TheFourthFundamentalSciencewithPulsedPower

AlbuquerqueNM,July20-22,2015ProgressReport:

AstrophysicalOpaciGesandAbundancesAnilPradhan

SultanaNahar,ChrisOrban,MarcPinsonneault,

FranckDelahaye(Meudon),JimBailey(SNL)

WhyMorePreciseOpaci0es?•  FundamentalProblems:Astro/Atomic/PlasmaàSolarAbundances:C,N,O,Nelowerby~50%àHelioseismology:SolaroscillaGons,soundspeed,boundaryofconv/radzonesàAsteroseismology:Exo-planethoststars!Atomic/PlasmaPhysicsàResonancesandlines-Missingphysicsofresonances(Nahar’stalk)Quasi-BoundstatestreatedaslinesinopaciGescalculaGons:Doesthatleadto“missing”opacity?-Plasmabroadeningofautoioninzingresonances-EquaGon-of-State(RegnerTrampedach)

StellarRadiaGonTransportandOpaciGes

•  Convection / Radiation Zones boundary R(BCZ) is highly sensitive to opacity: •  Measured à 0.713 +/- 0.001 Theory à 0.726 * R(Sun) •  Helioseismology can reveal differences at < 1% •  KEPLER: Astroseismology solar-type stars’ mass-radius (with earth-like planets)

Opacities depend on (i) Element abundances : Hydrogen to Nickel (ii) Equation-of-state, (iii) Atomic physics: H – Ni All elements, all ions, all transitions

StellarAbudances,Opacity,andSeismology•  WhatistheSunmadeof??•  LatestdeterminaGonofsolarabundances(Asplundet.al.2009)àSpectroscopicmeasurementsand3DhydroNLTEmodels

!30-50%lowerabundancesofC,N,O,Ne,…..àSpectroscopyvs.stellarmodels(Asplund,Pinsonneault)

•  AbundancesandHelioseismology(soundspeed,BCZ,etc.)!NeedopaciGeshigher~30%(Christensen-Dalsgaardetal.2009)!InverserelaGonbetweenopacityandabundance

From C Blancard, P. Cossé and G. Faussurier, ApJ 745, 10, 2012

OpacityProblem•  Twoindependentopacityprojects-TheOpacityProject(OP)(Firstpaper:Seaton,Yu,Mihalas,Pradhan1994)ElectronicdatabaseOhioSupercomputerCenter:OPSERVERhfp://opaciGes.osc.edu(Lastpaper:Mendozaetal.2007)

-TheLLNLOPALProject(RogersandIglesias1994)-Agreeto<5%inRosselandmeanopaciGes•  Otheropaci0escodes(atLULI,LANL,SNLetc.)alsolargelyagreewithoneanother,butdifferencesupto25%ormore

•  Detailedtheore0calopacityspectradiffergreatly•  Mainproblem:Modelsdisagreewithexperiment!!

Z-Opacity vs. Models (Bailey et al., Nature 2015)

AreexisiGngopaciGesaccurate?•  Laboratorytests(Baileyetal.)•  UncertaintyinheavyelementopaciGesWhatmightbetheproblem?•  AllopaciGescodesemploythesamebasicatomicphysics:similaratomicstructurecodes

•  MostresonantexcitaGonstreatedaslines•  OpacityProject(OP):OriginalIntent–Includeresonancesinthebound-free(Ergo:lessbound-boundopacity)

•  R-Matrixcodesextended/modified•  ButowingtocomputaGonalconstraints,OPcalculaGonsincludedonlysomeouter-shellresonances,

andnoinner-shellexcitaGonresonances!

Bound-freeopacity:PhotoionizaGoncrosssecGonswithResonances

Inner-shell opacity dominated by resonances new Iron Project Relativistic R-Matrix

Earlier OP calculations Included limited outer-shell resonances

AtomicPhysicsofOpaciGes•  MuchoftheopacityisthroughphotoabsorpGonbyinner-shellelectronsinheavyions

•  Inner-shellexcita0onleadstoresonancesinthebound-freecon0nuum

BUT•  Theseexcita0onsarecurrentlytreatedasbound-boundtransi0ons(lines)•  Arethetwoequivalent?

Resonances:BoundandconGnuumstates(CoupledwavefuncGons)

∑∫

→><→ ΨΨΨ 2|||||| iji D

→>ΨΨ<→ ∑∑ 2||||||i

ij

j D∑Ψi

i

Uncoupled bound states

Coupled bound and continuum states (channels) Autoionization

Symmetric line profile

Asymmetric resonance profile Coupled channel approximation

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ConsequencesofResonancesinOpaciGes•  Owingtoquantuminterferenceinthebound-free:channelcouplingàautoionizaGon

•  Intrinsicallyasymmetricresonanceprofiles•  GiantPECresonances!Mostoftheopacitymaylieinthebound-free

•  Monochroma0copaci0esenergydistribu0onfundamentallydifferentfromlines

•  Resonancesarebroadened,smearedandwipedoutmorerapidlythanlines

•  ConGnuumloweringofopacitybelowallthresholdsineachion

Giant Photoexcitation-of-Core (PEC) Resonances In Photoionization Cross Sections

Distribution of absorption oscillator strength varies asymmetrically by orders of magnitude across the PEC resonance profile(s)

Background σ~E-3

Peaks

PlasmaBroadeningofAutoionizingResonances

•  Noanaly0ctheoryorcomputa0onalmethod•  R-matrixphotoioniza0oncrosssec0onsincludeautoioniza0onbroadeningabini&o

•  Notreatmentavailablefor-Electronimpact-Stark-Doppler(thermal)(LorentzianandGaussianprofiles)•  Newalgorithmforelectronimpactbroadening

ResonanceBroadeningProcesses

•  AutoionizaGonàR-Matrix(abini&o)•  T,Nedependentprocesses:•  ElectronimpactàConvoluGon(Lorentzian)•  StarkàSimplified(Dimitrijevic&Konjevic)•  ThermalàDoppler(Gaussian)•  DebyeàLengthvs.ν   -Inter-parGcledistancevs.effecGveq.n.ofresonance   -T=106K,Ne=1023/cm3àRD=4.13ao,ν = 8.6

Electron Impact Broadening of Autoionizing Resonances Log T = 6.0, Log Ne = 20.0

0.13 keV 1.2 keV

Log ao2

Unbroadened

Broadened

ElectronImpactResonanceBroadeningLogT=6.0,LogNe=21.0

Log (ao2)

Photon Energy (keV)

Broadened

Unbroadened

Electron Impact Broadening of Autoionizing Resonances Log T = 6.3, Log Ne = 22.0

Electron Impact Broadening of Autoionizing Resonances Log T = 6.0, Log Ne = 22.0

Electron Impact Broadening of Autoionizing Resonances Log T = 6.3, Log Ne = 23.0

High-PrecisionOpaciGes(HIPOP)CodesandAtomicData

ISSUES• Linesandresonances• Large-scaleatomiccomputaGons• Resonancebroadening(vs.linebroadening)• EquaGon-of-stateathigh-temperature-density

Breit-PauliR-MatrixOpaci0es(withfinestructureresonances,Naharetal.2011)

•  Monochromatic opacity Fe XVII, 2.25 MK, 1023 cc •  Rosseland Mean with more extensive resonances is 12% higher •  BCZ: Iron opacity Fe XV-XX in progress

Monochromatic Opacity Ion Fractions

OpaciGesWorkStatus•  ExtendedOPopacitytablesforastroelements•  NewOpacityProject(OP)High-Precisioncodes(HIPOP)•  IronOpacityProject:NewIronatomicdataandàRelaGvisGcBreit-PauliR-Matrix(BPRM)àAbiniGotreatmentoffinestructureàAutoionizaGonresonanceprofilesdelineatedàResonancebroadeningmodeling(notVoigtlineprofiles)àOrderofmagnitudemorecomputaGonaleffortthanOPàFiner(T,Ne)and105photonfrequencies(OP,OPAL:104)

•  PublicaGons

ExtendedOPTables:AstroElements

Monochromatic Iron Opacity at Extended (T, Ne) Mesh

High Res. Extended

OPCD

OPCD

NIF–ImplosionPlasmaOpacity

ConclusionandWorkinProgress•  IronOpacityProject:Newabini&ocalculaGons--Missingresonantopacity(Nahar’stalk)--Resonancebroadeningvs.linebroadening•  ComparewithZ-pinchandotherlabsources•  Higher-Zelementsandfutureexperiments