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THE FUTUREAGRICULTURE

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S.M. SitompulLab. Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya

Mù Cang Chải is a rural district of Yên BáiProvince, in the Northeast region of Vietnam.

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1. INTRODUCTION PROBLEMS

1. Population2. Limited Resources (Land, Water, Nutrition Etc.)3. Global Warming (Drought & Flood)4. Land Use Change

TECHNOLGY DEVELOPMENT1. Biotechnology2. Information Technology3. Nanotechnology

HEALTHY LIFE AWARENESS

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1. POPULATION

Food production should be increased by 70% by 2050to avoid mass malnutrition (FAO).

INDONESIA

Source: BAPPENAS

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The problems are1. Most of the land available to use for food is already

being cultivated.2. The rest is atop mountains, covered by desert sands

or in Antarctica3. The only potential farmland left is the world’s

remaining rain forests (are we going destroy it?).Some of it has been changed to oil palm plantation inIndonesia.

4. Other resources for agriculture (water, fertilizers) arelimited and should be used efficiently.

5. Extreme weather events are on the rise, creatingadditional obstacles to productivity.

Fig. 1. Global surface temperatures relative to 1951-1980. ENSO index (12-month running mean) is based on sea surface temperature in Niño 3.4 area(5N-5S, 120-170W) in tropical Pacific[3] for 1951-1980 base period. Greentriangles mark volcanic eruptions producing an extensive stratosphericaerosol layer.

http://csas.ei.columbia.edu/2015/01/16/global-temperature-in-2014-and-2015/

GLOBAL WARMING

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LAND USE CHANGE

Deforestation in Borneo, 1950-2020

http://picmia.com/img/1400225.jpg

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Source: Indonesia Statistics Bureau

Oil Palm production (x1000 MT)

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THE AGRICULTUREIN THE FUTURE

1. NANOTECHNOLOGYThe application of nanotechnology to theagricultural and food industries was firstaddressed by a UnitedStates Department ofAgriculture roadmappublished inSeptember 2003

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NANFigure 1. Potential applications ofnanotechnology in agriculture. (A)Increase the productivity usingnanopesticides and nanofertilizers; (B)Improve the quality of the soil usingnanozeolites and hydrogels; (C) Stimulateplant growth using nanomaterials (SiO2,TiO2, and carbon nanotubes); (D) Providesmart monitoring using nanosensors bywireless communication devices.

What is Nanotechnology?

A Human Hair is about 100,000 µm wide

or molecular clusters intostructures to creatematerials and devices withnew or vastly differentproperties

This includes the manipulation or self-assembly ofindividual atoms, molecules

Nanotechnology is defined by as the science ofunderstanding and control of matter at dimensionsof roughly 1–100 nm (the US EnvironmentalProtection Agency19)

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Nanotechnology in BiofuelThe reduced carboncompounds serves asa source of biofuel.

The electrons of thephotosynthetic ETCare harvested for theproduction of

(i) electricity in the photo-bioelectrochemical cell(ii) hydrogen with the help of enzymes (hydrogenases or

nitrogenases)(iii) oxygen in the photo-bioelectrochemical cathode

Models of fuel cells: (a) conventional hydrogen fuel cellswith Pt as catalyst on both anode (+) and cathode (-),(b) and (c) are photo-biochemical fuel cells: (b) isolatedPSII on the anode and (c) photosyntheticmicroorganisms (e.g. green algae or cyanobacteria/CB);both employ the enzymatic cathode for the reduction ofoxygen to water via laccase.

Conventional Photo-biochemical fuel cells

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Schematic of hydrogen production by combininghydrogenases and photosystems

HYDROGEN FUEL PRODUCTION

Research on anti-ageing products from soybeanis underway at the Univ. Brawijaya

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2. Agriculture Biotechnology

Mini-chromosome technologywill be available (Syngentaand Chromatin) to delivermultiple stacked traits in asingle corn hybrid faster andmore efficiently than today’sstacking technologies.

1919 The word "biotechnology" is first used by aHungarian agricultural engineer.

2010 Researchers at the J. Craig Venter Institute createthe first synthetic cell.

2015 Engineered mini-chromosomes have beenproduced in plants

C4 RiceThe C4 Rice project, leaded by ProfJane Langdale, FRS as the principalinvestigator, began in 2006 at theInternational Rice Research Institutein the Philippines, funded by the Bill& Melinda Gates Foundation.

The research is onschedule, and engineeringshould begin in 2019, withthe expectation thatbreeding of delicious,fiercely efficient C4 ricecould be complete by 2039.

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The first corn hybridsthat are droughtresistant are available.Drought-resistanthybrids with geneticallymodified traits usingbiotechnology shouldappear in the middle ofthe decade.

http://farmindustrynews.com/farm-equipment/20-technologies-changing-agriculture#slide-9-field_images-45641

Drought-resistance traits

The recent discovery of a genetic mutation at PurdueUniversity that allows a plant to better endure droughtwithout losing biomass may help increase WATER USEEFFICIENCY.

3. Precision AgricultureSmart Farming or Precision Agriculture is one of thehottest trend in agriculture.

Farmers have been ableto improve crop yieldsand water utilizationby the data generatedfrom sensors on the field,farming equipment andusing big data analytics,.

Portable Computers, Smartphones and Drones will beheavily involved in farm managements

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Smart agricultureFebruary 22, 2013

In the future, agricultural machines will be able to communicate with each other and will be controlled via smartphone or tablet. Credit: Fraunhofer IESE

Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2013-02-smart-agriculture.html#jCp

http://cdn.phys.org/newman/gfx/news/hires/2013/smartagricul.jpg

In the future, agricultural machines will be able tocommunicate with each other and will be controlled viasmartphone or tablet. Credit: Fraunhofer IESE

Precision Agriculture put emphasis on increasingefficiency, productivity and innovative approaches tofuture food security needs, coupled with appropriateattention to environmental needs and pressures forreducing carbon footprint.

‘Smart’, in the context ofsmart integrated farming,is a term that is nowbeing applied to theseevolving technologicaldrivers.

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Hyper precisionPrecision agriculture technologies are becomingmore robust and more precise ushering in an era ofhyper precision.

Drone technologyDrone technology will give theagriculture industry a high-technology makeover, withplanning and strategy based onreal-time data gathering andprocessing

1. Soil and field analysis (3-D maps for early soil analysis)2. Planting (Startups have created drone-planting systems)3. Crop spraying (Drones can scan the ground and spray the correct amount

of liquid, modulating distance from the ground and spraying in real time foreven coverage)

4. Crop monitoring (Drone can be used for time-series animations that canshow the precise development of a crop and reveal productioninefficiencies, enabling better crop management)

5. Irrigation (Drones with hyperspectral, multispectral, or thermal sensors canidentify which parts of a field are dry or need improvements)

6. Health assessment (Drone-carried devices can identify which plantsreflect different amounts of green light and NIR light)

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1. 4G networksFarmers frustrated by lack of access tohigher-speed Internet services could findthemselves in the Internet fast lane in thenext couple of years, because of 4G(fourth generation) cellularcommunications networks.

2. TelematicsImagine pulling up on your mobilecomputer a map that shows whereall your vehicles are operating andtheir fuel levels, how muchproduct has been applied or howmuch crop harvested, and even ifa piece of equipment is ready tobreak down.

4. GREEN HOUSEAGRICULTURE

Tabernas’s massivegreenhouse clustershave been touted asan economicmiracle.

http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=4508

The Tabernas desert (southern Spain), is the driestplace in Europe before 1963

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Spain built greenhouses throughout much of thecountry’s arid landscape and is now the place wheremore than half of Europe’s fresh vegetables and fruits aregrown, one of Europe’s major exporters of produce. JohnPrior/Alamy

5. VERTICAL FARMS

http://www.citymetric.com/skylines/why-we-should-be-farming-skyscrapers-1029

A set ofvertical farmsdesigned foruse in China.

Image: Vincent Callebaut Architects.

Vertical 'Pinkhouses:' The Future Of Urban Farming?

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IN DOOR VERTICAL FARMS

http://www.businessinsider.com/indoor-vertical-farm-is-the-future-of-agriculture-2015-10?IR=T&r=US&IR=T

The crops are grown indoors, where they're always monitored and keptaway from harmful bacteria.

FarmedHere is thelargest indoor verticalfarm in North America.

Everything that'shappening can becontrolled in an indoorfarm that can use upto 95% less water thantraditional methods.“

The future of agriculture is an indoor vertical farm half the sizeof a Wal-Mart

http://66.media.tumblr.com/9c98a11117c8356ac642d05d110843a6/tumblr_o5hf9mSX3s1r5ywtt_r1_og_1280.jpg

In door Vertical farms are called sometimes “Pinkhouses,”as they’re are lit blue and red: Those are the spectrums ofvisible light best absorbed by plants. Thus pinkhousesgenerate high efficiency.

In the wild, plants use at most 8% of the absorbed light,while in pinkhouses, the plants can use as much as 15%

The pinkhouses usethe mix of blue andred LED lamps whichare super energyefficient in general,and can be tuned tospecific wavelengths.

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CE AGRICULTURE (CEA)Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) is

agriculture systems which efficiently utilize moderntechnology for crop management.CEA technology provides an excellent platform for

the introduction of nanotechnology to agriculture.- Nanotechnological devices for CEA that provide “scouting”

capabilities could tremendously improve the grower’s ability todetermine the best time to harvest the crop, the vitality of crop,and food security issues, such as microbial or chemicalcontamination.

- CEA is an advanced and intensive form of hydroponically basedagriculture. Plants are grown within a controlled environment sothat agricultural practices can be optimized.

- The computerized system monitors and regulates localizedenvironments such as fields of crops and irrigated water.

CONCLUSION The Future Agriculture will develop to be

This, however, should be supported by the rightAgriculture Education Systems that include,among others,1. Highly qualified human resource2. Excellent Laboratories3. Excellent Multimedia lecture rooms4. Excellent lecture materials and delivery

Sumberdaya pendidikan (SDM, Lab. dll) jugaperlu ditingkatkan dari segi quantitas danqualitas.

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http://leavingbio.net/TheStructureandFunctionsofFlowers%5B1%5D.htm