The First World War-WWI

“The war to end all Wars”

“The war to make the world safe for Democracy”

“The Great War”

Boys and Girls! War Savings Stamps Poster by James Montgomery Flagg 1917-18

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5-W’s of WWIWhat:

When:

Who:

Where:

Why:

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The First World War:

•War involving nearly all the nations of the world

•1914-1918

What?

When?

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The First World War:

Who?

GermanyAustria-HungaryOttoman EmpireBulgaria

Russia (out-1917)FranceGreat BritainItalyJapanUnited States (in-1917)

Central Powers: Allies:

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The First World War:

Where?

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The First World War:

Why?

Long term -

1. Militarism

2. Alliance system

3. Imperialism

4. Nationalism

Short term - Assassination of Franz Ferdinand of the Austro-Hungarian EmpireFranz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria and

his Wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg one hour before their deaths, June 28, 1914

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1. The Alliance System1. The Alliance SystemTriple EntenteTriple Entente::Triple EntenteTriple Entente::

Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::

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Two Armed Camps!Two Armed Camps!Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers:: Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::

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The Major Players: 1914-17

The Major Players: 1914-17

Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]

Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]

George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]

Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]

Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]

Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers::

Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]

Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]

Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]

Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]

Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::

Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]

Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]

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Europe in 1914Europe in 1914

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2. Militarism & Arms Race2. Militarism & Arms Race

1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914

94 130 154 268 289 398

Total Defense Expenditures for the Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br.,

Rus.] Rus.] in millions of £s.in millions of £s.

1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures

France 10%

Britain 13%

Russia 39%

Germany 73%

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3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

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4. Aggressive Nationalism

4. Aggressive Nationalism

The

“Spark”

The

“Spark”

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Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914

The“Powder

Keg”of Europe

The“Powder

Keg”of Europe

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Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

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The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassination: Sarajevo

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The Assassin: The Assassin:

GavriloPrincipGavriloPrincip

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Steps to War-AlliancesAustria-Hungary Ultimatum to Serbia

July 28th declares war on Serbia

Russia mobilizes army Austrian/German Border

August 1 Germany declares war on Russia

Aug 3- Germany declares war on France

Aug 4- Germany invades Belgium to get to France-Great Britain declares war on Germany

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The Schlieffen PlanThe Schlieffen Plan

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Battle of the Marne

•Early September 1914

•Left Schlieffen plan in ruins= 2 front war for Germany- Key event

•Turned Western Front into a stalemate

•Trench Warfare- Horrific conditions

•“No man’s land”= land between trenches

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Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

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Trench WarfareAll Quiet on the Western Front

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QEaHnD0DIgc

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War Is HELL !!War Is HELL !!

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Sacrifices in WarSacrifices in War

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Americans in the Trenches

Americans in the Trenches

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“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

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A Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front War

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The Western FrontThe Western Front

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The Battle on the Eastern Front

•German & Russian Border

•More mobile than Western Front

•Russia struggled- not as industrialized, supplies blocked

•One strength was numbers of soliders

•War spreads to Africa, Southwest and southeast Asia

Total War

•All resources and people in a country are impacted- involved in some capacity

•Women-take jobs formerly held by men

•Resources are allocated to fighting the war

•Rationing takes place- people limit what they use

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French Women Factory Workers

French Women Factory Workers

German Women Factory Workers

German Women Factory Workers

Russian Women Soldiers

Russian Women Soldiers

The War of theIndustrial Revolution:NewTechnology

The War of theIndustrial Revolution:NewTechnology

French Renault TankFrench Renault Tank

U-BoatsU-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

The AirplaneThe Airplane

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

The ZeppelinThe Zeppelin

FlameThrowers

FlameThrowers

GrenadeLaunchersGrenade

Launchers

Poison Gas

Poison Gas

Machine Gun

Machine Gun

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Section 3- War Affects the World

•Gallipoli Campaign- attempt to control the Dardanells Strait- open supply lines to Russia-ends up a long deadly struggle.•Both Eastern & Western fronts- brutal, lots of causalities•Russia –Communist Revolution Nov 1917- Vladimir Lenin- Bolsheviks (communists) take over Czar Nicholas II and family is executed•Treaty of Brest-Litovsk-end war between Germany & Russia•Now a 1 Front War-Western Front

Gallipoli Campaign

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UNITED STATES ENTERS THE WAR

APRIL 191745

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Why did it take so long for America to get involved in the war?

•America was isolationist

•“Why should I get involved in someone else’s problems”

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Which side should the US pick?

•11 million German-Americans •Irish-Americans hated Great Britain

•Close cultural ties •Shared transatlantic cables (so censored stories)•Big business loaned much $ to allies

Central Powers: Allies:

Nations 1914 1915 1916 Britain $594,271,863 $911,794,954 $1,526,685,102 France $159,818,924 $364,397,170 $628,851,988 Germany $344,794,276 $28,863,354 $288,899

US Exports to both sides:

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What did it take to get the US involved?

1. Blockades

•Britain blockaded (stopped) all German ships going to America

•Germany announced a submarine war around Britain

Y-53 German Submarine 1916

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What did it take to get the US involved?

1. Blockades

•In May, 1915 Germany told Americans to stay off of British ships

•They could/would sink them

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What did it take to get the US involved?

1. Blockades

•Lusitania torpedoed, sinking with 1200 passengers and crew (including 128 Americans)•Was eventually found to be carrying 4200 cases of ammunitionGerman Propaganda Justifying Lusitania

sinking

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What did it take to get the US involved?

1. Blockades

•The US sharply criticized Germany for their action

•Germany agreed not to sink passenger ships without warning in the futureNote in Bottle After Lusitania Disaster

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What did it take to get the US involved?

2. Unlimited Submarine Warfare

•1917 Germany announced “unlimited submarine warfare” in the war zone

Why? Otherwise their blockade would not be successful

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What did it take to get the US involved?

3. Zimmerman Note

•US intercepted a note from Germany to Mexico, •It promised Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona back in return for an alliance

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What did it take to get the US involved?

4. Propaganda

information, ideas, or rumors deliberately spread widely to help or harm a person, group, movement, institution, nation, etc

Recruitment PostersRecruitment Posters

Australian PosterAustralian Poster

American PosterAmerican Poster

Financing the WarFinancing the War

German PosterGerman Poster

Think of Your Children!Think of Your Children!

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What did it take to get the US involved?

•JP Morgan, Bethlehem Steel- Loans, materiel (arms, ammunition, and equipment in general)

•Britain/France owed US corporations millions of $

•The thought of the Allies losing would result in financial ruin for American Banks

5. American Financial Interests

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What did it take to get the US involved?

•Zimmerman Note + the sinking of 4 unarmed American ships led to a declaration of war, propaganda, financial concerns

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How was the war looking for the allies?

•Russia left the war after its communist revolution in 1917

•Made it a one front war for Germany - all its troops could concentrate on France

Not Good...

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Convincing the American PeoplePosters - Gee!!

•How do you think this poster helped to convince the American people that the war was a good idea?

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Convincing the American People

1. War to End All Wars

Idealism: 2 Goals For War:

2. Making the World Safe for Democracy

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Convincing the American People

Idealism: Fourteen Points

What? President Wilson’s Plan for after the war

•Fourteen promises, including freedom of the seas & a League of Nations to work for peace

President Woodrow Wilson

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What did the US do to help?

•US provided the food, money, and fresh toops needed to win the war

American Troops March Through London

Supplies:

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How did the War Affect the US?

Women

•Women filled factory jobs

•May have led 19th Ammendment after the war (Gave women the right to vote)

•Black soldiers still served in Segregated Units

African Americans

•“Great Migration” - thousands of African Americans moved North to work in factories

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How did the War Affect the US?

Enforcing Loyalty

•Hatred of all things German

•Ex. “Liberty Cabbage”; Liberty Measles; Liberty Sandwiches, Liberty puppies

•Red Scare-Fear of communism

•Espionage Act 1917 & Sedition Act of 1918 punished those against the war (many labor leaders)

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End of World War I•New troops from US arrive (2 Million)AEF-American Expeditionary Force- General “Black-Jack” Pershing- “Doughboys”

•July 1918- 2nd Battle of Marne- Allies advance on Germany

•Other Central Powers surrender (A-H, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire)

•November 9, 1918- Kaiser Wilhlem II forced to resign

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11 a.m., November 11, 1918

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

The Armistice is Signed!

“A Flawed Peace” The Treaty of Versailles

The Big FourDavid L. George-Great BritainVittorio Orlando-ItalyGeorges' Clemenceau-FranceWoodrow WilsonUSA

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Treaty of VersaillesWilson’s Plan- The Fourteen Points:•1ST Five-End to secret treaties, freedom of the seas, reduced national armies, free trade, adjustment of colonial claims

•6-13- Specific suggestions-new nations & boundaries-”Self-Determination” (nationalism)

•14th Point- League of Nations

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Not so fast Woody!!

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France wanted to punish Germany

Treaty signed June 28, 1919-Paris Peace conferenceTreaty of Versailles:•Germany to accept blame-Article 231- Guilt clause•Germany loses territory•Restricts military•Pay reparations (war debts)-$33 Billion ($7 trillion 2004 $)

New Nations & BoundariesEurope before WWI Europe after WWI

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Other impact of Versailles Treaty

•Mandate System”: Former Ottoman Empire, Pacific territories, and in Africa. European nations controlled areas until “ready for independence

•Left legacy of bitterness- German resentment- led to rise of Facism

•European domination of colonial possessions through Mandate System

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Legacy of World War I

•Huge costs: 30+ million soldiers killed or wounded

•Destroyed industries, farms, cities

•Millions of civilians died, starved

•Staggering economic costs- $340 billion

•Caused disillusionment with world condition

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World War I CasualtiesWorld War I Casualties

01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000

10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS

1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies

20 Million died20 Million died20 Million died20 Million died