The French Revolution and Napoleon
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Transcript of The French Revolution and Napoleon
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON
Chapter 20Miss Isler
World History I
Section 1- Essential Question What were the major factors of the
French state that led to the French Revolution?
The Old Regime Estates= social classes
1. First Estate= Roman Catholic Clergy2. Second Estate= nobles3. Third Estate= commoners
All three estates met as the Estates General- think Parliament
First Estate Catholic Church held 10% of all land in
France Higher in the church, wealthier Regular French Priests had no money Paid no direct taxes to the government.
Instead, gave government about 2% of their income as a “free gift”
Second Estate Nobles made up less than 2% of France’s
population Owned 20% of land Held highest jobs- government, courts of
law, army, etc. Refused to pay taxes
Third Estate 98% of France Within the Third Estate:
Bourgeoisie- city middle class; lawyers, doctors, merchants, bankers, shopkeepers. Educated, believed in Enlightenment ideals. As rich as nobles, but treated like peasants
Urban lower class; butchers, peddlers, cooks, servants; Peasant farmers; 4/5th of France’s population; paid half
of their income in taxes. Had to also pay in work- work without pay for the government
Most people ate 3 pounds of bread a day, nothing else- if cost of bread rose, hungry mobs attacked sellers of bread
Louis XVI was a Weak Ruler
Indecisive Wife- Marie Antoinette Married when they were
15, 14 Louis in debt- borrowed to
help American revolution Avoided bankruptcy by
taxing the nobles, but nobles refused to pay unless the king called a meeting of the Estates General, which had not met since 1614
Marie Antoinette
Marie Antoinette immediately disliked by people of France because her mother was Maria Theresa of Austria- France’s longtime enemy
Unpopular due to her habit of spending while the rest of France went hungry
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cLJ1vuUWprA
The National Assembly Took Power
First and Second Estates had run the General Estates in the past and their votes counted more than the Third Estate- Third Estate hoped this would change now
King sided with the Nobles- so Third Estates not happy
Third Estate changed its name, now National Assembly- said end to absolute monarchy and beginning of representative government Beginning of the Revolution
Parisians Storm the Bastille
Louis XVI tried to make peace with the National Assembly (Third Estate)- brought Swiss troops to help him
At same time, bread price increased- riots in Paris
Mobs stormed the Bastille in order to gain gunpowder to defend themselves against the Monarchy and the Swiss Troops
Bastille Importance Militarily- forced Louis to give up his plan
of bringing his foreign troops into the city Politically- reduced the king’s power and
saved the National Assembly July 14- day of “Independence” in France
Great Feat Swept France Rumors of a plot against common people spread Wave of panic- Great Fear- swept and people
banded together In Bands, people ransacked houses and burned
legal papers saying peasants had to pay feudal taxes
October 1789- Parisian women rioted over price of bread Marched to Versailles Forced the Monarchs to move to Paris- they never saw
Versailles again
Quick Write What were the major factors of the
French state that led to the French Revolution?
Section 2- Essential Question
How did the French Revolution bring both reform and terror to the people of France?
The Assembly Adopted Many Reforms
National Assembly voted to end feudalism, serfdom, church tithes, and special privileges of nobles and clergy
The Rights of Man Declaration of the Rights of Man
National Assembly’s set of revolutionary ideas
“Men are born and remain free and equal in rights.”
King against it
Activity
Limited Monarchy National Assembly created a
constitutional monarchy, where an elected assembly held lawmaking power
King and his ministers still held executive power
Catholic Church lost its land and political independence
National Assembly stepped down, in came the Legislative Assembly
France was Split by Factions
Legislative Assembly split into 3 groups- all sit together, not much communication with all 3 Conservative (sat on the right in the
Assembly)- did not want change, liked the king. Wanted a return to the Old Regime
Moderates- Radicals (sat on the left in the Assembly)-
more changes, hated the king
France at War At war with Austria at same time Enemy armies advanced to Paris Prussian army (enemy) threatened to
destroy France if Revolutionaries harmed any member of the royal family
This statement provoked the mob in Paris 70,000 people surged into Paris and
imprisoned Louis and Marie Antoinette
Louis XVI Executed New government- National Convention (took
over for Legislative Assembly) Jacobins- club that wanted to remove the
king and establish a republic Leaders were Marat and Danton Wanted a more violet revolution
National Convention: abolished the monarchy Established a republic All men could vote/hold office. Women could not
Executed by the guillotine
Robespierre Jacobin leader Ruled as a dictator- accusers of
treason were tried in the morning, guillotined in the afternoon
His term was called “The Reign of Terror”
Marie Antoinette died under his rule
Killed revolutionaries for not being radical enough
At least 3,000 people killed, some think 40,000
Robespierre fell from Power
Those who feared him went against him Within 2 days he was on the guillotine Moderates of the National Convention
were tired of the Terror- needed more stability
Drafted a new constitution, made a legislative body known as the Directory
Directory found someone to run the army- Napoleon Bonaparte
Quick Write How did the French Revolution bring both
reform and terror to the people of France?
Section 3- Essential Question
How was Napoleon able to conquer Europe?
Napoleon Rose Through the Army and France
Called Savior of the French Republic for protecting the National Convention from violent royalists
Gained national recognition by 1790s The Directory was losing power by 1799,
and gave their power to Bonaparte and 2 others
Bonaparte assumed dictatorial powers as the First Consul of the French Republic- seizure of power known as a coup- “stroke of state”
Napoleon the Emperor Pretended to be the constitutionally
chosen leader of a free republic Asked the people to approve a new
constitution- held a plebiscite- an election in which all citizens vote yes or no Showed that the people wanted stability in
power In 1802 another plebiscite made him First
Consul for life 1804 Napoleon made himself Emperor
Napoleon Restored Order French Republic dead because he is
Emperor Slowed inflation by balancing the
government’s budget and setting up a national bank
Promoted people according to merit, not according to family- made bourgeoisie happy
Recognized Catholicism as France’s religion But everyone free to worship as they pleased
Napoleonic Code
Established the three estates of the Old Regime
Granted equal rights before the law to people of all classes
Women could not hold property Napoleon could censor newspapers All laws applied to everyone- except
Napoleon Absolute Power
Napoleon Extended France’s Power
Wanted to modernize Europe- meaning, everyone follow his rules
Held all of Europe except Britain, Russia, Ottoman Empire, and Sweden
Ended the Holy Roman Empire by forcing the last emperor to step down
French Empire only held together for 5 years (1807-1812)
Quick Write How was Napoleon able to conquer
Europe?
Section 4- Essential Question
How did Napoleon’s Empire Collapse?
Contributing Factors •Enlightenment Philosophy, American Revolution, Social Injustices of Old Regime, Economic Crisis in France
Immediate Causes •Convening of Estates General, Indecision of Louis XVI, Fall of Bastille, The Great Fear
•Revolution
Immediate Effects •Declaration of Rights of Man, Abolishing of Old Regime, Execution of king and queen, Reign of Terror
Long-Term effects •Rise of Napoleon , Spread of Revolutionary Ideals, Growth of Nationalism, Conservative Reaction
Napoleon’s Continental System Set up a blockade against British trade-
did not allow anyone to import/export http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/007
2957549/student_view0/chapter29/interactive_map_quiz.html
Interactive map of empire
Spain Napoleon made his brother, Joseph, king
of Spain Guerillas- peasant fighters- struck French
armies in Spain because of this Ambushed French troops then fled into hiding Napoleon could not fight them very well British aided the Spanish
Russia Czar Alexander I refused to stop selling
grain to Britain- Napoleon angered Napoleon invaded Russia Scorched-earth policy= Russians burned
their land/livestock instead of leaving it for the French
Hurt the French so badly- only 10,000 or originally 400,0000 were able to fight once they turned back home
Coalition Defeated Napoleon
Russia, Prussia, and Austria marched into Paris Napoleon wanted to fight, but general said no Gave him a pension and exiled, or banished,
Napoleon to Elba He escaped from Elba, and was welcomed back
to France by thousands Within days, Emperor again Fought the British at the Battle of Waterloo but
army too exhausted and lost. Napoleon was a British prisoner and exiled to the South Atlantic
Quick Write How did Napoleon’s Empire Collapse?