Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis

Social Studies 8World War IIName: _______________

Essential Question:

~ 1 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. FrancisTopic: World War II

Aim: Could World War II have been avoided? Do Now: What causes war?__________________________________________________________________________________ HW:

World War IIThis second global conflict resulted from the rise of totalitarian, militaristic regimes in Germany, Italy and

Japan, a phenomenon stemming in part from the Great Depression that swept over the world in the early 1930s and from the conditions created by the peace settlements (1919–20) following World War I.

Causes of World War II _______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Axis Powers Germany – ______________________________________________________

Italy- ___________________________________________________________

Japan-__________________________________________________________

Allied Powers Russia – ________________________________________________________

France- _________________________________________________________

Great Britain- ____________________________________________________

United States- ___________________________________________________

Events leading to War: 1922-1935

1922- __________________________________________________________

1924 – _________________________________________________________

1931- Japan takes over Manchuria from China

1933- Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany

1935- __________________________________________________________

Events leading to War:1936-1939

~ 2 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis 1936-___________________________________________________________

1937-___________________________________________________________

1938- Hitler annexes Austria. Munich Conference

1939- __________________________________________________________

Events leading to War:1941

March- _________________________________________________________

April- __________________________________________________________

December 7- ____________________________________________________

December 8- ____________________________________________________

Questions:1. What do these “headlines” tell us about events leading up to World War II?

2. What impact did the Treaty of Versailles have on Germany? Was it fair to Germany?

~ 3 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis

ExerciseListed below in Column A are fundamental causes of World War II. In Column B, briefly explain how each one set the stage for war. In Column C, number the causes in order of their importance in leading to World War II.

A B CCauses of WWII How it lead to War Importance

Treaty of Versailles

The Great Depression

Rise of Dictators

Isolationism of the United States

Rearming of Germany

~ 4 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. FrancisFailure of the League of Nations

~ 5 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. FrancisTopic: World War II Aim: How did the US aid in the war effort while remaining neutral? Do Now: What were the causes of the war? HW –

American Foreign Policy Neutrality Acts –

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

Good Neighbor Policy –

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

Lend-Lease Act –

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

The War Begins Munich Conference 1938 –

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

Appeasement –

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

Atlantic Charter 1941 –

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

~ 6 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. FrancisNeutrality Acts of the 1930’sIn the 1930s, several strong nations attacked weaker nations. Japan invaded China, and Italy invaded Ethiopia, a weak African nation. Nazi Germany broke the Treaty of Versailles. The Germans took back the Rhineland, a neutral area next to France. Japan, Italy, and Germany built powerful armies and prepared for bigger wars.

At that time, Americans felt safe from foreign attacks. The Atlantic Ocean isolated them from Europe, and the Pacific Ocean isolated them from Asia. Keeping out of foreign affairs was called “isolationism.”

Americans felt sympathy for China and Ethiopia, but they did not want to get into another foreign war like World War I. In 1935 and again in 1937, Congress passed several Neutrality Acts. These laws stopped American companies from selling weapons to nations at war. They also stopped Americans from traveling on the ships of any nation at war. However, because Japan and China had not formally declared war on each other, President Franklin D. Roosevelt was able to avoid the Neutrality Acts. In this way, the President used his power to try to aid China in fighting Japan.

Word Study:

Look at the words in the box below. Choose the word you think makes the best sense in each blank.

During the 1930s, some strong nations were attacking weaker ones. China was invaded by 1._______________. Ethiopia was invaded by 2. _______________________. The Germans took back the 3. ___________________. Meanwhile, America’s isolationism grew. The Atlantic Ocean isolated the United States from 4. ____________________________. The Pacific Ocean isolated the United States from 5. ________________________. Congress passed Neutrality Acts, but President 6. ________________ avoided using them.

~ 7 ~

Europe RhinelandAsia JapanItaly Roosevelt

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis

The Atlantic CharterAugust 14, 1941

The President of the United States of American and the Prime Minister Mr. Churchill representing His Majesty’s Government in the United Kingdom, being met together, deem it right to make known certain common principles in the national policies of their respective countries on which they base their hopes for a better future for the world.

First, their countries seek no aggrandizement territorial or other;Second, they desire to seek no territorial changes that do not accord with the freely expressed

wishes of the peoples concerned;Third, they respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will

live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self-government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them;

Fourth, they will endeavor, with due respect for their existing obligations, to further the enjoyment by all states, great or small, victor or vanquished, of access, on equal terms, to the trade and to the raw materials of the world which are needed for their economic prosperity.

Fifth, they desire to bring about the fullest collaboration between all nations in the economic field with the object of securing, for all, improved labor standards, economic advancement and social security;

Sixth, after the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny, they hope to see established a peace which will afford to all nations the means of dwelling in safety within their own boundaries, and which will afford assurance that all the men in all the lands may live out their lives in freedom from fear and want;

Seventh, such a peace should enable all men to traverse the high seas and oceans without hindrance;

Eighth, they believe that all of the nations of the world, for realistic as well as spiritual reasons must come to the abandonment of the use of force. Since no future peace can be maintained if land, sea or air armaments continue to be employed by nations which threaten, or may threaten, aggression outside of their frontiers, they believe, pending the establishment of a wider and permanent system of general security, that the disarmament of such nations is essential. They will likewise aid and encourage all other practicable measures which will lighten for peace-loving peoples the crushing burden of armaments.

FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT

WINSTON S. CHURCHILL

What is the goal of the Atlantic Charter?

~ 8 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis

The War in Europe and Asia

Examine the maps below and complete the exercises

Exercise 1.1. Which continent is shown on this map?

____________________________2. What is the title of this map?

____________________________3. Which two nations were invaded by the

Germans in 1939? __________________________________

4. What African nation was invaded by Italy in 1935? __________________________

Exercise 2.1. Which continent is pictured here?

__________________________2. What is the map’s title?

__________________________3. Which regions of the mainland did the

Japanese control in 1932? __________________________

4. What Asian region did Japan occupy between 1937 and 1939? ___________________________

~ 9 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. FrancisWhat do these maps show us about events in Europe and Asia in the years before the United States entered World War II?

Topic: US Entry into WWII• Aim: Was US entry into WWII inevitable?• Do Now: Why did Americans want to remain neutral?_________________________________________________________________________• HW–

Preparing for War• ___________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

• Isolationists ______________________________________________________

• _________________________________________________________________

Election of 1940

• ___________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

• The Republican candidate was ________________________________________

• Willkie: ____ electoral votes, popular vote ________________.

• Roosevelt: _____ electoral votes, popular vote _____________.

FDR and WWII• Neutrality Act –

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

• 1940 Election – “I will not send our boys to war” and “ Better a third termer than a

third rater”

• Lend Lease Act (1941)

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

~ 10 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis• US – ____________________________________________________________

~ 11 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. FrancisThe Debate over the United States Involvement

When World War II began, the official policy of the United States was “neutrality.” But by 1940 events in Europe and Asia led President Roosevelt to ask Congress for Lend-Lease: The United States would greatly increase its production of military equipment so that it could lend or lease to the British and to the other Allies any materials needed to carry on the fight. Lend-Lease caused a storm of controversy. The “roles” described below summarize some of the opinions that were expressed at the time.

~ 12 ~

Role Card #1President Franklin D. RooseveltArmed defense of democracy is now being bravely waged in four continents. If that defense fails, all the population and all the resources of Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia will be dominated by the conquerors.There is much talk of our immunity from immediate and direct invasion from across the seas. Obviously, as long as the British Navy retains its power, no such danger exists. Even if there were no British Navy, it is not probable that any enemy would be stupid enough to attack us by landing troops in the U.S. from across thousands of miles of oceans until it had acquired strategic bases from which to operate. But the necessary strategic points would be occupied by secret agents and their dupes, and great numbers of them are already here, and in Latin America.

Role Card #3Charles A. Lindbergh, Aviator, National Hero, “America First” Committee Member.I do not believe that our American way of life will gain through an unsuccessful war. And I know that the United States is not prepared to wage war in Europe successfully at this time…The United States is better situated from a military standpoint than any other nation in the world. Even in our present condition of unpreparedness, no foreign power is in a position to invade us today. If we concentrate on our own defenses and build the strength that this nation should maintain, no foreign army will ever attempt to land on American shores.

Role Card #2Senator Burton K. Wheeler, MontanaThe Lend-Lease program stamps the President as war-minded. It will plow under every fourth American boy. Approval of this law means war, open and complete warfare. I therefore, ask the American people before they accept it: Was the last world war worth it?If it were, then we should lend and lease war materials. If it were, we should lend and lease American boys. President Roosevelt has said that we would be repaid by England. Of all its allies in World War I, only Finland has repaid the massive war loans that had been extended by the United States. If the U.S. Adopts Lend-Lease, our boys will be returned-returned in caskets, maybe; returned with bodies maimed; returned with minds warped and twisted by sights of horrors.

Role Card #4Senator Gerald P. Nye, North DakotaIn 1935, I headed a Senate committee that investigated World War I profits. The figures show that many American bankers and weapons makers reaped rich profits from World War I. These bankers and munitions makers, “Merchants of Death,” made huge loans to the Allies in the First World War. Then they pressured our government to enter the war in order to guarantee that their loans would be repaid. The American people were manipulated by the greedy few into supporting participation in World War I.

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis

~ 13 ~

Role Card #5William Allen White, Kansas Newspaper Editor, Chairman of the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the AlliesThe United States should aid the Allies in whatever way possible other than by going to war. Not only does German and Italian aggression in Europe threaten the national security of the United States, buy Japanese aggression threatens U.S. interests in the Pacific. In great need of oil, Japan threatens to invade Indochina and the East Indies (colonies of France and the Netherlands respectively until defeated by Germany). I’m not at all sure that the sanctions the United States has imposed on Japan, i.e., reduction I the amount of oil she can import from the United States will make Japan back off.Even if the U.S. were not directly threatened, I believe that Americans have a moral duty to aid the victims of unprovoked aggression. We cannot claim freedom for ourselves sand remains secure while freedom is being denied to others around the world.

Role Card #6John Q. Public, United States citizen and voterSome argue that, according to the polls, most Americans are against going to war and, therefore, would oppose Lend-Lease because this policy will involve the U.S. in non-neutral actions. I do not agree.The public opinion polls during these last few months show some contradictory desires. A strong majority of the American people want to stay out of war, but a strong majority favors helping Britain even at the risk of war.The fall of France in June of 1940 seems to have brought about the change in American public opinion that President Roosevelt has been trying but failing to bring about.

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis

Cartoonists View U.S. Involvement in the War

Cartoon A appeared in a United States newspaper in 1939 at the start of World War II in Europe. Cartoon B appeared in another American newspaper in 1941.

~ 14 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis

New Threats to Peace: Analyzing a Cartoon

This cartoon was published in 1938 when the threat of war hung over Europe. Study the cartoon carefully. Then answer the questions that follow.

~ 15 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis

1. What does the tall man in the foreground of the cartoon stand for? Why is he looking toward Europe? ___________________________________________________________________

2. Was Europe at war in 1938? What events created the fear of war? __________________________________________________________________________

3. What list is the tall man holding behind his back? To what earlier war does the list refer? __________________________________________________________________________

4. Why the cartoon is titled “A Good Time for Reflection”? __________________________________________________________________________

5. Do you think the cartoonist was in favor of United States involvement in European wars?

Topic: The US Enters the WarTopic: The US Enters the War

►► Aim: Was the US justified in declaring war on Japan?Aim: Was the US justified in declaring war on Japan?

►► Do Now: Why were so many Americans opposed to entering the war?Do Now: Why were so many Americans opposed to entering the war?

_______________________________________________

►► HW: Study for quiz HW: Study for quiz

Pearl Harbor, Dec. 7, 1941Pearl Harbor, Dec. 7, 1941

►► ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

►► July 27, 1941 –___________________________________July 27, 1941 –___________________________________

►► Dec. 7, 1941 – Dec. 7, 1941 –

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________ Over 2000 American casualties.___________________ Over 2000 American casualties.~ 16 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor

►► In less than two hours, In less than two hours, the Pacific Fleet had lost two battleships, six others were the Pacific Fleet had lost two battleships, six others were

heavily battered, and nearly a dozen lesser vessels put out of action. heavily battered, and nearly a dozen lesser vessels put out of action.

►► ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________

The Pearl Harbor Attack

December 7-11, 1941

U.S. AT WAR!JAPAN ATTACKS AMERICAN FLEET

AT PEARL HARBOR, HAWAII

CASUALTIES HIGH!

ROOSEVELT ASKS CONGRESS TO DECLARE WAR ON JAPAN "Yesterday, December 7, 1941a date which will live in infamy the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval forces of the Empire of Japan.

"The United States was at peace with that nation, and, at the request of Japan, was still in conversation with its Government and its Emperor looking toward the maintenance of peace in the Pacific. "Yesterday, the Japanese Govern- ment also

launched an attack against Malaya. Last night Japanese forces attacked Hong Kong, Guam, the Philippine Islands, and Wake Island. This morning the Japanese attacked Midway Island. "I ask that the Congress declare that since the unprovoked and

~ 17 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francisdastardly attack by Japan on Sunday, December seventh, a state of war has existed between the United States and the Japanese Empire." American ship the Arizona burning after Japanese sneak attack

3 DAYS LATER PRESIDENT ASKS CONGRESS TO DECLARE WAR ON GERMANY AND ITALY "On the morning of December 11, the Governments of Germany and Italy declared war against the United States. The long-known and the long-expected

has taken place. The forces trying to enslave the world now are moving toward this hemisphere. Never before has there been a greater challenge to life, liberty, and civilization." JAPANESE FOREIGN MINISTER TOGO CLAIMS U.S. FORCED JAPAN TO GO TO WAR "Even a small, militarily weak nation would have taken up arms against the United States if it had been handed a note like the one that the U.S. government presented to Japan. That note demanded that Japan immediately withdraw from

China and from Indochina. The United States delivered this note knowing full well that Japan would have to reject it. In May of 1941 when the U.S. stopped all oil shipments to Japan, she was forced to attack her neighbors and take the oil she needed.... Indeed, the question of how to get Japan to fire the first shot had been debated in Washington, D.C. It seems not unreasonable to conclude that the American note was the throwing down of a challenge to Japan."

Reactions to Pearl Harbor On the 50th anniversary of the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the Americans below were asked about their

memories of that fateful day. Read their responses.

DAVID DINKINSFormer mayor of New York

CityI was 14 and I recall learning about the attack from the conversations of grownups around me. It's my 'recollection that they thought the talks between Japanese and U.S. envoys in Washington had been going well so the news of the Japanese attack was particularly shocking. For me, the war didn't start to sink in until casualties started to

mount among neighbors who had gone into service.

MARIO CUOMOGovernor of New York State

I was home, listening to "The Shadow" on the radio. I don't know what time it was, 3 o'clock or 4, maybe. I was 9 years old, and I cannot tell you everything precisely except it came on over the radio... sometime around dusk, maybe. It didn't have immediate meaning for me. But my parents were not that

shocked to find out that we were in war because everyone in our neighborhood was very conscious of what was going on in Europe. Everyone in the neighborhood was from Europe the Italians, the Jews.

JOHN V.N. KLEINFormer Suffolk County

ExecutiveI was 10 years old, it was about 7 or 8 at night and I was just climbing into bed in our Smithtown home when my father came in. He was very grim and I remember he sat

~ 18 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francisdown on the edge of the bed, told me about the attack and explained carefully where Pearl Harbor was and how this was the beginning of a war. Then he reached over and pulled down the window shades and said: "This is what we'll have to do each night from now on." The war didn't mean much to me then. It did, though, three years later. My brother, a marine pilot, was killed in a mid-air crash. The news, from the War Department, came by telephone. I was the one who picked up the phone.

CORA CHINLynbrook, New York,

resident

I was living in Chinatown at the time, and I'd gone to a movie -something with Errol Flynn and when I got home, my mother told me the news. I don't think we were all that surprised. Ours was a Chinese American family. China had been at war with Japan for three years. And my parents had been active in raising funds for Chinese causes and in protesting the Japanese incursion into China in some ways, the Japanese were monsters to us, because of the war, you know.

ERNIE WILMERSSea Cliff, Long Island,

residentI was working for Ranger Aircraft in Jamaica [Queens]

at the time, and as I recall, we got the news by radio. I was a new father and had ulcers, so I got a deferment from service. Funny thing: I'd come over from Germany, in 1936, and I'd gotten a letter from the Nazis, ordering me to report back for military service. I guess they still hadn't found out I was Jewish.

ELINOR KAJIWARA Manhattan resident

I was living in Los Angeles at the time and I'd just come home from... church when the news came over the radio. My reaction was absolute shock. I was a student... and we had to get rides from private cars. ..I remember [bus] drivers wouldn't pick us up; it made me feel like an outcast.

Chronology of World War IISome of the important events of World War II are listed in the chronology that follows. Use this page for

your reference.

1939

September Germany invades Poland. Great Britain and France declare war on Germany

1940

April German forces capture Norway and much of western Europe.

May Churchill becomes Great Britain’s prime minister.

June Italy joins the war on the Axis’s side. (Germany and Japan)

October The Battle of Britain ends.

1941

June Germany invades the USSR

December Japan attacks Pearl Harbor. The United States enters the war.

1942

~ 19 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. FrancisFebruary Japan captures Singapore

May The Battle of the Coral Sea takes place

June The U.S. Navy is victorious in Battle at Midway. Allies invade Morocco and Algeria.

October Allies defeat Germans and Italians at El Alamein in Egypt.

November Russians defeat Germans at Stalingrad.

1943

July Allies land in Sicily and southern Italy

September Italy surrenders.

1944

June Allies invade western Europe on D-Day, June 6.

July A plot to kill Hitler fails.

October In the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the U.S. fleet defeats Japan.

1945

January Russians invade Germany from the east.

March Allies cross the Rhine River.

April In the East, U.S. troops recapture the Philippines

May Hitler commits suicide. Fighting ends in Europe.

August U.S. airplanes drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan surrenders.

Aim: How were ethnic groups affected by the war?

Do Now: Why did victory depend on the war effort at home?_________________________________________________________________________HW:

African Americans

___________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________

Tuskegee airmen –

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________.

~ 20 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis

Japanese Americans

_____________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________

Native Americans

___________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

____

___________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

___.

Impact of World War II: The Home Front

Racism in War IndustriesEarl B. Dickerson, an African-American appointed by President Roosevelt to the first Fair Employment

Practices Committee, served there from 1941-1943. Below he recalls efforts to enforce Executive Order

8802.

~ 21 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis

Why did President Roosevelt sign Executive Order 8022?

Mexican-Americans victimized in Los Angeles

Don McFadden recalls the “zoot-suit riots” that broke out during the summer of 1943 when high

American causalities in the war led servicemen to release their frustrations on Mexican-Americans.

~ 22 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis

What do these selections tell us about the effects of World War II on the people of the United States?

Japanese Internment

~ 23 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. FrancisWithin weeks after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Japanese American men were rounded up and jailed like

criminals. Their families were forced to obey a curfew and they had a five –mile travel limit. In addition,

they were required to turn in their shortwave radios, cameras, binoculars, and firearms to local police.

On February 20, 1942, Executive Order 9066 was carried out and 110,000 persons of Japanese ancestry

were ordered to leave their homes. Evacuees were only allowed what they could carry, including linens,

clothing, dishes, toys and utensils. They were taken to assembly centers at nearby fairgrounds and race

tracks. These areas were secured with barbed wire fences and sentries were posted in guard towers. One

tiny room was assigned to each family. Some of these rooms were nothing more than former horse stalls

with linoleum placed directly over manure-covered ground. There was no furniture except for army cots,

no running water, and no heat. Communal bathrooms with toilets and showers had to be shared with 300

other people. Lines for meals were long, and the food served was not their usual diet. The Japanese

Americans spent the spring and summer of 1942 in these makeshift quarters until they were moved into

one of ten different camps in Idaho, California, Wyoming, Arizona, and Arkansas. These “new” camps

weren’t much better than the ones they had left. Barbed wire surrounded the areas, and sentries stood

watch. Rows of black barracks covered with tar paper were their new homes. Rooms were one of three

sizes and were assigned one per family, depending on the number of family members. One hanging

ceiling light, a closet, and windows decorated each room. Thin walls assured them of no privacy.

Evacuees made what furniture they could. Women ordered fabric through mail order catalogs and sewed

curtains. People planted outdoor gardens, and students attended camp schools which lacked even basic

supplies like books and paper. Japanese Americans were kept in these barracks until 1944.

Aim: How did the US prepare for war?

Do Now: How will preparations for war affect the economy of the US?_______________________________________________________________________________HW:

American patriotism during WWII

~ 24 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis _______________________________________________________________________________

___

_______________________________________________________________________________

___

_______________________________________________________________________________

___

_______________________________________________________________________________

___

Organizing the economy _______________________________________________________________________________

___

War Production board :

________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

War Power Commission :

______________________________________________________________

Office of Price Administration :

_________________________________________________________

Jobs for Women _______________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Home Front Picture AlbumChoose a caption from those below and place it under each picture from the home front during World War II:

Consumers get ration booklets with coupons worth points. “Rosie the riveter” takes on a “man’s job.” Americans grow their own food in “victory gardens.”

~ 25 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis School children buy war savings bonds.

Saved rubber and metal turned into war

supples.

~ 26 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis

The Allies AdvanceAim: How was an allied drive to victory made possible?

• Do Now:

• HW:

World War II• World War II began in 1939 with Germany’s invasion of Poland.• _____________________________________________________• The US fought for only four years of the war after the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor.• _____________________________________________________• _____________________________________________________.

Major Powers• The war pitted fifty nations united together as the Allies against nine Axis Powers.

~ 27 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis• __________________________________________________________________________________________________________• __________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

A time of Peril• In early 1942, the Germans seemed unbeatable. Submarines were sinking ships faster than the Allies could replace them.• _____________________________________________________• The Soviets resisted the Germans. They burned crops and destroyed farm equipment.• General Douglas Mac Arthur, commander of US forces in the Pacific faced a difficult task.

Turning the Tide• Allied leaders decided that they must defeat Germany and Italy first. Then they would send combined forces to Japan.• The US’s aircraft carriers engaged a Japanese fleet near Java in May 1942. The Japanese fleet turned back after 3 days.• Battle of Midway – __________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Other Victories __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1943- The Italians had overthrown Mussolini. The new government sided with the Allies. The Allies made important advances in Europe once they took control of Rome.

D-Day Invasion at Normandy• Operation Overlord- __________________________________________________________________________________________________________• June 6, 1944 – D-Day – a fleet of 4,000 Allied ships carried the invasion force to France.• August 25, 1944, the Allies entered Paris. After 4 years of Nazi rule, France was free.

Advancing on Germany• The Battle of the Bulge – ___________________________________• __________________________________________________________________________________________________________• The bombing caused severe fuel shortages in Germany and reduced their ability to produce war goods.

A New President

~ 28 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis• _____________________________________________________• Roosevelt won more than 54 percent of the vote. His running mate was Harry S. Truman.• __________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Victory in Europe• April 1945 – ____________________________________________• American troops were closing in from the west.• Soviet troops were advancing from the east.• On April 25th they met 60 miles south of Berlin.• _____________________________________________________• Hitler committed suicide on April 30th.• May 7th – ______________________________________________• May 8th – ______________________________________________.

Questions to Answer• Why was 1942 a difficult year for the Allies?

• What victories turned the war in favor of the Allies?

• How did the Allies force Germany to surrender?

~ 29 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis

~ 30 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis

~ 31 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis

Aim: How much responsibility does the United States bear for the Holocaust?Aim: How much responsibility does the United States bear for the Holocaust?Do Now: Do Now: Main Idea: At the end of World War II nations attempted to enforce justice and to protect human rights.Main Idea: At the end of World War II nations attempted to enforce justice and to protect human rights.

Objectives:Objectives:1.1. Students will be able to recognize the brutality and scope of the Holocaust.Students will be able to recognize the brutality and scope of the Holocaust.2.2. Students will be able to discuss US knowledge of and response to the plight of Europe’s Jews bothStudents will be able to discuss US knowledge of and response to the plight of Europe’s Jews both

before and after Pearl Harbor.before and after Pearl Harbor.3.3. Students will be able to assess US responsibility for the Holocaust.Students will be able to assess US responsibility for the Holocaust.

Activity 1: Scope of the Holocaust – Examine the map and complete the exercise. Answer the following Activity 1: Scope of the Holocaust – Examine the map and complete the exercise. Answer the following questions:questions:

1.1. What does the map show about the effects of Nazi racist thinking when they occupied Europe What does the map show about the effects of Nazi racist thinking when they occupied Europe during World War II?during World War II?

2.2. From the information shown, what do you think the Nazis meant when they used the term “Final From the information shown, what do you think the Nazis meant when they used the term “Final Solution”?Solution”?

3.3. Why do you suppose the Nazis targeted the following people for extermination: Slavs, Catholics, Why do you suppose the Nazis targeted the following people for extermination: Slavs, Catholics, Jews, Gypsies, and people with disabilities?Jews, Gypsies, and people with disabilities?

Activity 2: Read “Inge’s Story” and answer the following questions:Activity 2: Read “Inge’s Story” and answer the following questions:

1.1. What do you learn from Inge’s story?What do you learn from Inge’s story?

2.2. Why does Inge say that after Kristallnacht, “we knew that we had to get out of Germany”?Why does Inge say that after Kristallnacht, “we knew that we had to get out of Germany”?

3.3. How did Inge’s relatives in the US respond to her family’s plea for help? Why?How did Inge’s relatives in the US respond to her family’s plea for help? Why?

4.4. What was life like for Inge and her family at the Theresienstadt camp? What were their main What was life like for Inge and her family at the Theresienstadt camp? What were their main concerns? Why?concerns? Why?

Activity 3: Read “Journey of the Activity 3: Read “Journey of the St. LouisSt. Louis”, complete the exercise and answer the following questions:”, complete the exercise and answer the following questions:

1.1. What happened to the What happened to the St. LouisSt. Louis and its passengers? and its passengers?

2.2. Why did Cuban officials decide that the passengers’ landing permits were invalid?Why did Cuban officials decide that the passengers’ landing permits were invalid?

3.3. How did the US government respond to the Joint Distribution Committee suggestions that How did the US government respond to the Joint Distribution Committee suggestions that immigration laws be relaxed and the passengers be given at least temporary haven?immigration laws be relaxed and the passengers be given at least temporary haven?

4.4. How did the How did the New York TimesNew York Times treat the story of the treat the story of the St. LouisSt. Louis? If you had read this editorial, how ? If you had read this editorial, how would you have responded? What, if anything, would you have done? Explain.would you have responded? What, if anything, would you have done? Explain.

~ 32 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis5.5. What feelings were expressed by the passengers on the What feelings were expressed by the passengers on the St. LouisSt. Louis? How do you react to his ? How do you react to his

statement?statement?

6.6. How does the end of the St. Louis story make you feel?How does the end of the St. Louis story make you feel?

Activity 4: Class will be put into groups of 4 or 5. One student will read the statements to the group. TheActivity 4: Class will be put into groups of 4 or 5. One student will read the statements to the group. The group is to evaluate the responsibility of each speaker by putting a number next to each selection. After group is to evaluate the responsibility of each speaker by putting a number next to each selection. After completing the exercise, students are to answer the following questions:completing the exercise, students are to answer the following questions:

1.1. Does the US (government and/or citizens) share some of the responsibility for the Holocaust? Does the US (government and/or citizens) share some of the responsibility for the Holocaust?

2.2. Are you just as guilty if you fail to act as if you act?Are you just as guilty if you fail to act as if you act?

3.3. Should Americans today take action in response to atrocities against people being committed Should Americans today take action in response to atrocities against people being committed around the world? Explain by giving examples.around the world? Explain by giving examples.

Activity 1

~ 33 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis

~ 34 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. FrancisACTIVITY 2

~ 35 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis

Activity 3

~ 36 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis

Activity 4

~ 37 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis

Aim: How were the Japanese Americans treated after the attack on Pearl Harbor?Aim: How were the Japanese Americans treated after the attack on Pearl Harbor?Do Now: Why were the Japanese Americans targeted?Do Now: Why were the Japanese Americans targeted?_____________________________________________________________________________________HW: HW:

Japanese AmericansJapanese Americans ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______

Internment CampsInternment Camps 1942 President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 – establishing military zones for the 1942 President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 – establishing military zones for the imprisonment of Japanese Americans.imprisonment of Japanese Americans. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________

Internment CampsInternment Camps Set up all over the west in isolated desert areas Set up all over the west in isolated desert areas Arizona, California, Utah, Idaho, Colorado, and Arizona, California, Utah, Idaho, Colorado, and Wyoming.Wyoming. One camp was located in Topaz, Utah. It held 9,408 at its peak.One camp was located in Topaz, Utah. It held 9,408 at its peak.

CampsCamps Tule Lake, California was one of the most infamous internment camps.Tule Lake, California was one of the most infamous internment camps. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ At its peak, Tule Lake held 18,789 internees.At its peak, Tule Lake held 18,789 internees. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Korematsu v. United StatesKorematsu v. United States Fred Korematsu was convicted for remaining in a “Military Area” which violated the Civilian Fred Korematsu was convicted for remaining in a “Military Area” which violated the Civilian Exclusion Order.Exclusion Order. The court ruled on the side of the government The court ruled on the side of the government

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Korematsu v. United StatesKorematsu v. United States

~ 38 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______

About 50 years after the internments, the US government admitted that the relocation program wasAbout 50 years after the internments, the US government admitted that the relocation program was unjust. unjust. In 1988, Congress voted to pay $20,000 to each of the approximately 60,000 surviving Americans In 1988, Congress voted to pay $20,000 to each of the approximately 60,000 surviving Americans who had been interned. The first payments were made in 1990 – with a formal apology.who had been interned. The first payments were made in 1990 – with a formal apology.

~ 39 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis

~ 40 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. FrancisAmerica’s Shame: When Citizens became InmatesBy Peggy Brown

Imagine that it’s 1941 and you’re a child in a Japanese-American family. As a U.S. citizen, you feel safe and secure in all the American freedoms you’ve learned about in school.

But on December 7, 1941, Japanese planes bomb U.S. ships in Pearl Harbor Hawaii, and the United States enters World War II. Japan, the country of your ancestors, is now an enemy – and you will become a prisoner of war. In your own country.

An official government notice gives your family just one week to sell most belongings. Then you will be taken to a “relocation” camp.

You may take only what you can carry: sheets (no mattresses – you will learn to sleep on straw); toiletries, clothing, forks, knives, cups and plates, and some personal items. No pets allowed.

It sounds unreal, like an episode of “The Twilight Zone.” But this abuse of citizen’s rights actually happened,

Even before World War II, many Americans treated Japanese Americans with bigotry. Nationwide, anti-Japanese hysteria started immediately after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.

On February 19, 1942, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, giving military commanders authority to remove “dangerous persons” from designated areas, such as the West Coast. Roosevelt’s reasoning was the Japanese Americans could be spies. Generally, Americans whose ancestors came from Germany and Italy – our other World War II enemies – were not treated similarly.

Eleven camps were set up. Most were closed by early 1945, when Japanese-Americans were allowed to leave and resettle.

More than 3 decades later, the United States government passed the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, formally apologizing to the Japanese-Americans for the internment and giving $20,000 in reparations – apology money – to each of those still alive.

Questions:

1. What does internment mean?

2. Why were Japanese Americans interned?

3. What were the conditions like in the camps?

4. Do you think the U.S. government acted properly in giving $20,000 to each internee 30 years later? Explain.

~ 41 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis

Korematsu v. United StatesFred Korematsu was a Nisei who refuse to report for evacuation. He believed that the evacuation orders violated his rights under the United States Constitution. As Korematsu’s attorney, write a “brief” (summary of a legal argument) which you will present to the United States Supreme Court.

In the case of Korematsu v. United States, attorneys for the claimant will argue that:

Now read an excerpt from Supreme Court’s actual decision in the Korematsu case. Justice Black said:

We are dealing with an exclusion order. To cast this case into outlines of racial prejudice, without reference to the real military dangers which were presented, merely confuses the issue. Korematsu was not excluded from the military area because hostility to him or his race. He was excluded because we are at war with the Japanese Empire, because military authorities feared an invasion of our West Coast and felt constrained (required) to take proper security measures, because they decided that the military urgency of the situation demanded that all citizens of Japanese ancestry be segregated from the West Coast temporarily.

~ 42 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis

Aim: Was the US justified in dropping the atomic bomb to end WWII?Do Now: How do nations stop fighting?___________________________________________________________________________________HW: Study for the test

The Atomic Bomb _______________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

The Manhattan Project 1943- Group of scientists from the US, Canada, Britain and other European countries began work

on a top secret research program known as the Manhattan project.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

They killed more than 100,000 Japanese instantly. Thousands died later from radiation sickness.

Hiroshima August 6, 1945 – “Little Boy” was dropped on Hiroshima by the crew of the Enola Gay

This building was the closest surviving building at ground zero.

Nagasaki August 9, 1945 – ____________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

Japan Surrenders Japan formally surrendered days after the bombings – and WWII came to an end.

____________________________________________________________________________

~ 43 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis

The Manhattan Project

~ 44 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. FrancisWhen the nucleus of an atom is split or broken apart, energy is released. The process begins when a slow-moving neutron is launched to split a uranium atom. Each split uranium atom gives off three more neutrons plus two hydrogen atoms. These new neutrons go on to split other uranium atoms. This happens over and over in what is called a chain reaction.

Throughout the 1920s and 1930s scientists around the world had been finding out more and more about atoms and their behavior. Germans Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn had successfully split the nucleus of a uranium atom. Enrico Fermi expanded on their work in 1942 when he and his team were able to achieve a controlled chain reaction.

By 1939 both German and American physicists were working on practical applications for nuclear fission; specifically a bomb. After scientist Albert Einstein warned President Roosevelt that the Germans were in the process of building an atomic bomb, Roosevelt gave approval for the top secret Manhattan Project. Hundreds of male and female scientist and technicians were gathered together under the direction of J. Robert Oppenheimer, a theoretical physicist.

Although much of the early work was conducted in New York City, the actual testing site was in New Mexico. On July 16, 1945, three years after the project started, the first test explosion of an atomic bomb took place in New Mexico’s Alamogordo Bombing Range. It’s awesome force shook the desert floor, and its blinding light illuminated trees and mountains. A mushroom cloud of dust raised high into the sky. The five kilograms of plutonium in the bomb yielded an explosion equivalent to 18,500 tons of dynamite, more than enough to destroy an entire city.

On August 6, 1945, the U.S. Air Force dropped the first atomic bomb over Hiroshima, Japan. Over 200,000 people were killed in the blast. After a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki three days later, Japan surrendered. Although the true effects of the bomb would not be fully realized for many years, a new Atomic Age had begun.

The scientists who participated in the Manhattan Project knew that what they were working on could kill thousands of people in a single blast, yet they hoped that it would lead to worldwide peace.

~ 45 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis

~ 46 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis

~ 47 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis

Aim: What do we need to study?Aim: What do we need to study?

HW: Study for TestHW: Study for Test

The HolocaustThe Holocaust

The Allies decided to put Nazi leaders on trial for the Holocaust.The Allies decided to put Nazi leaders on trial for the Holocaust.

They conducted war crimes trials in Nuremberg, Germany.They conducted war crimes trials in Nuremberg, Germany.

Nuremberg Trials – 12 Nazi leaders were sentenced to death.Nuremberg Trials – 12 Nazi leaders were sentenced to death.

Review for TestReview for Test

1._________________________________________________________________1._________________________________________________________________

2.Define:2.Define:

•• Holocaust: _____________________________________________________Holocaust: _____________________________________________________

•• Rationing: Rationing:

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

•• Island Hopping: __________________________________________________Island Hopping: __________________________________________________

•• Appeasement: Policy of giving someone something that they want – example: Germany gained Appeasement: Policy of giving someone something that they want – example: Germany gained

Sudentanland. Sudentanland.

3.Leaders of Germany and Italy: 3.Leaders of Germany and Italy:

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4.Isolationist: ________________________________________________________4.Isolationist: ________________________________________________________

5.Neutrality Acts: 5.Neutrality Acts:

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

6.Lend – Lease: 6.Lend – Lease:

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Arsenal of Democracy: 7. Arsenal of Democracy:

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

~ 48 ~

Unit 9 World War II Mrs. Francis8. Atlantic Charter: 8. Atlantic Charter:

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. Result: ____________________________________________________________9. Result: ____________________________________________________________

10. Operation Overlord: 10. Operation Overlord:

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

11.__________________________________________________________________________________11.__________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

12. _________________________________________________________________12. _________________________________________________________________

13. _________________________________________________________________13. _________________________________________________________________

14. _________________________________________________________________14. _________________________________________________________________

15. Nuremberg Trials: 15. Nuremberg Trials:

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

16. _________________________________________________________________16. _________________________________________________________________

~ 49 ~