
European DGPS Beacons Corrections Broadcast
over marine beacons Similar to NDGPS (US) Accuracies typically 1-2
Meters Main Target is Marine
Users In US, congress
authorized at least 2beacons for each state
37Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
Wide Area AugmentationSystem (WAAS)
Safer Increased Capacity Cost Effective
38Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
WAAS Prototype Results -May 1999Vertical Accuracy - 3 Locations, 99.9% < 2.5m
Worst Accuracy of 100,000 Data points
was 7 MetersTypical Errors less than 2 feet
39Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
Japanese MSAS Status (similar to WAAS)
40Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
MSAS Performance
Typically 1 to 2meters 95%
41Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
Commercial Augmentations (OmniStar example)
Well established Worldwideservice
Partnered with GPSequipment manufacturers
Annual fee ~$1000 Oil Exploration and
Agricultural Markets XP: "better than 20 cms" &
HP: "better than 10 cms",95%CEP.
Would compete with GalileoCommercial services
42Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
East Error - m
North
Erro
r - m
Overall 95% accuracy 16.4 m
East of 70 52.2W, 95% = 11.7 mWest of 70 52.2W, 95% = 18.3 m
Example Marine Data: Boston HarborExample Marine Data: Boston Harbor
eLORAN as Augmentation to GPS Demonstrated capability
for NPA Robust back-up signal Potentially “seamless”
backup for GPS users Relative cost is small Studied by IAT of IDA A potential deterrent to
deliberate interference
43Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
Some Technologies of the Future
More use of “Real-time” Kinematic
New Signal Structures (e.g.L1C)
Beam Steering Antennas
Chip Scale Atomic Clocks
Deeper “system-level” integration
44Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
Real-Time Kinematic: Today
L1 Code and Carrier L2 Carrier Data Link
10 km10 km
2 cm accuracy2 cm accuracy
45Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
Galileo – How willRTK improve ?
46Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
GPS Satellite Visibility for RTK
47Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
GPS+Galileo Satellite Visibility for RTK
48Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
RTK Accuracy-some improvement with Galileo
1 Cm
49Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
Instantaneous RTK Reliability
1000 times betterfailure rate at 25 km
50Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
CSAC (Chip Scale Atomic Clock)
In April 2005, Symmetricom demonstrateda 10 cc, 200 mWMiniature Atomic Clock (MAC) -surpassed DARPA's stability objectives
CSAC technology evolving to a smaller sizeand lower power, next demonstrate a laboratory prototype of a 1 cc,30 mW atomic clock.
At 100 seconds of integration time, the MAC stability is 4 parts in 10^11,equivalent to gaining or losing 1 second every 10,000 years
GNSS Payoffs• Quicker acquisition/re-acquisition
• Longer integration Times
• Can substitute for a satellite
~10 Seconds to drift ½a GPS wavelength
51Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
Beamforming Antenna Technology All Digital
(improved affordablity)
Adapt to Satellite location(MEMS-IMU helps)
Reduced interference andMultipath
Space-Frequency AdaptiveProcessing can be included
Rejection ratios of 20dB ormore possible
Caution - small phase shifts:• Carrier up to 100o
• Code up to 1 Meter Courtesy Inside GNSS and Prof Lachapelle
52Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
L1C will hopefully be MBOC(6,1,1/11)Common signal provides
hope for “interchangeability”
Codeless channel for long integration times
BOC vs MBOC• MBOC provides more power in higher frequencies
- Crisper definition of “edges’- Better multipath rejection
Courtesy Inside GNSS and Prof. Hein
This signal is symbolic of International Cooperation
53Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
So what are the major new (orexpanded) applications going to be?"Predicting the future is easy. It's trying to figure out
what's going on now that's hard.“ - Fritz R. S. Dressler
Expanded Crustal Tracking Precicion Tracking and Reporting Robotic or Assisted Control Cell/GPS explosion – where will this go?
54Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
Slow “earthquakes” areobserved in Cascadiaand Japan along thesubduction zones.
In Canada, these events take about 15 days,propagate northward, and occur every 16-18months.
GPS is Vastly Increasing our Understanding of Crustal Motion andEarthquakes
55Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
The Northridge Earthquake Affected the Sierra Madre Fault 30 Km Away
Res
idua
l Lon
gitu
de (c
m)
• The earthquake probably triggered shallow slip on the Sierra Madre Fault.• This was the first time that long range fault interactions were observed.• Recent GPS Results Show Concentrated Deformation Near Downtown Los
Angeles
Sierra Madre Fault
1meter
JPL’s GPS station changed its motion as a result ofthe earthquake
56Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
Tracking Applications Have Proliferated
GPS is
the key
57Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
Another Precision Tracking Example(Optimizing Skiing Trajectories- courtesy “Inside GNSS” magazine
• GPS/IMU smoothed trajectory
• Also to be Applied to Autos
• Authors•Adrian Wagli & Jan Skaloud
58Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
Robotic Use Of GPS
Typical Accuracy-Four Inches
Blind Landing Tests – 110 straight successes with one go around
Stanford Robot Tractor
Note fourantennas toprovide 0.1o
Attitude
Tracking Test @ 5 m/s – worst error ~3 inches!
Autonomous Model Helicopter
GPS Position, Velocity and Attitude
“Sandstorm” Vehicle negotiating difficultTerrain
59Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
GPS in GSM Receivers 2011(69% of the Market, by units)
Current ASP ~ $2At $4 per unit-
100% of high endGSM Market
At $2 per unit –100% of the totalGSM market
? IMPLICATIONS ?
60Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
Some Other Interesting Applications
61Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
Towards Auto-guided Automobiles
Vector KinematicRecievers
MEMS/IMURadarsCooperative Tracking
of other vehicles
62Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
And Perhaps the most Humanitarian:
Removing Unexploded Ordinance
63Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
A Caution:Three Critical Issues
for GPtS
64Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
GPS Applications have Proliferated
Military Civil
• Transportation- Aviation- Automobile- Maritime- Rail Control
• Public Services• Timing &
Frequency• Surveying• Surveillance• Other
65Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
We are Victims of our success:
GPS Enormous Capability
Worldwide DependencyWhat must we do to insure that the
Trust in GPtSis not misplaced?
66Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
THE “Big Five” Civil Goals for GPS
1. Assured Availability of GPS signals-Including impaired situations(mountains, urban areas, foliage, etc.)
• Number of GPS Satellites/Geometry• Interoperability and Standardization with Galileo et al
2. Resistance to Interference (RFI)• Additional Satellite RF power and Frequency Diversity• More jam resistant GPS receivers
3. Accuracy• Require Prediction Accuracy (Satellite Clocks and Age of Update)• Improved Satellite Geometry is essential• Augmentations: WAAS, LAAS,EGNOS, MSAS, NDGPS, PLs
4. Bounded inaccuracy to limit wild points• Concerned with the 1% or less “wild data points”• Good Satellite Geometry Coverage is Imperative
5. Integrity - eliminating HMI, meeting required time to alarm• WAAS• RAIM
Three of top four Goals are driven by the number of satellites –
hence DSB & IRT30+X satellite recommendation
67Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
GPS Issue #1 – (Availability)Constellation Sustainment
Average on-orbit life 8.9 years First IIF currently available for launch:
May 2008 First GPS III currently available for
Operations - April 2014
Needed: Sustained, high-level supportfor earlier GPS III delivery and availability
It is imperative the we avoid “GPS Brownouts”
68Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
Illustrating why current number of Satellitesis Minimal (Courtesy GPS World and John Lavrakas)
DOP is strongly driven by Masking Angle andnumber of satellites (the impaired user’s problem)
Above 10o, less than 30 satellites destroysaccuracy and availability
Monthly Availabilityof 24 sats 92 to 100%
DOP vs. Mask Angle (degrees)
The Knee
69Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
GPS Issue #2 –GPS Robustness (Deterrence)
Constellation size of 30+X for users inimpaired environments (the GDOP imperative)
Affordable GPS Receiver InterferenceRejection Technology (inertial integration anddigital beam steering technology)
GPS Backup – Loran?
Need: Full, urgent Commitment by US
Needs full development
Needs decisions
70Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
GPS Issue #3 –GPS and Galileo-True, Total Interoperability
Payoff – Availability, Accuracy and Robustness
Real Measure: Interchangeability “Mix and Match” with same ranging accuracy• L1C defined, implemented, and operable• Seamless WAAS/EGNOS/+ ?• True clock Synchronization and common grid
71Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
As providers of GtPS
we must insure the Service
is Always Available - To meet:
the Safety, Economic, and Convenience
Needs
of the World
72Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007
Conclusions: The FutureNew GPtS signals means better fulfillment of
the “Big Five”Resulting Applications will increasingly be
dependent on robustness, accuracy, andavailability
Caution: the next six years may have degradedperformance if new systems continue to slip
Limited only by Imagination!