THE FIRST ENGLISH SETTLEMENTSChapter 3, Section 1 (page 66)

England Seeks Colonies• Monarchy?• England begins to establish colonies in North America in

the late 1500’s to provide new markets for English products.

• 1580- Two colonies established: N. Carolina and Roanoke Island, abandoned, colony disappeared without a trace.

• Establish- To set up, to found

Founding Jamestown• 1607- Group of wealthy people found Virginia Company of

London, hoping to set up a new colony, Virginia. King James I backs project, granted charter.

• Charter- A document issued by a government that grants specific rights to a person or company.

• 100 men build a fort called Jamestown. Jamestown struggled to survive the first year, many died of malaria. Local Native Americans led by chief Powhatan supplied food to the colony. Many were not prepared to take part in farm work. By 1608, 38 colonists remained.

John Smith• 1608- John Smith was sent to Jamestown to take

command, made rules for the colony. “He who works not, eat not.”

• The colony planted crops, cut limber as more colonists arrived from England. Smith lead raids on the Native American people for food, angered Powhatan.

• 1609-1610: “The Starving Period”• 1609- John Smith is injured in an explosion, sent back to

England. Jamestown began to crumble, Powhatan refused the colonists food.

• 1610- 60 colonists remained.

Jamestown Prospers• Virginia Company offers free land to keep colonists from

leaving. England sent new leaders to restore order in the colony.

• Colonists find a dependable source of income, tobacco. Smoking tobacco had become popular in Europe in the 1580’s.

• 1612- Virginia begins planting tobacco.• 1620- Successful tobacco sales draw new colonists from

England.

The House of Burgess• 1619- The House of Burgess meets for the first time, a

form of representative government.• Representative government- A form of government in

which voters elect people to make laws for them.• House of Burgess creates laws, sets taxes.

Africans come to Virginia• Summer 1619- A Dutch ship traveling from the West

Indies arrives with 20 Africans who had been captured and forcibly taken from their homeland. These Africans were sold to Virginian colonists as slaves.

• Early days of slavery in Virginia- Slaves could earn freedom with a specific number of years of work.

• Permanent slavery was not established in Virginia until the late 1600’s.

The Plymouth Colony• 1530’s- King Henry VIII declares himself head of the

Church of England. A group of people, Separatists, in eastern England disagree with the king, move to the Netherlands to practice Christianity.

• 1620- Unhappy in the Netherlands, this group migrates to Virginia. They are known as the first pilgrims.

• Pilgrim- A person who takes a religious journey.

The Mayflower Compact• 1620- 100 pilgrims aboard The Mayflower arrive in North

America, blown off course, they land in what is now Massachusetts. They name their home Plymouth, after a port in England.

• Because they were not in the Virginia Company’s territory, they believed they needed to make their own rules. They created the Mayflower Compact, the first document in which American colonists claimed a right to govern themselves.

The First Thanksgiving• 1620-1621: The Plymouth pilgrims struggle to survive,

arriving too late in the year to plant crops. Half the colonists died from starvation or disease.

• Spring 1621: Local Native Americans, one named Squanto, teach the pilgrims how to survive and supplied them with corn and pumpkin seeds.

• Fall 1621: Pilgrims set aside a day to give thanks.

THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIESChapter 3 Section 2 (page 71)

Geography of New England• New England- Northeastern corner of the US

Geography of New Enlgand• New England geography- Hills and low mountains, large

areas covered in forests. • Thin and rock soil made farming difficult. Narrow plains

along the Atlantic coast Coast line is jagged, some of the world’s best fishing.

New England Climate• New England winters- Long and snowy.• New England summers- Short and warm, less disease,

less death than Virginia.

Puritans in Massachusetts Bay• Puritans- Similar to pilgrims, wanted reform in the Church

of England, not to separate from the Church of England• 1600’s- Puritans were influential in England• 1620’s- King Charles I opposes the puritans. Puritan

ministers are forced to give up their positions.• 1630’s- 900 puritans in 11 ships head to America, formed

Massachusetts Bay Company, received a charter to fund the establishment of settlements in what are now Massachusetts and New Hampshire.

• Lead by John Winthrop, the puritans hoped to serve as an example to the other colonies.

Puritans• Puritans wished to purify the Church of England and

society. • Puritan beliefs- Two kinds of people: Those who wished

for repentance (forgiveness) for their wrongdoings, and those who did not. Believed people were bad. Puritans did not swear, drink, or gamble. Believed that hard work, family, and good behavior would make up for their sins.

• The puritans left England to worship as they pleased, but did not give non-puritans the same privilege. Puritans did not believe in religious toleration.

• Toleration- Recognition that other people have the right to different opinions.

New Colonies• 1643- 20,000 people living in Boston, the main settlement

of Massachusetts. • Disagreements about religion led to the founding of other

colonies in Massachusetts.• Roger Williams- Minister in the town of Salem. Believed

the puritans should separate from the Church of England, criticized colonists for stealing Native American land. Williams was forced to leave Massachusetts Bay in 1635.

• Founded Providence in 1963, in what is now Rhode Island.

New Colonies• 1644- Rhode Island receives charter from the king to

govern themselves.• Made important steps toward religious toleration: No

official church. Many Jewish people found religious freedom here.

Anne Hutchinson• 1638- Anne Hutchinson, a Boston woman questions the

puritan faith. She was put on trial and expelled from Massachusetts.

• Hutchinson established a settlement in what is now Rhode Island. She then traveled further south to what is now New York State in 1648.

Settling Connecticut• Thomas Hooker- Over a disagreement with his fellow

puritan ministers, Thomas Hooker left Massachusetts with 100 followers in 1638, and settled in what is now Connecticut.

• 1639- Colonists create the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, established a government with an elected legislature and governor.

• 1662- Connecticut receives an official charter from the king, granting self-government.

John Wheelright• Forced to leave Massachusetts after agreeing with Anne

Hutchinson. • 1638- Wheelright and some followers move to New

Hampshire, founded the town of Exeter.• Massachusetts tried to control New Hampshire, finally in

1680, New Hampshire receives a charter from the king, and made New Hampshire an official and separate colony.

Growth and Change• Town meeting- An assembly of townspeople that makes

decisions on local issues.• Restricted- To place limitations on something or someone.• Town meetings were restricted to male heads of

households. • Town meetings- Set local taxes, elected legislators and

governors. • Livelihood: Farmers grew crops, made leather goods.

Fishermen caught fish that were shipped to Europe.

King Philip’s War• 1670’s- Thousands of Native Americans died of diseases

from Europeans. 12,000 Native Americans were left in New England by 1670, one-tenth of the population 100 years earlier.

• 1675- War against the English erupts, led by Metacom, also known as King Philip, chief of Wampanoag.

• Metacom and his allies destroyed 12 English towns. • 1676- Metacom is captured and killed. The war’s end let

England expand easily.

Puritan Influence Declines• 1670’s- New generations lost religious commitment, due

to focusing on business and farming. The stern rules of the puritans had less influence, and wealthy merchants became leaders of communities, replacing ministers.

THE MIDDLE COLONIESChapter 3 Section 3 (page 77)

Geography of the Middle Colonies• Middle Colonies: New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and

New Jersey• Warm climate, long growing season, fertile soil, good for

crops of wheat, fruit, and vegetables.

New York• A Dutch colony first named New Netherland.• 1660- Economic success due to the Hudson River

creating fertile soil in the Hudson Valley. • Profitable fur trade with N.A. • Traded with British colonies, violated English mercantile

laws, angered the British.• Mixed population (Swedish, French, Portugese, English

Puritans)

New York• 1664- King Charles II grants all Dutch lands to his brother

James, under one condition, the land is re-conquered. Dutch surrender immediately, The colony is renamed New York, after James, the Duke of York.

• New York becomes a royal colony in 1685.

New Jersey• Established in 1665, territory split from New York.• New Jersey began as a proprietary colony- a colony

created by a grant of land from a monarch to an individual or family.

• 1702- New Jersey receives a new charter as a royal colony- a colony controlled directly by the English king.

Pennsylvania• 1682- A Quaker leader named William Penn arrived in

North America and established a city named Pennsylvania, meaning “City of Brotherly Love”

• Penn considered his colony a “holy experiment.” His goal was to create a colony in which people from different religious backgrounds could live peacefully.

• 1682- Penn writes “Frame of Government for Pennsylvania” granting the colony an elected assembly and freedom of religion.

• Penn was fair with N.A. kept settlers from their land, bought land from them.

Delaware• Settled by Swedish settlers, seized by the Dutch, seized

by the English.• Penn’s charter included Delaware, became a separate

colony in 1704.

Growth and Change• Early 1700’s- Over 20,000 colonists living in

Pennsylvania.• Fertile soil+hard work= Productive farms. Wheat was sold

to New England and abroad. (NJ also produced lots of wheat.)

• 1700’s- Manufacturing begins in Middle Colonies. Iron, flour, paper are manufactured.

The Backcountry• Backcountry- a frontier region extending through several

colonies, from Pennsylvania to Georgia.• Scotch-Irish, German settlers.• Traveled “The Great Wagon Road” west. Often fought

with N.A.

Diverse Colonies• 1750’s- Middle Colonies were the most diverse of North

America.• New York and Philadelphia: largest busiest ports in the

colonies.

THE SOUTHERN COLONIESChapter 3 Section 4 (Page 84)

Geography of the Southern Colonies• Southern colonies: south of Mason-Dixon Line.• Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina,

Georgia.• Coastal area called “The Tidewater”• Climate: Warm, humid. Long growing season, good for

tobacco/rice.

Conflicts with NA• Wealthy Virginian tobacco planters bought prosperous

coastal farmland. Two violent confrontations occurred; 1622, 1644.

Bacon’s Rebellion• Wealthy farmers left no farm land for poor farmers.• Poor farmers moved inland, sparking conflicts with NA.• Nathaniel Bacon- Leader of the frontier settlers.

Organized a force of 1000 men and attack the NA. Governor of Jamestown declared Bacon and followers were rebels. Bacon burns Jamestown to the ground.

Religious Toleration in Maryland• 1632: King Charles I grants a charter to George Calvert to

establish a colony for Catholics, who suffered great discrimination in England.

• Calvert establishes Maryland, grew tobacco, settlers included Catholics/Protestants.

• George Calvert dies, his son becomes proprietor- the owner of a business or colony. Known as Lord Baltimore.

• 1649: The Act of Toleration: Welcomes all Christians, gives Christian adult males the right to vote.

Colonies in the Carolinas and Georgia

• 1663: King Charles II grants new charter for an area called Carolina.

• Northern Carolina: Developed slowly. Small farms grew tobacco

• Southern Carolina: Grew rapidly. Sugar/rice were biggest crops.

• Georgia: Settled to bottle the Spanish in Florida. • James Oglethorpe: wanted to create a colony to protect

English debtors- people who owe money.

The Tidewater Region• Plantation- a large farm. • Tidewater economy: dominated by plantations (cotton,

sugar, rice)

The Backcountry• Families lived on isolated farms, did not own land legally.• Backcountry people believed the colonial governments did

not care about them, and only cared about the wealthy plantation owners in Tidewater.

SPANISH COLONIES IN THE BORDERLANDSChapter 3 Section 5 (Page 90)

Spanish Florida• Early 1500’s: Spanish explorers reach Florida, build a fort

named St. Augustine in fear of French settlement of the area. First European settlement in present day United States.

• Spanish control was threatened by movement south by the English.

• 1693: Spanish announced that escaped slaves would be protected in Florida, and given land to help protect the settlement.

• Florida grew slowly, northern Florida was home to 3 settlements, Spain had little control over the rest of Florida.

Settling the Spanish Borderlands• Spain’s most important colonies were in Mexico and

South America.• Borderlands- Lands along a frontier.• These colonies and military outposts were used to protect

Mexico from other European powers.

Juan de Oñate in New Mexico• 1598: Juan de Oñate leads expedition to New Mexico.

Founded Spain’s first permanent settlement, in the Region of Santa Fe.

• Oñate spread the skill of horseback riding to NA, forever changing the lives of NA’s in the region.

• NA suffer under Spanish rule.• 1680: NA’s in Santa Fe region revolt and drive Spain from

the area.

Missions in Texas and Arizona• Roman Catholic missionaries play a large role in the

settlement of the South West.• Established missions, religious settlements that aim to

spread a religion into a new area.• Missionary that spread Spanish influence into modern day

Texas and Arizona: Father Eusebio Fransisco Kino.

Missions Along the California Coast• 1769: Junípero Serra begins settling southern California,

establishing a colonies that would be San Diego, San Francisco, and Los Angeles.

• Presidios- Military outposts.• Pueblos- Civilian towns.

Life in Spanish Missions• NA’s labored in Spanish missions. Farmed, built churches,

learned a wide range of crafts. Not over worked.• NA’s had no control over their lives. Punished harshly;

imprisoned, whipped. Thousands died due to poor living conditions and European disease.