The Fall of Royalty in Portugal

8/12/2019 The Fall of Royalty in Portugal

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The King and the Duke had an appointment with Death on that day

THE FALL OF ROYALTY IN PORTUAL!Y

DA"ID ARTHUR #ALTER$

ASSASSINATION IN LISBON

King %a&'o( o) Po&tuga' and hi( (on the Duke o) !&agan*a had an

appointment with Death on $atu&day+ Fe,&ua&y -+ -./01 One o) the mo(t

a&,it&a&y pu,'i23(e2u&ity 'aw( in the hi(to&y o) Po&tuga' wa( pu,'i(hed that

mo&ning in the Journal Ofciel1 The new 'aw wa( de(igned to &id Po&tuga' o)

&adi2a'( oppo(ed to the di2tato&ia' po'i2ie( o) the mona&2h+ King %a&'o(+ and

hi( P&ime 4ini(te& tu&ned di2tato&+ 5oao F&an2o1 The de2&ee p&o6ided )o&

o) 27



(pe2ia' t&i,una'( and the immediate depo&tation o) po'iti2a' 2&imina'( to

A)&i2a1

King %a&'o( and 7ueen Ame'ia a'ong with thei& (on( Lui( Fi'ipe and 4anue'

&etu&ned to Li(,on on that )ate)u' $atu&day a)te&noon )&om a (ho&t 6i(it to "i'a

"i2o(a+ the (eat o) thei& an2ient Hou(e o) !&agan*a1 The &oya' )ami'ydi(em,a&ked at a,out 86e in the a)te&noon )&om the )e&&y3,oat Dom Lui*+

whi2h had 2a&&ied them )&om !e&&ei&o to the Te&&ei&o do Pa2o+ They we&e

g&eeted ,y %a,inet 4em,e&( and dignita&ie(+ then got into an open 2a&&iage

and headed )o& the Ne2e((idade( Pa'a2e1

5oao F&an2o had a'way( ,een 2a&e)u' to (e2u&e hi( own pe&(on+ )&e9uent'y

mo6ing )&om hou(e to hou(e+ yet he p&o6ided inade9uate (e2u&ity )o& the

&oya' )ami'y that day1 The King:( u(ua' &e2k'e(( ,&a6ado wa( &ea''y to ,'ame

)o& the 'a; (e2u&ity1 7ueen Ame'ie wa( we'' awa&e o) the dange&( due to the

po'iti2a' tu&moi'< (he had &epeated'y oppo(ed the e;po(u&e o) he& (on( to thedange&( o) the 2on(pi&a2y in Li(,on1 In any 2a(e+ &iding in a 'andau with

'owe&ed hood( wa( 2e&tain'y not the wi(e thing to do in 6iew o) the po'iti2a'

2i&2um(tan2e( e;a2e&,ated ,y F&an2o:( 2&a2kdown1 Among othe& thing(+

(u(pe2ted %a&,ona&i( we&e 'u&king a,out with 2on2ea'ed weapon(1 The &oute

to the Pa'a2e wa( 2&owded with (pe2tato&(1 The &oya' )ami'y we&e (itting

du2k(1

A( the &oya' 2a&&iage app&oa2hed the 2o&ne& o) the P&a2a do %omme&2io up

the (t&eet )&om the A&(ena'+ a young a((a((in+ a Li(,on 2a(hie& named

A')&edo %o(ta+ (tepped )&om the 2&owd+ =umped up ,ehind the 2a&&iage and

8&ed a pi(to' at King %a&'o(1 7ueen Ame'ia t&ied to ,eat down the a((a((in:(

a&m with a ,ou9uet o) >owe&( that he& 'itt'e god32hi'd had gi6en he& on the

9uay (ho&t'y ,e)o&e+ ,ut to no a6ai'< one o) the a((a((in:( ,u''et( pa((ed

th&ough he& hu(,and:( th&oat+ (e6e&ing the 2a&otid a&te&y 3 King %a&'o(+ a

6igo&ou( man in hi( p&ime+ wa( ki''ed in(tant'y1

Ame'ia p'a2ed he&(e') in )&ont o) he& younge(t (on+ 4anue'+ 'ooked (9ua&e'y

into the &e6o'6e& aimed at him+ ,ut the (hot wa( not 8&ed1 A (t&ugg'e took

p'a2e1 A22o&ding to the 2on>i2ting &epo&t(+ a po'i2eman eithe& (hot the

a((a((in dead o& &an him th&ough with a (wo&d1 At that point the 7ueen:(

'ady3in3waiting+ %ounte(( Figuei&o+ t&ied to take he& p&ope& po(t in the

2a&&iage+ ,ut Ame'ia 2&ied out+ ?et away@ et away@ I don:t want you to ,e

ki''ed too@?

The 2oa2hman whipped the ho&(e( 3 the 2a&&iage 'u&2hed towa&d( the 2o&ne&

o) the a&2ade1 $hot( &ang out )&om the 2&owd1 Ame'ia tu&ned and )ound he&

o) 27



8&(t3,o&n (on Lui( Fe'ipe mo&ta''y wounded+ (t&u2k in the )a2e and 2he(t1 The

)ata' deed wa( &epo&ted'y done with a 2a&,ine wie'ded ,y a ,'a2k3,ea&ded

a((a((in+ an e;32a'6a&y (e&geant and di(mi((ed 6i''age (2hoo'ma(te& named

4anue' !ui2a 3 he had ,een 'u&king ,ehind the pi''a& o) the 4ini(t&y o) the

Inte&io&1 !e2au(e )ou& 2ham,e&( in the %&own P&in2e:( &e6o'6e& we&e )ound

empty+ a &epo&t 2&edited him with 8&ing at the a((a((in( )ou& time(+ pe&hap(

wounding o& ki''ing one o) them 3 anothe& a22ount( (tated that he did not get

a (ing'e (hot o1 The ,ea&ded a((a((in took aim again and 8&ed+ ('ight'y

wounding 4anue' in the a&m1 At thi( =un2tu&e the King:( ,&othe&+ the Duke o)

Opo&to+ and aide( de 2amp &ode up with (a,&e( d&awn1 E6e&yone ,e'ie6ed to

,e an a((a((in wa( &epo&ted'y ha2ked to pie2e( 3 an inno2ent ,y(tande& wa(

a''eged'y ki''ed in the p&o2e((1

The 2a&&iage hu&&ied to the medi2a' depa&tment o) the ma&ine A&(ena' whe&e

King %a&'o( wa( de2'a&ed dead on a&&i6a'1 %&own P&in2e Lui( Fe'ipe e;pi&ed

minute( 'ate&1

Hen2e on that te&&i,'e day the eighteen3yea&3o'd Duke o) !&agan2a ,e2ame

King 4anue' II+ 'a(t king o) Po&tuga' The ne;t day he p&omi(ed to upho'd the

%on(titution+ and with hi( mothe& managing he (oon p&o2eeded to di(mant'e

the &ep&e((i6e ma2hine&y o) hi( )athe&:( &egime1 The &egi2ide(+ a''eged'y

mem,e&( o) %a&,ona&i 2e''(+ we&e t&ied in (e2&et and e;e2uted 3 nume&ou(

agg&ie6ed &epu,'i2an( (taged a demon(t&ation on the g&a6e(1 The num,e& o)

a((a((in( in6o'6ed wa( un2'ea&1 $ometime 'ate& a thi&d man+ 5o(e de A'poim+

t&ied to take 2&edit )o& the ki''ing(+ ,ut he+ a known ,&agga&t+ wa( gi6en 'itt'e2&eden2e1

THE GRACIOUS QUEEN

%a&'o( (ea&2hed )o& a wi)e ,e)o&e he took the th&one o) Po&tuga'1 To hi( good

)o&tune he )ound a ,eauti)u' p&in2e(( o) F&an2e in the pe&(on o) Ame'ie Loui(e

He'ene+ Du2he((e de O&'ean(+ daughte& o) the %omte de Pa&i( 3 hei& appa&ent

to the th&one o) F&an2e1

o) 27



Dona Ame'ia d:O&'ean(+ pe& &a2a de Deu(+ Rainha de Po&tuga'

The O&'ean( 'ine had ,e2ome a 2o''ate&a' ,&an2h o) the Hou(e o) !ou&,on

)o''owing the ma&&iage o) Loui( BI":( ,&othe&+ Phi'ippe I C-/3-/-G1 A)te&

the Re(to&ation o) the F&en2h mona&2hy )o''owing Napo'eon !onapa&te:(

Repu,'i2 and Empi&e+ Loui( B"III and %ha&'e( B o) the !ou&,on Hou(e &u'ed+

and then the F&en2h Re6o'ution o) -0/ di(po(ed o) %ha&'e( B1 The !ou&,on

2andidate )o& king(hip+ the (o32a''ed ?mi&a2'e 2hi'd? who had une;pe2ted'y

,een ,o&n a)te& the a((a((ination o) the Du2 de !e&&y+ wa( pa((ed o6e&+ andthe 5u'y 4ona&2hy o) the %iti*en King+ Loui(3Phi'ippe o) the Hou(e o) O&'ean(+

wa( e(ta,'i(hed1 That ,ou&geoi( mona&2hy p&e6ai'ed )&om -0/3-001 the

Re6o'ution o) -00 ga6e Loui(3Phi'ippe due 2au(e to a,di2ate in )a6o& o) hi(

young g&and(on+ the %omte de Pa&i( howe6e&+ Loui( !onapa&te Napo'eon+

w&ong'y ,e'ie6ed to ,e a mo&on who 2ou'd ,e di(po(ed o) at wi''+ wa(

whee'ed in to tempo&a&i'y head up anothe& Repu,'i2 pending the &e(o'ution

o) 2e&tain t&ou,'ing po'iti2a' i((ue(1 $ho&t'y the&ea)te&+ ,y 6i&tue o) a 2oup d:

etat+ the (o32a''ed mo&on ,e2ame Empe&o& Napo'eon III1 He &u'ed o6e&

,ooming time( unti' the di(a(t&ou( F&an2o3P&u((ian wa& p&o2eeded in -0/+

hen2e the Thi&d Repu,'i2 wa( e(ta,'i(hed C-0/3-./G1 The &emnant o) themain !ou&,on 'ine pe&i(hed in -00+ the&e)o&e waning !ou&,on hope( a( we''

a( that o) othe& Legitimi(t( 6ain'y &e(ted with the %omte de Pa&i( o) the

Hou(e o) O&'ean(1

Ame'ie (he we'' endowed in (e6e&a' &e(pe2t( when %a&'o( 8&(t met he&1

!e(ide( ,eing a 6e&y wea'thy no,'ewoman+ (he wa( a 2'a((i2 ,eauty1 T&ue to

o) 27



he& 2'a((+ he& ,ea&ing wa( (e')32on8dent and poi(ed1 A )amou( photog&aph

2aptu&ed he& (e2&et 4ona Li(a (mi'e1 $he wa( a p'ea(ant+ menta''y a2ti6e

woman+ a22u(tomed to getting he& way+ p&o,a,'y a mat2h )o& any man+

2e&tain'y not a 2oy o& wi'ting woman+ ,ut &athe& a 8ne 'ady who ne6e&the'e((

might 'ike to wea& pant( and p'ay the tom,oy when ao&ded the oppo&tunity

to do (o di(2&eet'y1

7ueen Ame'ie o) Po&tuga' wa( du'y noted )o& an impo((i,'y ('im wai(t )o& he&

age+ in (ta&k 2ont&a(t with that o) he& in2&ea(ing'y po&t'y hu(,and1 !e(ide(

,eing the ,e(t d&e((ed woman in Eu&ope+ (he wa( the on'y mem,e& o)

Eu&opean &oya'ty who had a do2to&:( deg&ee1 $he wa( pe&(ua(i6e 9ueen with

a ,ound'e(( in>uen2e o6e& he& hu(,and:( mind1 $he wa( de(2&i,ed ,y he&

2ontempo&a&y+ F&an2i( &i,,'e+ a !&iti(h ,iog&aphe& o) &omanti2 pe&(onage(+

a( the (u,=e2t o) a (t&enuou( edu2ation+ digni8ed ,ut ?a'(o ,&i''iant'y 2'e6e&+

e;2eeding'y a22omp'i(hed+ and endowed with the inde8na,'e 2ha&m whi2h

2au(e( peop'e to ,e (ty'ed :(ympatheti2:1111 At the (ame time+ (he di(p'ayed

the (hyne(( and timidity gene&a''y e6in2ed ,y young peop'e o) (upe&io& me&it

in the p&e(en2e o) tho(e who a&e at on2e g&andio(e and 2ommonp'a2e1?

&i,,'e &e2ount( that a e&man p&in2e had hi( eye on Ame'ie+ ,ut (he wa(

too pat&ioti2 to o,'ige a e&man1 He& hu(,and3to3,e had a hand(ome

e&man appea&an2e ,ut wa( a'(o Po&tugue(e ,y ,i&th and nation1 $he

p&e)e&&ed to 'i6e (imp'y1 $he 'o6ed to 'eap he& ho&(e o6e& wa''(+ and to wa'k

on the (ea(ho&e with he& hu(,and1 Depending on the 2&iti2+ (he wa( eithe& a

piou( do3goode& o& a ,igoted )anati2+ eithe& 2ha&ita,'e o& e;t&a6agant1&i,,'e &e'ate(<

?The 7ueen en2ou&aged the &e3e(ta,'i(hment o) the &e'igiou( o&de& in

Po&tuga' and the&e i( unhappi'y on'y too mu2h e6iden2e to (how that+ when

&e'igiou( o&de&( 2ome in at the doo&+ a'' p&o(pe2t( o) tho&ough3going &e)o&m

>y out the window1 O& that+ at a'' e6ent(+ wa( the 6iew o) the new (2hoo' o)

&e)o&me&( then a&i(ing in Po&tuga'< the ea&ne(t and 2'ean3handed anti3

2'e&i2a'( )&om the Uni6e&(ity o) %oim,&a 3 men in who(e eye( the ,u**ing

monk( and 2a2k'ing nun( we&e 'ike a p'ague o) >ie( (ett'ing on a 2a&2a((1?

eo&ge Young+ a dip'omat+ w&ite(< ?The 9ueen+ who(e piety and phi'anth&opy

had ne6e& won he& any popu'a&ity+ wa( (u(pe2ted o) ,eing in the hand( o)

the 5e(uit(+ tho(e t&aditiona' t&adu2e&( o) Po&tugue(e nationa' 'i,e&tie(1?

Ame'ie wa( popu'a& in (ome 9ua&te&( de(pite the 2u'tu&a' p&e=udi2e( again(t

he&+ not on'y among %atho'i2( ,ut with the 6i2tim( o) tu,e&2u'o(i( and thei&

)ami'ie( in )a2t+ (he 'ed a 2&u(ade again(t the di(ea(e< in -0.. (he

o) 27



(pon(o&ed a p&i6ate )oundation o) )&ee 2'ini2(+ ho(pita'(+ (anita&ium(+ and a

p&e6ento&ia1

The 7ueen 'o6ed poet&y+ a&t+ and mu(i2+ and wa( o) 2ou&(e a pat&one(( o)

the a&t(1 Fo& e;amp'e+ he& pe&(ona' pat&onage wa( deep'y app&e2iated ,y

ui'he&mine $uggia C-00J3-.J/G+ the ?7ueen o) %e''i(t(?+ one o) the 8&(twomen to make a 2a&ee& o) p'aying he 2e''o1 A)te& Ame'ie hea&d he& p'ay+ (he

(ent he& a,&oad to (tudy in Leip*ig1

A22o&ding to 5ean Finot+ a F&en2h =ou&na'i(t who 6i(ited Po&tuga'+ the

Po&tugue(e )a6o&ed King %a&'o(: mothe&+ 4a&ia Pia+ o6e& 7ueen Ame'ie+ who+

a)te& a''+ wa( a %atho'i2 F&en2hwoman<

?C7ueen 4a&ia PiaG i( a :t&ue 9ueen1: A,o6e a''+ (he i( ma=e(ti21 A t&ue

daughte& o) king(+ (he i( good3natu&ed and gene&ou(1 The othe& 9ueen $ti''

young and di(tingui(hed3'ooking+ (he ,&ought with he& to Li(,on a &oya'+ adi6ine ,eauty1 $he i( without dou,t the mo(t ,eauti)u' woman who ha( e6e&

&eigned o6e& Po&tuga'1 E6e& (in2e (he 2ame (he ha( t&ied to win a'' hea&t(1

Amia,'e and p&epo((e((ing+ (he i( 2a&e)u' to igno&e+ not to a22entuate+

di(tin2tion( in &ank1 $he i( a( e2onomi2a' a( the dowage& i( p&odiga'1

Ne6e&the'e((+ the Po&tugue(e p&e)e& 4a&ia Pia1 7ueen Ame'ia i( a %'e&i2a'+

whi2h oend( the peop'e1?

Ame'ie wa( he&oi2a''y in2'ined1 e&many and $weden awa&ded he& with thei&

&e(pe2ti6e meda'( o) hono& )o& (a6ing the 'i)e o) a d&owning 8(he&man1 The

poo& man had ,een in=u&ed t&ying to (a6e hi( o6e&tu&ned ,oat+ whe&euponAme'ie =umped into the wate& )u''y d&e((ed+ (wam out and &e(2ued him1 The

7ueen app&e2iated the (ame (o&t o) he&oi(m in othe&(< an unemp'oyed

2o,,'e&+ who had ,een awa&ded meda'( ,y the humane (o2ietie( o) (e6e&a'

2ount&ie( )o& (a6ing (e6enteen 'i6e( )&om d&owning+ app'ied to 7ueen Ame'ie

)o& a =o, at the 2u(tom( hou(e+ whe&e he wou'd ha6e the 2han2e o) (a6ing

mo&e 'i6e( whi'e ea&ning hi( dai'y ,&ead1 Ame'ie kind'y g&anted hi( &e9ue(t+

,ut he died ,e)o&e he 2ou'd a((ume hi( po(t1 Fu&the&mo&e+ a( we (ee )&om

the &epo&t( on the Li(,on a((a((ination(+ (he t&ied to )end o he& hu(,and:(

ki''e&( with a ,ou9uet o) >owe&(+ and then inte&po(ed he&(e') ,etween the

a((a((in( and he& (on1

PASSIONATE KING CARLOS

$ometime( a man:( ho,,y o& a6o2ation te''( u( mo&e a,out him than hi(

&egu'a& =o,1 King %a&'o(+ king o) Po&tuga' )&om O2to,e& -.+ -00. unti' he wa(

o) 27



a((a((inated on Fe,&ua&y -+ -./0+ did not 2hoo(e hi( &oya' o22upation< he

wa( ,o&n into it1

King %a&'o( Ya2ht Ame'ie+ Pa((ion de 'a me&

Po&tuga'+ a (ma'' nation with a 'ong and i''u(t&iou( hi(to&y+ 'ook( out upon it(

o2eani2 2a''ing )&om a (2ant // mi'e( o) 2oa(t'ine1 King %a&'o( ga*ed upon

the 6a(t o2ean a( we'' ,ut )o& him+ 'and ,ound a( he wa( ,y 2ou&t'y dutie(

and 'o6e )o& hi( 9ueen+ the (ea wa( a ,e'o6ed a6o2ation 3 King %a&'o( had a

pa((ion de 'a me&1

The King p&oud'y po((e((ed a (e&ie( o) &e2&eationa' ya2ht(+ ea2h named a)te&

hi( ,e'o6ed 7ueen Ame'ie1 Ame'ia I wa( J mete&( in 'ength Ame'ia II+ J

mete&( Ame'ia III+ JJ mete&( Ame'ia I"+ / mete&(1 The 8&(t th&ee ya2ht(

had (ai'( the 8&(t two had 2ompound engine( the 'a(t two had t&ip'e

e;pan(ion engine(+ to &edu2e 2oa' 2on(umption1

King %a&'o( wa( an e;2e''ent a&ti(t+ a( 2an (ti'' ,e (een )&om hi( 'a6i(h'y

i''u(t&ated 2ata'og o) the ,i&d( o) Po&tuga' and hi( 'o6ing (ket2he( o) hi(

o) 27



ya2ht(1 !e(ide( hi( (ket2he(+ we may 6iew photog&aph( o) the ya2ht( 3 e6e&y

one o) hi( Ame'ia( i( ,eauti)u'1

An o'd (aying ha( it that po((e((ion i( nine3tenth( o) the 'aw1 The king

po((e((ed the &oya' ya2ht(+ ,ut the&e wa( (ome 2on)u(ion o6e& who a2tua''y

owned them+ the nation+ o& the king1 O) 2ou&(e the&e a&e amp'e p&e2edent(to 2ite )o& the idea that a king own( hi( kingdom and e6e&ything in it+ ,ut the

'aw wa( 2hanging in a &e6o'utiona&y o& 'i,e&a' di&e2tion1

King %a&'o(

Not e6e&y king o& 9ueen o) Po&tuga' wa( wea'thy 3 9uite to the 2ont&a&y1

A'though Po&tuga' wa( on2e the &i2he(t nation on Ea&th+ (he in6e(ted 'itt'e o)

he& wea'th on pu,'i2 imp&o6ement( at home and had a 'ong &e2o&d o) wa(ted

)o&tune(+ wa&(+ 2i6i' (t&i)e+ epidemi2( and othe& natu&a' 2a'amitie(+ to the

point that (ome o) he& mona&2h( had to go to g&eat 'ength( to 2'oth

them(e'6e( and put )ood on the ta,'e1 %a&'o( had inhe&ited the u(ua' de82it+)&om hi( a&ti(ti2a''y in2'ined )athe&+ King Lui(1 Indeed+ the Hou(e o) !&agan2a

wa( (o&e'y pin2hed )o& )und(1 The King %a&'o( mini(te&( &e(o&ted to (e6e&a'

(t&atagem( to aid the king 8nan2ia''y1 Fo& in(tan2e+ the king:( 2u&&ent ya2ht

and the 9ueen:( 2a&&iage hou(e mu(eum we&e (o'd to hi( kingdom+ a 2&eati6e

a22ounting maneu6e& that (oon ,e2ame a nationa' (2anda'< the (o2ia'i(t

o) 27



)a2tion p&ote(ted that the king had o,6iou('y done (omething 8(hy to wit+

that he had (o'd the nation:( own p&ope&ty to it(e') and po2ket the p&o2eed(1

#e who a&e not 2e&ti8ed to make a 2ompetent =udgment on the t&an(a2tion

da&e not (ay the king wa( a 2&ook1 No dou,t he &e'ied on e;pe&t ad6i2e yet+

with ou& po(t3mode&n a22ounting (2anda'( in mind+ we may imagine how8(hy the t&an(a2tion (me''ed in tho(e day(1 Ne6e&the'e((+ 'et u( not 2on2'ude

that the king wa( a (e'8(h man+ me&e'y ente&taining him(e') and hi( gue(t(

with e;pen(i6e p'ea(u&e 2&ui(e( whi'e g&inding hi( poo& (u,=e2t( )u&the& into

po6e&ty1

No+ the ya2ht( named Ame'ia we&e not you& u(ua' Mmoney ho'e(+ ,ut we&e

in6e(tment( in the g&eate& good1 The good king had an a't&ui(ti2 &ea(on )o&

hi( e;t&ao&dina&y e;pen(e(+ a( wa( demon(t&ated+ )o& in(tan2e+ ,y the )a2t

that the Na6y3(taed Ame'ia( we&e getting p&og&e((i6e'y 'onge& in 'ength to

a22ommodate a ,ene6o'ent (o2ia' end1 You (ee+ King %a&'o( i( known to thi(day a( ?The Fathe& o) Po&tugue(e O2eanog&aphy+? and a( (u2h he needed

mo&e &oom )o& hi( o2ean3going 'a,o&ato&y1

!etween -0. and -./+ Hi( Highne(( went on a (e&ie( o) o2eanog&aphi2

2&ui(e( a'ong the (outhe&n Po&tugue(e 2oa(t1 In -0.+ he pu,'i(hed the

p&e'imina&y &e(u't( o) hi( -0. 2&ui(e+ int&odu2ing hi( (tudy a( )o''ow(<

?The nume&ou( o2eanog&aphi2 &e(ea&2he( that )o&eign 2ount&ie( 2a&&ied out

in &e2ent time( with (u2h au(pi2iou( &e(u't(+ the impo&tan2e o) the(e (tudie(

)o& the 8(he&ie( indu(t&y+ one o) the mo(t impo&tant in ou& 2ount&y+ and thee;2eptiona' 6a&iety o) ,athymet&i2 2ondition( o) the (ea a'ong and o ou&

2oa(t(+ (ugge(ted to u( 'a(t yea& the idea o) the (2ienti82 e;p'o&ation o) ou&

(ea+ and to make a6ai'a,'e+ ,y &egu'a& wo&k+ not on'y a know'edge o) the

)auna o) ou& 2ontinenta' (he') ,ut a'(o that o) the a,y((e( that a&e )ound in

2e&tain &egion( on'y a )ew mi'e( o the 2oa(t+ a (ituation a'mo(t uni9ue in

Eu&ope1?

%a&'o( 2o''a,o&ated with on'y one (2ienti(t+ one A',e&t A&thu& A'e;ande&

i&a&d+ a gent'eman who had immig&ated a( a 2hi'd to Po&tuga' )&om New

Yo&k1 i&a&d (e&6ed a( the King:( e;pe&t )o& the Fi(he&ie( %ommi((ion1 %a&'o(a'(o a((o2iated with a ,'ue3,'ooded o2eanog&aphe&+ P&in2e A',e&t o) 4ona2o+

who 2a''ed %a&'o(+ ?Le mona&2h (a6ant1

The King:( main o2eanog&aphi2 inte&e(t wa( in 8(h1 I) the ,io'ogy and

e2o'ogy o) 8(h we&e ,ette& unde&(tood+ he ,e'ie6ed+ the know'edge a29ui&ed

wou'd ,e a ,oon to Po&tugue(e 8(he&ie(1 #he&e)o&e he u(ed ,ott'e( to (tudy

o) 27



the 2u&&ent(1 He d&ew ,athymet&i2 2ha&t(+ u(ed ,eam3t&aw'( and d&edge( to

2o''e2t (pe2imen(+ and (o on1 He wa( pa&ti2u'a&'y 2u&iou( a,out the dep'etion

o) 8(h 2au(ed ,y the (team 2&aw'e&( o the (he') 3 Po&tugue(e 8(he&men

we&e (ti'' u(ing (ai',oat( in tho(e day(1 A (a&dine 2&i(i( in -./ o the F&en2h

2oa(t 2au(ed the F&en2h to ,e'ie6e that the (a&dine( had >ed to Po&tuga'+ ,ut

%a&'o( pointed out that the&e we&e (e6e&a' po((i,'e 2au(e( )o& (u2h d&amati2

(ho&tage(+ and &epo&ted that he had noti2ed no in2&ea(e in (a&dine( in

Po&tuga'1 4o&eo6e&+ in -./ the King pu,'i(hed an e;ten(i6e (tudy o) the

(ha&k( o) Po&tuga'1 Hi( (ea3)a&ing (2ienti82 a2ti6itie( we&e known to the

pu,'i2 th&ough 6a&iou( nationa' and inte&nationa' e;hi,it( 3 the (pe2imen( he

(ha&ed with mu(eum( (ti'' e;i(t1

The King &e)e&&ed to hi( (2ienti82 (tudie( a( ?mon &epo(e et ma &e2&eation1?

At 'ea(t hi( &epo(e and &e2&eation we&e good )o& hi( kingdom1 O) 2ou&(e the

impa2t wa( (ma'' in 2ompa&i(on to the g'o,a' impa2t o) hi( mo(t i''u(t&iou(

p&ede2e((o&+ P&in2e Hen&y the Na6igato&+ who e(ta,'i(hed the 8&(t

geog&aphi2 in(titute in --01 P&in2e Hen&y &a&e'y (ai'ed+ and then not )a&+ ,ut

hi( ho,,y ga6e Po&tuga' a (2ienti82 )oundation )o& the di(2o6e&y o) the ha') o)

the wo&'d many Eu&opean( we&e o,'i6iou( to1

Now the g'o&y day( we&e o6e& )o& mona&2h( when King %a&'o( (ai'ed hi(

ya2ht(1 Po&tuga':( kingdom wou'd 2ome to a &idi2u'ou( 2'o(e a (ho&t time

a)te& the King( death1 The g&eat 2ount&y ,a&e'y mou&ned the 'o(( o) the King

and %&own P&in2e a)te& they we&e a((a((inated in an open 2a&&iage+ ,ut the

Li(,on a((a((ination( we&e not pa&t o) a popu'a& o& 2on2e&ted p'an too6e&th&ow the mona&2hy1 Random te&&o&i(t(+ &eputed'y )&om a %a&,ona&i 2e''+

did the e&&ati2 deed1

Nea&'y th&ee yea&( a)te& the king and hi( e'de(t (on we&e mu&de&ed+ hi( 'ate(t

ya2ht Ame'ia (e&6ed a( the getaway 6e((e' )o& 7ueen Dowage& Ame'ia and

4anue' II+ who had a((umed hi( )athe&:( th&one with a p&omi(e to a,o'i(h

&ep&e((i6e 'aw( and the mi(app&op&iation o) pu,'i2 )und(1

THE KING’S SUCCESSOR, A BONNIE LA

At eighteen yea&( o) age+ 4anue' wa( (imp'y too young and ine;pe&ien2ed to&u'e1 A pundit &ema&ked that he wa( ?an o&phan not an hei&1? He had ,een

&ea&ed )o& the mo(t pa&t at "i''a "i2o(a+ hi( mothe&:( e(tate+ and he o)ten

6i(ited hi( g&andmothe&+ the %ounte(( o) Pa&i(+ who &e(ided nea&,y at he&

2hateau+ "i''a 4an&i9ue+ in Anda'u(ia1 4anue' wa( 2e&tain'y wa( a p'ea(ant

young gent'eman1 He 'iked to hunt+ and wa( an e;2e''ent (hot1 He 'o6ed

o) 27



ho&(e,a2k &iding e6en mo&e than hi( mothe&1 He 2ha(ed the )amou( giant

,u''( a2&o(( the p'ain(+ and wa( pu&(ued ,y them in tu&n1

Ame'ia wa( an a22omp'i(hed ho&(ewoman and ho&(e(hoe& 3 (he 2omp'ained

that ,'a2k(mith( we&e &uining ho&(e(1 $he wa( wont to a22ompany 4anue'

on hi( hunting e;pedition(+ in pa&t ,e2au(e (he )ea&ed )o& hi( (a)ety1 $he hadtaught him to &ide when he wa( 'itt'e+ ?d&agging him th&ough )o&e(t and )en1?

He 'ea&ned ho&(e(hoeing to p'ea(e he&1 He did not ha6e+ howe6e&+ he&

)ondne(( )o& poet&y+ painting and 'ite&atu&e1 He de'ighted in p'aying (kitt'e( 3

ninepin( 3 and wa( a good tenni( p'aye&1 #e 8nd thi( inte&e(ting note in

!&itanni2a( Curren! Li!era!ure C-./0G<

?The Po&tugue(e 2ha&a2te& i( noted )o& it( &e8nement and )o& what o'd3

)a(hioned no6e'i(t( we&e wont to te&m (en(i,i'ity1 ent'ene(( i( it( ?note? and

King 4anue' ha( that1 !ut he ha( no ta(te )o& the a&t( and 'ite&atu&e1 Thi(+

opine( the Pa&i( au'oi(+ may te'' again(t the young mona&2h in (o 'ite&a&yand (o a&ti(ti2 a 2ou&t a( that o6e& whi2h the 'ate %a&'o( he'd (way1 $o2iety at

Li(,on+ and 4anue' mu(t 'i6e in it i) he mean( e6e& to &u'e+ i( e;t&eme'y ,'ue

(to2king in a Latin+ )emini*ed way1 At the 2ou&t o) Li(,on e6e&yone t&ie( to

da**'e e6e&yone e'(e1 The&e a&e innume&a,'e men o) (upe&82ia' e'egan2e+

(upe&82ia' ta'ent+ and (upe&82ia' (2ien2e1 Pee&( da,,'e in poet&y+ da,,'e in

,io'ogy+ da,,'e in 2u'tu&e1 No,ody (tudie( ha&d and a'' 'i6e high1 The 'adie(

a&e the ,e(t d&e((e&( in Eu&ope and they e;pe2t thei& hand( to ,e ki((ed ,y

the men+ who mu(t go down on one knee when they do (o1 4anue' i( not o)

thi( ,&eed1 He i( the ,onnie (ai'o& ,oy type+ 'aughing and 6igo&ou(+ who ha('ea&ned (in2e&ity and ,'une(( in the na6y1 He wou'd ne6e& d&eam o)

t&an('ating $hake(pea&e into Po&tugue(e+ a( hi( )athe& and g&and)athe&

2ont&i6ed to do ,etween them1 Like hi( )athe&+ howe6e&+ he 'ea&ned 6e&y

ea&'y to (peak ,oth Eng'i(h and F&en2h >uent'y+ to (ay nothing o) hi( nati6e

Po&tugue(e and hi( (e2ond mothe& tongue+ $pani(h1 He ha( hi( )athe&:( (mi'e

o) good3humo&ed 2omp'a2en2y and e;t&eme'y ,'ond hai&+ )o&ming a )&inge

a&ound the ,&ow1 !ut in mo(t &e(pe2t( he i( a g&eat 2ont&a(t to the

un)o&tunate Dom %a&'o(1?

o) 27



King Manuel II

4anue' II &u'ed Po&tuga' in name on'y 3 Ame'ia wa( in 2ha&ge1 He& (i(te&+

P&in2e(( #a'dema& o) Denma&k+ (aid the widowed 9ueen wa( a2ting ?a( the

man o) the )ami'y1? He& attempt( to 2om,ine 'eade&( o) the oppo(ing pa&tie(

into a ?4ini(t&y o) %on2ent&ation? in o&de& to a2hie6e a &e)o&med

2on(titutiona' mona&2hy )ai'ed1 The o'd Rotati6e $y(tem o) taking tu&n(

di6iding the (poi'( ,etween two a'mo(t e9ua' pa&tie( 2ontinued apa2e1 The&ewe&e the (ame o'd int&igue(1 The (e2&et %a&,ona&i 2e''( we&e (ti'' a&med1

P'ot( we&e hat2hed to ki'' the >edg'ing King1 The )a'' o) the mona&2hy wa(

(u2h a )o&egone 2on2'u(ion that &epo&te&(+ anti2ipating the e6ent+ had

a&&i6ed in ad6an2e o) the )a2t1

4anue' wa( (ent o to Pa&i( to )u&the& hi( edu2ation1 $oon a)te& hi( &etu&n+

hi( )&iend(hip with a dan2e& (2anda'i*ed the nation1 F&an2i( &i,,'e &epo&t(

on the aai& without mentioning he& name1 The )&iend(hip wa( (uppo(ed'y a

t&ue )&iend(hip that i(+ not )o& money1 !ut the dan2e& ad6e&ti(ed the

&oman2e at e6e&y oppo&tunity+ &ight down to (howing o the ga&te& gi6en tohe& ,y the King du&ing one o) he& 6i(it( to the Pa'a2e1 The pu,'i2 wou'd

no&ma''y not ,e (u&p&i(ed to hea& &umo&( o) dan2ing gi&'( and pe&hap( e6en

an o&gy o& two in the Pa'a2e1 !ut the new(pape&( had a 8e'd day with thi(

pa&ti2u'a& 'o6e aai&+ gi6ing the &adi2a' &epu,'i2an( 3 now a Repu,'i2an Pa&ty

8''ed with :Pu&itan(: 3 mo&e ammunition1

o) 27



Ha&d'y anyone oppo(ed the &e6o'ution when 2ame in O2to,e& -.-/1 A,out

-// men we&e ki''ed and anothe& J// wounded1 It might ea(i'y had ,een put

down we&e it not )o& mi(in)o&mation de'i6e&ed to 4anue' and Ame'ia a,out

the (tatu( o) the &e6o't1 4anue'( own wa&(hip( (he''ed the &oya' Pa'a2e1 !oth

4anue' and hi( mothe& &e(o'6ed that it wa( the King:( duty to die in Po&tuga'

&athe& than >ee1 !ut then they >ed )o& Eng'and on the ya2ht Ame'ia+ and that

wa( that< the &athe& a,(u&d )ate o) Po&tuga':( eight 2entu&ie( o) mona&2hy1

No dou,t King %a&'o( wou'd ha6e en=oyed that 6oyage and the de(tination a(

we'' 3 not on'y wa( he )ond o) (ai'ing+ he wa( &e'ated ,y $a;e3%o,u&g ,'ood to

King Edwa&d and wa( 9uite popu'a& with the Eng'i(h 2ou&t ,ut that 6oyage

wa( not )ated )o& the man with a pa((ion de 'a me&1

BA NE"S #OR RO$ALT$

The new( o) the a((a((ination o) the King o) Po&tuga' and hi( e'de(t (on theDuke o) !&agan2a on Fe,&ua&y -+ -./0+ &ea2hed London the )o''owing day<

?The new( o) the mu&de& o) King %a&'o( and the %&own P&in2e o) Po&tuga'

&ea2hed London on $unday+ Fe,&ua&y + -./0+ and wa( &e2ei6ed with

a(toni(hment a( we'' a( ho&&o&1 Litt'e attention had ,een paid ,y the gene&a'

pu,'i2 to the p&og&e(( o) the (t&ugg'e+ and the&e had ,een no thought that

the enemie( o) the Di2tato& might tu&n thei& 6engean2e )&om him to the

%&own1 The mu&de&ed King wa( popu'a& at the Eng'i(h %ou&t+ and had

&epeated'y 6i(ited &eat !&itain1 $ympathy wa( e;p&e((ed uni6e&(a''y+ )&om

the %ou&t downwa&d(+ and on 4onday+ Fe,&ua&y + noti2e wa( gi6en in ,othHou(e( that an add&e(( to the %&own wou'd ne;t day ,e mo6ed e;p&e((ing

the ?indignation and deep 2on2e&n? o) Pa&'iament at the mu&de&(+ and

p&aying Hi( 4a=e(ty to (igni)y to the King o) Po&tuga' thei& a,ho&&en2e o) the

2&ime+ and thei& (ympathy with the Roya' )ami'y and the peop'e1 In the

%ommon( thi( add&e(( wa( mo6ed Cthe mem,e&( un2o6e&ingG ,y the P&ime

4ini(te&+ who depi2ted in 6igo&ou( wo&d( the indignation and ho&&o&

e6e&ywhe&e (hown at the mu&de& o) ?the kind+ man'y+ )&iend'y King 3 an

out&age on humanity &edeemed on'y ,y the 2ou&age o) a woman1: 4&1 Ake&(3

Doug'a(+ in the a,(en2e o) 4&1 !a')ou&+ added a )ew app&op&iate wo&d( on

,eha') o) the Oppo(ition1 In the Lo&d( a (imi'a& motion wa( mo6ed ,y the

4a&9ue(( o) Ripon and (e2onded ,y the 4a&9ue(( o) Land(downe1? CThe

Annua' Regi(te& -./0 London< -./.+ Longman(+ &een Q %o1G

The Eng'i(h pu,'i2 ha( good &ea(on to ,e a(toni(hed ,y the a((a((ination(1

The pu,'i2 we&e &e'ati6e'y unin)o&med o) the p&og&e(( o) the 2i6i' (t&ugg'e in

Po&tuga' ,e2au(e the new( wa( 2en(o&ed in Po&tuga' ,e)o&ehand and wa(

o) 27



di2u't to get out o) the 2ount&y1 !ut the 2ou&t( o) Eu&ope we&e app&i(ed o)

the 6o'ati'e (ituation we'' ,e)o&e the mu&de&ou( deed( we&e done1 7ueen

Ame'ie he&(e') had 6i(ited in Eng'and in -./ )o& the ma&&iage o) he& (i(te&+

P&in2e(( Loui(e o) O&'ean(+ to %ha&'e( o) !ou&,on<

?Th&oughout the wedding )e(ti6itie( the 7ueen o) Po&tuga'+ who+ the Londonpape&( (ay+ kept up a 2on(tant 2ommuni2ation ,y te'eg&aph with Li(,on+

(eem g&a6e and p&eo22upied1 Di(pat2he( )&om he& hu(,and:( 2apita' to'd

that the (ituation ,oth )o& King %a&'o( and the di2tato&ia' p&emie& whom he

pe&(i(t( in maintaining at the head o) aai&( had ,e2ome one o) e;t&eme

di2u'ty1 Ea2h day witne((ed an addition to the num,e& o) mona&2hi(t

po'iti2ian( who made de2'a&ation( ?in a &epu,'i2an (en(e+? a,andoning thei&

)o&me& (uppo&t o) the King1 The on'y method o) di(pat2hing p&e(( new( )&om

Po&tuga' 'a(t month wa( to p&o2eed ,y t&ain )&om Li(,on to the )&ontie& and

te'eg&aph ,y way o) 4ad&id ,ut )o& the (ake o) the 9ueen o) Po&tuga' the

&igo&( o) thi( (y(tem we&e &e'a;ed1 He& ma=e(ty got new( (o (e&iou( on the

e6en o) the wedding+ (ay( one a22ount+ that (he &e)e&&ed =e(ting'y to the

po((i,i'ity o) making he& home at #ood No&ton in the nea& )utu&e1111?

CCurren! Li!era!ure 6o'1 BLI" -./0G

#e a&e )u&the& in)o&med that ?the 7ueen o) Po&tuga' made he& 6i(it to #ood

No&ton )o& he& (i(te&:( wedding the o22a(ion )o& p&e(enting he& hu(,and:(

(ide o) the 2a(e to he& )ami'y1? o((ip( had it that the King o) $pain+ A')on(o

BIII+ wou'd meet with King %a&'o( at #ood No&ton+ whe&e they wou'd di(2u((

the in(ta,i'ity in Po&tuga' The $pani(h king had &epo&ted'y to'e&atedPo&tugue(e di((ident( to ope&ate in $pain+ a (o&t o) di((iden2e whi2h he

wou'd not to'e&ate i) hi( own 2on(titutiona' mona&2hy wa( at (take1 $in2e

%a&'o( had (tayed ,ehind in Po&tuga'+ hi( 9ueen a''eged'y took up the matte&

with King %a&'o( when the !ou&,on )ami'y 2on)e&&ed at #ood No&ton+ )&om

when2e they went on to #ind(o&+ whe&e a tota' o) 86e 7ueen( and th&ee

King( ?di(2u((ed the !ou&,on 2&i(i( in e6e&y a(pe2t1?

?C7ueen Ame'ieG won to he& way o) thinking not on'y a'' the !ou&,on( ,ut it i(

(aid King Edwa&d he&(e')1 Don %a&'o( ha( (een &ea(on to )ee' agg&ie6ed at

the )&eedom with whi2h &e6o'utiona&y Po&tugue(e =unta( a&e pe&mitted toagitate in 4ad&id1 $pain i( a 2on(titutiona' mona&2hy1 A')on(o BIII 2'aim( to

a2t a'way( within the 'imit( o) the o&gani2 'aw o) hi( kingdom1 4ad&id+

howe6e&+ i( the new( 2ente& o) Po&tugue(e &e6o't1 The e;tent to whi2h the

in>uen2e o) the 7ueen o) Po&tuga' wa( e;e&ted in Eng'and to te&minate he&

hu(,and:( em,a&&a((ment( )&om $pani(h (ou&2e( i( one o) the mo(t de'i2ate

topi2( 2onne2ted with the g&eat )ami'y gathe&ing o) the hou(e o) !ou&,on1111

o) 27



?$to&ie( o) the imp&i(onment o) the 2&own p&in2e o) Po&tuga' ,y hi( own

)athe&+ o) the di(2o6e&y o) &epu,'i2an 2on(pi&a2ie( in the a&my and o) the

2ontemp'ated >ight o) Don %a&'o( )&om Li(,on+ in 2onne2tion with the &umo&(

o) what may ha6e ,een (aid at the !ou&,on )ami'y 2on)e&en2e111 'ea6e the

who'e (u,=e2t o) the month:( e6ent( in o,(2u&ity1 It wa( impo((i,'e )o& e6en

the ,e(t e9uipped new(pape&( in Eu&ope to get un2en(o&ed di(pat2he( out o)

Li(,on1 The (u(pen(ion o) the new(pape&( 2ontinued with the (an2tion o) the

King1 It i( thought (igni82ant that among the o&gan( thu( puni(hed a&e

6a&iou( Roman %atho'i2+ 2'e&i2a' and 2on(e&6ati6e =ou&na'(1 At the 6a&iou(

Po&tugue(e 'egation( in Eu&ope it i( maintained that the month:( &umo&(

ha6e to do with nothing mo&e (e&iou( than mea(u&e( again(t ana&2hi(t( and

&epu,'i2an agitato&(1 Thi( (o&t o) ta'k i( p&onoun2ed ?(i''y? ,y that (in2e&e

)&iend o) the Po&tugue(e dyna(ty+ the Pa&i( Temp(1 The King+ it (ay(+ i(

?out(ide 'ega'ity? and the 9ue(tion i( now when he wi'' &etu&n to ?'ega'ity1?

The Pa&i( Temp( had indeed ,een in2'ined to (uppo&t the ?'ega'ity? o) 5oao

F&an2o:( di2tato&(hip unde& King %a&'o(+ a( we'' a( the di2tato&:( &ight to

make de2&ee(+ a( had the London Time(1 Po&tuga' wa( )o&ma''y a

2on(titutiona' mona&2hy at the time+ ,ut the King and hi( (t&ong man had

&e(o&ted to a tempo&a&y di2tato&(hip to 2u&, po'iti2a' 2o&&uption at the

highe(t 'e6e'( and to (t&ang'e th&eat( to the 6e&y e;i(ten2e o) Po&tuga':(

2entu&ie(3o'd mona&2hy )&om ,e'ow1 The wea'thy+ ene&geti2 and youth)u'

Ca,out )o&tyG $enho& 5oao F&an2o+ who 'i6ed in $pa&tan (imp'i2ity in Li(,on

with hi( &i2h wi)e+ had ,een &u'ing Po&tuga' (in2e 4ay o) -./+ ?una((i(ted ,y

Pa&'iament+? ,y 6i&tue o) a di2tatu&a o& 'egi('ati6e 'a2una+ whi2h+ the Pa&i( Temp( pointed out+ had ,een &egu'a&'y e;e&2i(ed o6e& (u22e((i6e oppo(ition

mini(t&ie(1 F&an2o:( ?&u'e o& &uin? method( we&e )a6o&a,'y de(2&i,ed in (ome

Eu&opean 9ua&te&( a( ,ona 8de impe&ia'i(m1

$u2h i( a (amp'e o) the go((ip and new( p&io& to the Li(,on a((a((ination(1

#hethe& 2en(o&ed o& not+ the we'' e(ta,'i(hed pape&( we&e wont to )a6o& the

p&e6ai'ing autho&ity1 $ometime( we a&e tempted to 2ompa&e new(pape&

edito&( with the p&ie(t( o) Apo''o+ who we&e in2'ined to inte&p&et the Pythia(

&ant( )a6o&a,'y that i(+ in )a6o& o) the pa&ty mo(t in2'ined to win1 In thi(

2a(e+ the i''ite&ate and 2on(e&6ati6e Po&tugue(e ma((e(+ at 'ea(t a22o&ding tothe Temp( and othe& pape&(+ )a6o&ed thei& King and hi( di2tato&1 $in2e the

e(ta,'i(hed po'iti2a' pa&tie( we&e ,iting ea2h othe&:( ,a2k(+ and the

&epu,'i2an )a2tion 2on(i(ted o) thinke&(+ ta'ke&( and d&eame&(+ it appea&ed

)&om a di(tan2e that the 2u&&ent autho&ity wou'd &u'e a( u(ua'1

o) 27



E6en F&an2o+ who wa( intimate with the (ituation and who thought he wa( on

top o) it+ wa( 2on8dent o) hi( u'timate t&iumph on ,eha') o) hi( king1

Di((ident( we&e doing what they do ,e(t in Li(,on and Opo&to 3 ta'king and

w&iting t&a2t( and poem(1 The a&my wa( (u,(idi*ed with ,&i,e( and dou,'e3

pay )o& the o2e&(1

No+ F&an2o might not ha6e (een the a((a((in( 2oming1 And King %a&'o( 'iked

to (how o hi( ma2hi(mo+ going a,out with 'itt'e o& no (e2u&ity1 Ne6e&the'e((+

a( we ha6e (een+ 7ueen Ame'ie wa( unea(y and (he )ea&ed )o& the 'i6e( o)

he& (on( i) not )o& he&(e') and he& hu(,and1 A( a matte& o) )a2t+ (he wa( at

"i''a "i2o(a+ he& oa(i(3e(tate nea& the ,o&de& o) $pain+ =u(t p&io& to the

a((a((ination1 $he 2ou'd ha6e ea(i'y ('ipped o6e& into $pain with he& (on( in

the e6ent o) &e6o'ution1 $he did 6i(it he& mom =u(t o6e& the ,o&de& at "i''a

4an&i9ue+ &etu&ned to "i''a "i2o(a+ then on to Li(,on+ whe&e he& hu(,and and

e'de(t (on wou'd ,e mu&de&ed ,e)o&e he eye( on the way ?home1? Yet to the

pu,'i2 imagination+ a'' might ha6e (eemed we'' ,e)o&ehand1

And 7ueen Ame'ie+ &i2h in he& own &ight+ owning the 8ne(t p&i6ate e(tate in

Eu&ope+ (p'endid ho&(e(+ )an2y pou't&y+ ado&ing hu(,and and (on(+ (eemed

the happie(t o) women when (he ,ade he& mothe& good3,ye at "i''aman&i9ue

and &etu&ned to "i''a2o(a1

#OR HISTOR$ BU##S % THE PRELUE TO REGICIE & RE'OLUTION

A 2entu&y ha( pa((ed (in2e the -./0 Li(,on a((a((ination(1 $ome hi(to&ian(

)ami'ia& with the mu&de&( 2on(ide& them to ,e o) no g&eat moment1 A)te& a''+King %a&'o( wa( a mino& king o) a (ma'' impo6e&i(hed nation1 In )a2t the

enti&e yea& o) -./0 (eem( &athe& unimpo&tant in 2ompa&i(on to the wo&'d3

(hatte&ing e6ent( (oon to 2ome1 !e(ide(+ po'iti2a' a((a((ination( we&e pa((S

a&ound the tu&n o) the 2entu&y+ hen2e the ki''ing o) a p&e(ident o& t(a&+ a

p&in2e o& king+ wa( &athe& 2ommonp'a2e1 Ne6e&the'e((+ we a&e mind)u' o)

Leopo'd Ranke:( di2tum+ that a'' hi(to&i2a' moment( a&e impo&tant in (ome

way ,e2au(e they a&e e9ua''y nea& to od1 #he&e)o&e we a&e ,ound to 8nd

(omething o) inte&e(t e6e&ywhe&e in human hi(to&y+ e(pe2ia''y i) we dig into

the de6i'i(h detai'( p&e(uma,'y p&e(ided o6e& ,y the $up&eme !eing1

One de6i'i(h a(pe2t o) a detai' i( that it i( &e'ated to 2ount'e(( othe&(1 $o

many o) them (eeming'y (tand in a 2au(e and ee2t &e'ation(hip that

(upe&(titiou( peop'e ha6e ,een 'ed to ,e'ie6e in an am,iguou( wo&'d (pi&it+

o& in the e;i(ten2e o) god( and de6i'( (ummed up a( od and $atan+

pe&(ona' entitie( a''eged'y ,ehind a'' the (2ene( o& at 'ea(t dua''y innate in

a'ienated human ,eing(+ hen2e p&e(ent e6e&ywhe&e in uni6e&(a' hi(to&y1

o) 27



Innume&a,'e detai'( 'ed up to the ('aying o) the King and the %&own P&in2e o)

Po&tuga' in an open 2a&&iage on the (t&eet( o) Li(,on on Fe,&ua&y -+ -./01

Re)e&en2e to e6en a )ew o) them might ,o&e u( unti' we &ea'i*e that we a&e

ta'king a,out ou&(e'6e( again+ in anothe& 2onte;t1

Po&tuga' ,e2ame an independent mona&2hy in --.+ when A')on(o Hen&i9ue(a((umed the tit'e o) king1 King %a&'o( wa( ,o&n into the Po&tugue(e Hou(e o)

!&agan2a+ the dyna(ty that &u'ed Po&tuga' )&om -/ to the )a'' o) the

mona&2hy in -.-/1 Eng'and mou&ned King %a&'o( when he wa( a((a((inated

in -./01 Eng'and and Po&tuga' we&e 6e&y o'd )&iend(1 In )a2t+ the&e wou'd

p&o,a,'y ,e no Po&tuga' a,(ent Eng'and:( )&e9uent medd'ing and o22a(iona'

inte&6ention(1 The ad6antage( to &eat !&itain we&e amp'e< an e;2e''ent

)ootho'd on the 2ontinent (upe&, Po&t wine !&a*i':( de6e'oping ma&ket(+ he&

,&i''iant diamond(+ g'itte&ing go'd+ (mooth 2oee and (weet (uga&1 A)te& a''+

,e(ide( 2ompanion(hip+ what a&e )&iend(hip( )o&

King %a&'o( wa( pe&(ona''y popu'a& at the Eng'i(h 2ou&t1 He wa( a hand(ome

man with po'i(hed manne&( and he had di6e&(e inte&e(t( and (ki''(1 He wa( a

ma&ine ,io'ogi(t+ ,u''8ghte&+ (ki''ed ma&k(man+ a22omp'i(hed a&ti(t+ (2u'pto&+

pat&on o) the d&amati2 a&t(+ and ma(te& o) (e6en 'anguage( 3 he he'ped hi(

)athe& t&an('ate $hake(pea&e1 Fu&the&mo&e+ the )&iend'y &e'ation(hip ,etween

King %a&'o( and King Edwa&d "II wa( 2emented ,y ,'ood1

King Edwa&d wa( the (on o) 7ueen "i2to&ia and Duke A',e&t o) $a;e3%o,u&g

C!a6a&iaG1 King %a&'o(:( )athe& wa( King Lui( o) Po&tuga'+ the (on o) 4a&ia da

'o&ia C4a&ia IIG o) Po&tuga' and P&in2e Fe&dinand o) $a;e3%o,u&g3otha1

#hen 4a&ia II died in -0J+ at the age o) thi&ty3)ou&+ he& e'de(t (on+ Ped&o "+

wa( a mino&+ the&e)o&e he& hu(,and Fe&dinand go6e&ned a( &egent )o& a )ew

yea&( hen2e the Po&tugue(e hou(e wa( te2hni2a''y the Hou(e o) %o,u&g3

!&agan2a1 !ut the Po&tugue(e did not 2a&e to u(e the e&mani2 &e)e&en2e1

Neithe& did the !&iti(h 2a&e mu2h )o& e&man( in thei& &u'ing hou(e+ de(pite

the )a2t that P&in2e %on(o&t A',e&t wa( an in(pi&ation to thei& g&eat 7ueen1

#hen Edwa&d (u22eeded to the th&one+ $a;e3%o,u&g3otha wa(+ 2o&&e2t'y

(peaking+ the &oya' hou(e howe6e&+ in -.-+ a)te& a ho&&endou( wa& with

e&many+ eo&ge " p&o2'aimed ?#ind(o&? to ,e the (u&name o) 7ueen"i2to&ia:( de(2endant(1

E2onomi2a''y moti6ated hi(to&ian( 2'aim that 4a&ia II:( (on+ Ped&o "+ wa( the

mo(t att&a2ti6e o) the 'ate& !&agan2a( ,e2au(e he wa( keen'y inte&e(ted in

the indu(t&ia' and mate&ia' imp&o6ement( that Po&tuga' di&e'y needed a)te& it

had ,een w&a2ked ,y Napo'eoni2 in6a(ion( and 2i6i' wa&(1 4a&ia II had

o) 27



managed to &e(o'6e the 2on(titutiona' (t&ugg'e( that took p'a2e a)te& the #a&

o) Two !&othe&(+ the wa& ,etween he& )athe&+ Ped&o I o) !&a*i'+ and hi(

,&othe&+ 4igue'1 !ut 4a&ia II died in -0J+ at the young age thi&ty3)ou&1 A'a(+

in -0-+ he& p&omi(ing (on+ Ped&o "+ a'(o died an ea&'y death at age twenty3

)ou&1 He wa( (u22eeded ,y hi( a&ti(ti2a''y in2'ined ,&othe&+ King Lui(+ %a&'o(:

)athe&1

King Lui( ente&tained hi( 2ou&t with pe&)o&man2e( on hi( 6io'on2e''o and

t&an('ated (e6e&a' o) $hake(pea&e:( p'ay(1 In keeping with an o'd Taoi(t

adage+ it i( (aid that he did not do 6e&y mu2h du&ing the twenty3eight yea&(

he &eigned+ yet he got a 'ot done1 At 'ea(t the 2ount&y g&ew wea'thie& due to

it( indu(t&ia' p&og&e((1

E9ua''y impo&tant+ %a&'o(: )athe& i( 2&edited )o& ad6an2ing Po&tuga':( 2u'tu&a'

&enai((an2e1 High 2u'tu&e had (ue&ed a te&&i,'e (et ,a2k with the F&en2h

in6a(ion o) Po&tuga' in -0/1 A( the F&en2h ad6an2ed into Li(,on+ 4a&ia I andhe& &egent 5oao >ed to !&a*i' with the 2ou&t and a &etinue o) a,out 8)teen3

thou(and pe&(on(+ on thi&ty3(i; (hip( e(2o&ted ,y !&iti(h men3o)3wa&1 They

took the ,u'k o) the mo(t 6a'ua,'e 2u'tu&a' a&ti)a2t( o) Po&tuga' with them

what they did not take wa( 'ooted ,y the F&en2h i) not (to'en ,y the Eng'i(h

and Po&tugue(e de)ende&( o) Po&tuga'1

King Lui( died in -00.1 #hen %a&'o( took the th&one on O2to,e& -.+ the

mode&n impe&ia' (2&am,'e wa( going )u'' (team ahead1 e&many+ &e2ent'y

united unde& P&u((ia+ wa( a'&eady 6ying )o& a p'a2e in the $un in o&de& to

(a6e the wo&'d1 $e6e&a' 2ount&ie( (ti'' had king(+ ,ut mona&2hy wa( going out

o) (ty'e 3 it( 6e(tige( we&e 2e&tain'y not app&e2iated ,y Po&tugue(e

?&epu,'i2an(? 3 demo2&ati2a''y in2'ined &adi2a'(1 Not on'y wa( %a&'o( a king ,y

a22ident o) ,i&th+ he wa( othe&wi(e >awed to ,egin with a( )a& a( the

&epu,'i2an( we&e 2on2e&ned1 He had hi( )athe&:( 'ook(< ,'ond+ Teutoni2+ and

(tout+ he 'ooked 'ike a hand(ome e&man 8e'd ma&(ha'1 And he had a

%atho'i2 9ueen+ a p&in2e(( o) F&an2e+ hi( ,e'o6ed Ame'ie1 To make matte&(

wo&(e+ the ,&an2h o) the Hou(e o) !&agan2a whi2h &u'ed the independent

Kingdom o) !&a*i' wa( o6e&th&own on No6em,e& -J+ -00.+ ,y anti3

mona&2hi(t ,ou&geoi( 'i,e&a'(+ and a &epu,'i2 wa( e(ta,'i(hed the&e1

A( i) a'' that we&e not ,ad+ %a&'o(: pe&(ona' p&e(tige wa( dea't a (e6e&e ,'ow

in -0./ when he 2apitu'ated to &eat !&itain:( U'timatum in the Ro(y %o'o&ed

4ap Aai&1 The U'timatum and 2apitu'ation we&e due to a 2on>i2t ,etween

the 2o'onia' inte&e(t( o) &eat !&itain and Po&tuga'1 Po&tuga' wanted to

2onne2t it( Ango'a 2o'ony in #e(t A)&i2a to it( 4o*am,i9ue 2o'ony in Ea(t

o) 27



A)&i2a ,y g&a,,ing the a&ea in ,etween1 !ut Rhode( in $outh A)&i2a had hi(

eye on the (ame 'and+ whi2h a Po&tugue(e mini(te& had painted pink to

g&aphi2a''y i''u(t&ate the 2on2ept o) a giant+ 2oa(t3to32oa(t Po&tugue(e

empi&e in A)&i2a1

Thing( 2ame to a head in A)&i2a in -00.1 A !&iti(h o2ia' wa( (ent to A)&i2a too&de& $e&pa Pinto+ the Po&tugue(e (u&6eyo& who wa( t&a2ing out a &oute )o& a

&ai'&oad+ to ,a2k o1 He &e)u(ed to withd&aw1 !&itain i((ued an U'timatum+ the

pu&po&t o) whi2h wa( to get out o) the di(puted a&ea o& e'(e1 %a&'o( made a

wi(e de2i(ion 3 he ,a2ked down1 Finan2ia''y (t&apped Po&tuga' had ,een

t&ying to ,ite o mo&e than it 2ou'd 2hew anyway1 Ne6e&the'e((+ thi( dou,'e3

2&o(( )&om the hi(to&i2a' a''y and %a&'o(: (u,(e9uent 2apitu'ation in)u&iated

many Po&tugue(e peop'e 3 it wa( in (um a nationa' di(g&a2e+ a g&ie6ou( ,'ow

to Po&tuga':( p&ide and )u&the& in(pi&ation to &epu,'i2an nationa'i(t(1 They

a22u(ed King %a&'o( o) (e''ing out to &eat !&itain+ o) u(ing hi( &oya'

&e'ation(hip with the !&iti(h %&own (imp'y to maintain him(e') on the th&one1

?The ee2t o) the u'timatum+? Young e;p'ain(+ ?in weakening the mona&2hy

wa( 2om,ined with a (t&engthening o) the Repu,'i2an mo6ement ,y the )a''

o) the Empe&o& o) !&a*i'+ and thi( )&om no pe&(ona' )au't o& po'iti2a' de)eat o)

the 2on(titutiona' mona&2hy+ ,ut )&om a p&e)e&en2e )o& the Repu,'i2an

p&in2ip'e1111 Repu,'i2ani(m wa( no 'onge& a me&e p&ote(tant p&in2ip'e and a

p&o)e((ion o) an unknown )aith+ ,ut a po'iti2a' p&og&am and a p&o2edu&e )o&

&e)o&m1 5u(t a( the Ame&i2an Re6o'ution 2ont&i,uted to ou& C!&iti(hG nationa'

'i,e&tie( at the 2o(t o) ou& impe&ia' po((e((ion(+ (o the 2o''ap(e o) aPo&tugue(e Empi&e in $outh A)&i2a and the 2on6e&(ion o) a Po&tugue(e

Empi&e into a Repu,'i2 in $outh Ame&i2a ga6e a mo&a' (timu'u( and a po'iti2a'

(tatu( to &epu,'i2ani(m and &e)o&m in Po&tuga'1?

%a&'o( inhe&ited yet anothe& p&o,'em with hi( 2&own+ pe&hap( the mo(t

2&u2ia' one o) a''< po'iti2a'3pa&ty Rotati6i(m+ the &otating (y(tem in the %o&te(

CPa&'iamentG whe&e,y the two dominant pa&tie(+ the Regene&ato&( and the

P&og&e((i6e( who took tu&n( go6e&ning and e;p'oiting the kingdom1

A)te& the F&en2h Re6o'ution Po&tuga':( po'iti2a' (t&ugg'e( took the typi2a'

dynami2 )o&m o) a >ying ,i&d< 'e)t wing32ent&a' ,ody3&ight wing1 The

a,(o'uti(t( on the )a& &ight wanted no 2on(titution at a''1 The 2ha&ti(t( o&

mode&ate( in the midd'e wanted a 'i,e&a' 2on(titutiona' mona&2hy g&anted ,y

the mona&2h1 The &adi2a'( on the 'e)t+ the :&epu,'i2an(+: wanted a 2on(titution

em,odying the p&in2ip'e( the F&en2h Re6o'ution 3 'i,e&ty+ e9ua'ity+ )&ate&nity1

o) 27



A)te& 4igue' and hi( 4igue'ite( 3 the a,(o'uti(t( on the e;t&eme &ight who

wanted no 2on(titution at a'' 3 we&e 8na''y de)eated in -0+ the po'iti2a' ,i&d

d&i)ted a ,it to the 'e)t >ank and po'iti2a' 2on>i2t 2ontinued ,etween the two

2on(titutiona'i(t )a2tion(+ the 2ha&ti(t( and the &epu,'i2an(1

The 2ha&ti(t( wanted the 'i,e&a' 2ha&te& that had ,een g&anted to them in-0 ,y Ped&o when he a,di2ated the th&one o) Po&tuga' in )a6o& o) hi(

daughte& 4a&ia da 'o&ia p&o6iding+ o) 2ou&(e+ that (he ma&&y he& un2'e

4igue' and that he a22ept the 2ha&te&1 !ut 4igue' took the th&one and did not

want any 'i,e&a' ,aggage (o he to((ed it out 3 hi( ,et&aya' p&o6oked 2i6i' wa&+

the #a& o) Two !&othe&(1 The &epu,'i2an )a2tion wanted the &adi2a'

2on(titution whi2h had ,een d&a)ted ,y a 2on(tituent ,ody in -01 It wa(

intended to ,e an inte&im 2on(titution unti' (u2h time a( the mona&2hy 2ou'd

,e a,o'i(hed1 In 8ne+ one 2on(titution wa( a gi)t o) the mona&2h+ whi'e the

othe& 2on(titution wa( a demand upon the th&one1 Not on'y we&e heated

wo&d( e;2hanged o6e& the &e'e6ant i((ue( ,ut a g&eat dea' o) ,'ood wa( (hed

a( we''+ u(ua''y a)te& one po'iti2a' 'eade& o& anothe& made a :p&onoun2ement1:

Fina''y+ the net &e(u't and main a2hie6ement o) 4a&ia II:( &eign wa( a

modi8ed 6e&(ion o) Ped&o:( -0 2ha&te& and the di(2ontinuan2e o) 6io'en2e1

The&ea)te&+ unde& the )o&ma' 2on(titutiona' mona&2hy the 2ha&ti(t pa&ty o&

2on(e&6ati6e( we&e 2a''ed the Regene&ato&(+ e6entua''y 'ed ,y E&ne(to Hint*e

Ri,ei&o1 The o(ten(i,'y mo&e 'i,e&a' pa&ty+ the P&og&e((i6e(+ we&e headed ,y

one 5o(e Lu2iano de %a(t&o1 !ut the&e wa( &ea''y not mu2h die&en2e

,etween the Regene&ato&( and P&og&e((i6e(+ and many peop'e we&e getting(i2k and ti&ed o) ,eing &outine'y e;p'oited ,y ?the in(? and ?the out(1? That i(+

unde& the &otati6e (y(tem+ the two pa&tie( took )&e9uent tu&n( go6e&ning the

e;p'oitation o) the kingdom1 The&e wa( 'itt'e 2han2e )o& &adi2a' po'iti2a'

&e)o&m (ho&t o) &e6o'ution o& ty&anny1 Not that Po&tuga' wa( 'a2king in

&adi2a'( on it( 'e)t wing 3 the te&m :&adi2a': wa( &e(e&6ed )o& the :&epu,'i2an:

2on(titutiona'i(t( who had ,een nea&'y (9uee*ed out o) the %o&te(1

A pe&iod o) (ta,'e 2o&&uption en(ued a( the Regene&ato&( and P&og&e((i6e(

&otated go6e&nment(1 A Regene&ato& 2a,inet headed ,y E&ne(to Hint*e

Ri,ei&o and 5oao F&an2o took it( tu&n at go6e&nment )&om -0. to -0.1

The go6e&nment ,egan with 'i,e&a' &e)o&m( in mind+ ,ut it (oon tu&ned

di2tato&ia' ,e2au(e o) the g&owing 2&iti2i(m o) the mona&2hy< a ha&(h

2&a2kdown on the p&e(( and a p&ohi,ition o) pu,'i2 a((em,'y en(ued1 The

e'e2ted po&tion o) the Hou(e o) Pee&( wa( a,o'i(hed1 The P&og&e((i6e( in the

Hou(e o) Deputie( &e)u(ed to 6ote+ hen2e an a''3Regene&ato& %o&te(1 An

o) 27



appa&ent p'ot to ki'' the king wa( di(2o6e&ed1 A (e6e&e de2&ee mandated

(e2&et t&ia'( o) po'iti2a' di((ident( and thei& t&an(po&tation out o) the 2ount&y

upon 2on6i2tion1 The unpopu'a& de2&ee &e(u'ted in a ,a2k'a(h that )o&2ed the

Regene&ato& mini(t&y to &e(ign in -0.1 The P&og&e((i6e( we&e in+ and then

out in -.//1

Thi( time 5oao F&an2o took no p'a2e in the Regene&ato& 2a,inet+ p&e)e&&ing

in(tead to (tand ,a2k and 2&iti2i*e Hint*e in the %o&te(+ and then he (e2eded

)&om the pa&ty with J deputie( and )o&med a 'i,e&a' (p'inte& pa&ty1 Hint*e

wa( in)u&iated< unti' hi( death in -./+ he did e6e&ything he 2ou'd to 2&u(h

F&an2o1

The &otating pa&tie( 2ontinued to &o'' a'ong &egu'a&'y e;p'oiting the

2ount&y(ide a)te& %a&'o( took the th&one1 Hint*e ge&&ymande&ed 6oting

di(t&i2t( (o that 6oting in &u&a' a&ea( wou'd outweigh &epu,'i2an 6ote&( in the

two ma=o& 2itie( o) Opo&to and Li(,on+ and pa&ty ,o((e( went a,outd&umming up (uppo&t )&om e'igi,'e 6ote&( in the 2ount&y town(+ )&om 'o2a'

magnate( and 2'e&gy1

A( )a& a( the 'a&ge'y i''ite&ate and apatheti2 ma((e( we&e 2on2e&ned+ the

po'iti2a' agitation wa( a 'ot o) ma'a&key a,out nothing1 4o(t o) the p&o'eta&iat

did not (ee anything in it )o& the wo&king man1 A( )o& the pee&(+ the

&e6o'ution they 2ontemp'ated to o6e&th&ow F&an2o wa( o) no a6ai' to them

(in2e the king wa( on hi( (t&ong3man:( (ide1 F&an2o+ 8gu&ing a'' the )a2tion(

wou'd o(et ea2h othe& and amount to nothing mu2h in thei& di6i(i6ene((+

wa( 2on8dent o) the )utu&e1 !ut t&ou,'e wa( ,&ewing among (ome o) the

mo&e hot3headed mem,e&( o) the p&o'eta&iat+ a( we'' a( among u&,an

p&o)e((iona'(1

Di(g&unt'ed &epu,'i2an inte''e2tua'( we&e 2u'ti6ating (eed( o) di((ent at the

uni6e&(ity in %oim,&a1 The mo(t nota,'e di((ident( we&e P&o)e((o& Teo8'o

!&aga+ and the ido' o) &epu,'i2an (tudent(+ $enho& !e&na&dino 4a2hado+ and+

o) 2ou&(e the noted poet+ A',i'io ue&&a 5an9uie&o1 A ('ight'y &e(pe2ta,'e

Repu,'i2an Pa&ty wa( a)oot+ and the&e wa( a $o2ia'i(t )a2tion )o&med a( we''1

5oao F&an2o+ 6ia hi( ,&and new %ent&o Regene&ado& Li,e&a' pa&ty+ (poke out

again(t the &otati6i(m o) Hint*e:( Regene&ato&( and Lu2iano:( P&og&e((i6e(1

F&an2o:( new agenda wa( 2a''ed F&an9ui(mo 3 the Repu,'i2an( took

ad6antage o) it( 'i,e&a' a(pe2t(1 $o in -./J the&e we&e 86e po'iti2a' pa&tie(<

Regene&ato&(+ Li,e&a' Regene&ato&(+ P&og&e((i6e(+ $o2ia'i(t(+ and

Repu,'i2an(1

o) 27



4o&e dange&ou( to the mona&2hy we&e the 2on(pi&ing (e2&et 2e''( o) the

%a&,ona&i1 4em,e&(hip the&ein wa( &umo&ed to ,e &apid'y &i(ing 3 e6e&y,ody

and thei& ,&othe& we&e at one time o& anothe& (u(pe2ted o) ,e'onging to a

#ood $hop1 Hint*e wa( out again in -./+ %a(t&o:( P&og&e((i6e( took anothe&

tu&n at the t&ough+ ,ut thei& (tay wa( ,&ie) ,e2au(e o) Lu2iano:( dete&io&ating

hea'th1 Hint*e wa( ,a2k a( P&ime 4ini(te& in -./1 He a(ked the king )o& a

di2tatu&a o& pe&iod o) di2tato&(hip to (ta,i'i*e the 2ount&y1 %a&'o( o,6iou('y

,e'ie6ed that Hint*e wou'd not ,e a good (t&ong man1 ?#oe ,etide tho(e who

2an on'y &u'e in (u2h a manne&+? (aid the king1 Hi( 'ette& o) &e)u(a' wa(

tantamount to a &e9ue(t )o& Hint*e:( &e(ignation1 Hint*e &e(igned1 5oao

F&an2o+ whom many peop'e ,e'ie6ed wa( an hone(t+ 'oya'+ 2ou&ageou(+ and

&e(o'ute man (omewhat a'ong the 'ine( o) the 2'a((i2a' t&ue 2on(e&6ati6e+

%ato+ wa( 2a''ed up to head the 2a,inet1 He 2ut e;pen(e( &ight away and

a,o'i(hed (ine2u&e( o) 2ou&(e the o'd Regene&ato&( and P&og&e((i6e( we&e

du'y out&aged and 2a''ed )o& hi( &e(ignation+ whi2h he immediate'y tende&edto the King+ who+ o) 2ou&(e+ &e)u(ed it and ga6e F&an2o the di2tatu&a he had

denied Hint*e1 #he&e)o&e the %o&te( wa( di((o'6ed and the ?tempo&a&y?

di2tato&(hip e(ta,'i(hed )o& the pu&po(e o) &e)o&m1

eo&ge Young opined that the Po&tugue(e no,i'ity and gent&y with )ai'ing to

)o''ow a 'ong3(tanding t&adition to ?)u'8'' thei& )un2tion+ a( in ou& C&eat

!&itain:(G 2on(titutiona' hi(to&y+ and a2t a( t&u(tee( in the t&an()e& o) the

(o6e&eign powe& )&om the p&in2e to the peop'e1? He ,e'ie6ed that %a&'o( wa(

hono&ing ?2o(mopo'itan 2on2e((ionai&e( o& tho(e too po'iti2 po'iti2ian( who

we&e 'ooked upon ,y the pu,'i2 a( &o,,e&( and t&aito&(1? A( )o& 2apita'(ho&tage in poo& Po&tuga'+ Young p'ayed the 5ewi(h 2a&d and mentioned the

?pa((i6e in6a(ion? o) 5ewi(h e&man ,anke&(< the Po&tugue(e 2ou'd not &e'y

on them ,e2au(e a 2o''ap(e o) the Po&tugue(e mona&2hy wou'd on'y add to

thei& e&mani2 ad6antage in A)&i2a1

?Unde& the mona&2hy+? w&ote Young+ ?&otati6i(m (eemed 'ike'y to ha6e a 'ong

&eign+ and in 2on(e9uen2e the %o&te( wa( 9uite u(e'e(( e6en )o& dea'ing with

the one p&e((ing po'iti2a' p&o,'em1 Thi( wa( no 'e(( than the 9ue(tion

whethe& Po&tuga' 2ou'd pay it( way a( a nation1 I) it 2ou'd not ,e made to do

(o+ then o,6iou('y it 2ou'd not hope e6en to maintain it( po(ition a( a(o6e&eign $tate+ (ti'' 'e(( to make good it( p&eten(ion( to ,e a wo&'d3empi&e1?

The po'iti2a' wo&'d+ moti6ated ,y g&eed+ &otated a&ound money1 King %a&'o(

him(e') wa( de(2&i,ed a( a 2yni2a' man who wa( de6oted mo(t o) a'' to

(en(ua' p'ea(u&e1 5ean Finot+ who wa( in Po&tuga' )o& awhi'e+ 2'aimed that

%a&'o( ?(ought o,'i6ion in o&gie( (u2ient'y inno2ent+ ,ut whi2h in Li(,on+ a

o) 27



'a&ge p&o6in2ia' town+ we&e thought the )ete( o) a Ne&o1 In t&uth+ he wa(

,o&ed1 He 2ou&ted a'' the p&etty women+ and wa( a'way( d&eaming o) )o&eign

t&a6e'+? and he (ay(+ ?!&a6e to a )au't+ Dom %a&'o( u(ed to wa'k a,out the

(t&eet( o) hi( 2apita' a'one without an e(2o&t+ e6e&ywhe&e meeting 'ook( o)

ho(ti'ity+ indie&en2e+ o& e6en di(gu(t )&om pa((e&(3,y1 Thu( he th&ew in the

)a2e o) hi( peop'e an in(u't whi2h the 'onged to a6enge in hi( ,'ood1?

Howe6e& that may ,e+ %a&'o( wa( we'' awa&e o) the th&eat to the mona&2hy

he (ympathi*ed with the 2omp'aint( ,e'ow1 He wa( 2o&&upted ,y mini(te&(

who pe&(uaded him to u(e de6iou( de6i2e( to take mo&e money )&om the

pu,'i2 2oe& to (uppo&t hi( &oya' need( than wa( ,udgeted1 He took the

?,&i,e(? again(t hi( ,ette& =udgment+ and he took (tep( to 2u&, 2o&&uption

e'(ewhe&e+ ,ut he wa( weak1 Hi( P&ime 4ini(te& F&an2o wa( ?the (t&ong man?

and wa( in ee2t the 'a(t mona&2h in Po&tuga'1 F&an2o+ Po&tuga':( ?%ato+?

,e2ame the 6i''ain o) the d&ama 3 %a&'o( 'ooked on and 'o(t hi( 'i)e1 A

2ontempo&a&y hi(to&ian+ "in2ent de !&agan2aunha+ (tated+ ?The

a((a((ination o) the King and the %&own P&in2e (tand( a( p&oo) o) the

po'iti2a' mi(take( 2ommitted ,y F&an2o+ whi2h the 2ount&y 2annot ea(i'y

)o&get o& )o&gi6e1?

King %a&'o( &e)u(ed to (ee &ep&e(entati6e( )&om the %o&te( a)te& it wa(

di((o'6ed1 And he igno&ed the 2'amo& o) 6a&iou( othe& di(tingui(hed

petitione&(1 Du&ing an inte&6iew with a &epo&te& )&om the Pa&i( Le Temp(+

%a&'o( de2'a&ed hi( 2on8den2e in hi( di2tato&<

?He and I a&e 9uite o) one mind+? %a&'o( (aid1 ?#e wo&k togethe&+ and he i(

2omp'ete'y in my 2on8den2e1 The&e peop'e a&e mi(taken who think that I do

not intend to keep him in powe&1 I am 9uite (ati(8ed with him1 E6e&ything i(

going (ati()a2to&i'y1 The p&e(ent (tate o) thing( mu(t 2ontinue 3 the inte&e(t

o) the 2ounty &e9ui&e( it1?

E6en wo&(e+ %a&'o( 2&iti2i*ed Po&tuga' du&ing the inte&6iew+ imp'ying that the

Po&tugue(e nationa' 2ha&a2te& wa( a di(hone(t one1 Need'e(( to (ay+ thi(

gae en&aged the Po&tugue(e pu,'i2 the mo(t1

#hi'e %a&'o( ta'ked+ F&an2o wa( ha&d at wo&k1 4uni2ipa' e'e2tion( we&epo(tponed1 A de2&ee wa( i((ued &e)o&ming the uppe& hou(e o) the %o&te(+ the

Hou(e o) Pee&(+ (etting a(ide the &ight( it had en=oyed )o& many yea&(1

F&an2o had ,een out o) po'iti2( )o& awhi'e ,ut when he &etu&ned to wo&k )o&

the King he (aid he had (t&ong demo2&ati2 in(tin2t( howe6e&+ the mo&e hi(

&e)o&m( we&e &e(i(ted+ the mo&e &ep&e((i6e hi( mea(u&e( ,e2ame+ unti'+ in

%unha:( wo&d(+ hi( ?&e2k'e((ne(( wa( po(iti6e'y 2&imina'1? De2&ee( we&e

o) 27



i((ued in 5anua&y -./0 (upp&e((ing pape&( and imp&i(oning opponent( o) hi(

po'i2ie(1 A''eged'y at F&an2o:( ,ehe(t+ %a&'o( (igned a de2&ee autho&i*ing

di((ident( to ,e t&an(po&ted to A)&i2a on a moment:( noti2e1 %a&'o( did ha6e

hi( &e(e&6ation(< he &epo&ted'y (aid upon the (igning o) one (u2h &ep&e((i6e

de2&ee that he wa( p&o,a,'y (igning hi( own death wa&&ant1 Hi( 9ueen+

Ame'ie o) O&'ean(+ a high'y edu2ated woman and (taun2h &oya'i(t+ a'(o had

he& dou,t(1 F&an2i( &i,,'e 9uote( he&< ?F&an2o i( in the &ight+ I (uppo(e+ ,ut

he i( 6e&y 2'um(y in hi( method(1? 5u(t ,e)o&e he wa( a((a((inated+ %unha

&epo&t( that the king had a p&e(entiment o) hi( )ate<

?He a(ked F&an2o i) it wa( (a)e )o& him and hi( )ami'y to d&i6e th&ough the

(t&eet( o) Li(,on1 !ut the di2tato& (poke (o 2on8dentia''y that the King &e'ied

mo&e o& 'e(( on the pe&(ona' p'edge gi6en ,y hi( mini(te& )o& the (a)ety o)

the Roya' Fami'y1 $o )a& )&om taking the o&dina&y p&e2aution(+ F&an2o e6en

a''owed the King to ente&+ with the King and the P&in2e(+ a two3ho&(e open

2a&&iage that wa( to d&i6e them to the Ne2e((idade( Pa'a2e1?

#e 2an imagine F&an2o:( (ho2k when he hea&d a,out the ignominiou(

a((a((ination( that ended hi( di2tato&(hip1 5ean Finot (aid that the new(

&ea2hed F&an2o du&ing a dip'omati2 pa&ty at the F&en2h De'egation1 The

2ou&tie&( and mini(te&( a6oided him1 He+ pa'e and hagga&d+ e;2'aimed+ ?They

ha6e ki''ed my King and they ha6e ki''ed hi( 4ini(te&@? 7ueen Ame'ia

&epo&ted'y (aid to F&an2o+ ?The&e 3 you (ee you& handiwo&k@? And 4a&ia Pia

(uppo(ed'y (aid+ ?You p&omi(ed to &e'ea(e the mona&2hy )&om it( tom,+ and

a'' that you ha6e done ha( ,een to dig the g&a6e( o) my (on and g&and(on1?4o&e go((ip< %a&'o(: ,&othe&+ the Duke o) Po&to+ &epo&ted'y got into a 8ght

with F&an2o+ &o''ing a&ound on the >oo& o) the %oun2i' %ham,e& a)te& ('apping

him in the )a2e and ye''ing+ ?F&an2o+ F&an2o+ what ha6e you done to my

,&othe&?

F&an2o &e(igned immediate'y+ &emo6ed him(e') to enoa+ and ne6e& &etu&ned

to pu,'i2 'i)e1 5oao F&an2o+ a &i2h man who 'ed a $toi2 'i)e+ a man with a

&eputation )o& in2o&&upti,i'ity+ 2ou&age+ ene&gy+ and good intention(+ wa( a

p&e2u&(o& o) the top3down (tate (o2ia'i(m o& nationa' (o2ia'i(m that wa(

ad6an2ing in (e6e&a' Eu&opean 2ount&ie(1 5ean Finot w&ote<

?The di2tato& took no one:( ad6i2e1111 F&an2o ,e2ame the &ea' ma(te& o)

Po&tuga'+ a ma(te& the mo&e to ,e d&eaded ,e2au(e he he'd in hi( hand( the

who'e po'iti2a' and admini(t&ati6e 'i)e o) the 2ount&y1 On one o22a(ion he (aid

to me< :Ou& 2ount&y ha( (ue&ed and (ue&( (ti'' )&om admini(t&ati6e

2o&&uption1 The&e i( too mu2h e;t&a6agan2e and too many a,u(e(1 I (ha''

o) 27



ha6e to &e)o&m mu2h o) the ma2hine&y and get new 'aw( pa((ed and when

(ome yea&( hen2e peop'e (ee what I ha6e a22omp'i(hed they wi'' e;2u(e my

,&uta'itie( and 6io'ation( o) the %on(titution1111 You mu(t do 6io'en2e to the

g&ound ,e)o&e you 2an (ow it1111: I had an oppo&tunity o) 2on6e&(ing with

(e6e&a' opponent( o) the di2tato&1 A'' admitted that+ dete(ta,'e though he

wa( a( a po'iti2ian+ hi( pe&(ona' 2ha&a2te& wa( not open to atta2k1 He

p&e6ented othe&( )&om en&i2hing them(e'6e( at the e;pen(e o) the (tate+ ,ut

he did not en&i2h him(e')1 They to'd me many 'i6e'y (to&ie( o) thi( p'unde& o)

the (tate to whi2h F&an2o had put an end1?

"in2ent de !&agan2a %unha+ w&iting a,out the out&ageou( (ine2u&e(+ (aid

that F&an2o had ?p&o2eeded to dep&i6e the $tate pa&a(ite( o) a'' imagina&y

po(t( (o in)amou('y monopo'i*ed ,y them1 The 2o&&uption wa( (u2h that a

gent'eman appointed 4ini(te& o) Po&tuga' in %hina had )o& two yea&( d&awn

+//' a yea& without 'ea6ing Li(,on1?

4o&eo6e&+ entit'ed 'adie( we&e getting money )o& the imagina&y ta(k o)

(ea&2hing )ema'e( at the 2u(tom hou(e+ and (o on1 eo&ge Young &e'ate(+

?5oao F&an2o+ a (omewhat (ini(te& pe&(ona'ity111 no& the 'e(( 2ou&ageou( and

2yni2a' King %a&'o( him(e')111 (et 6a'iant'y to wo&k en)o&2ing e2onomie(+ mo(t

o) them we'' ad6i(ed 3 one o& two o) them i''3ad6i(ed+ (u2h a( the in2&ea(e o)

the 2i6i' 'i(t in (u,(titution )o& :i&&egu'a&: ad6an2e(1? The 2i6i' 'i(t 'i(ted )und(

a''otted to the mona&2h in othe& wo&d(+ F&an2o open'y ga6e the King a &ai(e

and du,iou( t&an()e&( we&e othe&wi(e made1 eo&ge Young w&ite(+ ?One

might de8ne F&an2o a( a 8(2a' &e)o&me& who engaged in 2o&&upt p&a2ti2e(and the ine6ita,'e &e(u't o) thi( dua' a2ti6ity wa( that he made two (et( o)

enemie( 3 the one ,y hi( 2o&&uption+ and the othe& ,y hi( e2onomie(1?

F&an2o:( King and %&own P&in2e we&e dead1 F&an2o wa( the )a'' guy in the

(e&6i2e o) a king who had )u'' 2on8den2e in F&an2o:( 2&a2kdown on 2o&&uption

and &epu,'i2ani(m+ a 2&a2kdown that made enemie( on a'' (ide(1 It might

ha6e wo&ked gi6en popu'a& (uppo&t and ,ette& 'u2k1 4u2h 2an ,e (aid )o&

demo2&ati2 method( when the time i( &ipe )o& them+ ,ut Po&tuga' wa( not

&eady1 The mona&2hy 8na''y )e'' to the &epu,'i2an( in -.-/ 3 7ueen Ame'ie

and King 4anue' II >ed to i,&a'ta& on the ya2ht Ame'ia+ and on to Eng'and1 The (ituation dete&io&ated e6en )u&the&+ and the 6i&tua' 2hao( wa( not

,&ought unde& 2ont&o' unti' the $a'a*a& di2tato&(hip C-.3-.G+ whi2h wa(

the 'onge(t3'i6ed autho&ita&ian (y(tem in #e(te&n Eu&ope:( hi(to&y1 De(pite

the &eg&e((i6e a(pe2t( and ,&uta'itie( o) the $a'a*a& Regime+ the (o2ia'

p&og&e(( it a2hie6ed wa( &ema&ka,'e1

o) 27



33BYB33

$OUR%E$<

%unha+ "in2ent de !&agan2a+ Ei()! Cen!urie* o+ Por!u(ue*e onarc)- + New

Yo&k< 5ame( Pott+ -.--1 "in2ent de !&agan2a %unha wa( an e;2e''ent w&ite& 3I high'y &e2ommend thi( pa&ti2u'a& ,ook )o& it( 'u2id na&&ati6e (ty'e and

p&e(entation o) inte&e(ting in)o&mation a,out the Po&tugue(e 4ona&2hy1

&i,,'e+ F&an2i( C-03-.G+ T)e Ro-al Hou*e o+ Por!u(al+ Po&t #a(hington<

Kennikat+ -./ C8&(t pu,'i(hed -.-JG1 F&an2i( &i,,'e wa( !&iti(h1 He wa( an

e;2e''ent+ p&o'i82 w&ite& who(e many wo&k( appea& th&oughout the wo&'d1 He

w&ote ,iog&aphie( o) &omanti2 8gu&e(+ in2'uding !a'*a2+ Duma(+ $he''ey+

Rou((eau+ 4adame de $tae'+ and eo&ge $and+ 4adame %o''ete+ and othe&(1

Young+ eo&ge C-03-.JG+ Por!u(al Ol. an. $oun(+ O;)o&d< %'a&endon+

-.-+ eo&ge Young (e&6ed )&om -0.3-.- a( a dip'omat 3 (e2&eta&y+

atta2he+ 2ha&ge( de aai&( 3 in #a(hington+ Athen(+ %on(tantinop'e+ 4ad&id+

!e'g&ade+ and Li(,on1 He wa( an autho&ity on Ottoman 'aw1 In -./+ Young

wa( an ad6i(e& on inte&nationa' aai&( to the La,o& Pa&ty1

Finot+ 5ean C-03-.JG+ :The Li(,on A((a((ination:+ CA1D1 -./0G+ a&ti2'e in

T)e "orl./* Grea! E0ent(1 5ean Finot wa( a =ou&na'i(t and (o2io'ogi2a'

&e(ea&2he& and w&ite&1 He wa( ,o&n in #a&(aw a( 5ean Fin2ke'hau(1 In -0./

he )ounded Re0ue .e* re0ue* in Pa&i(1 He i( the autho& o) the (ti''

2ont&o6e&(ia' ,ook+ Race Pre1u.ice+ whe&ein he e;po(ed the a,(u&ditie( o)

p(eudo3(2ienti82 &a2i(m1 He (poke out again(t the &a2ia' 6iewpoint( whi2h

he'ped 'ead the wo&'d into the &eat #a&1 He e;p&e((ed app&o6a' o) Tu(kegee

and othe& ,'a2k (2hoo'(1

One Hun.re. $ear* o+ Por!u(ue*e Oceano(ra2)- + In the Foot(tep( o) King

%a&'o( de !&agan2a+ ed1+ Lui* $a'danha and Ped&o Re+ Li(,oa< 4u(eu Na2iona'

de Hi(to&ia Natu&a'+ -..

Nowe''+ %ha&'e( E+ A Hi*!or- o+ Por!u(al+ New Yo&k< "an No(t&and+ -.J

Nowe''+ %ha&'e( E+ Por!u(al, Eng'ewood %'i(< P&enti2e Ha''+

$a&ai6a+ 5o(e He&mano+ Por!u(al, A Co32anion Hi*!or-, Po&tuga'< %a&2anet+

-..

Li6e&mo&e+ H1"1+ A Hi*!or- o+ Por!u(al, %am,&idge< Uni6e&(ity P&e((+ -.

Ande&(on+ 5ame( 41+ T)e Hi*!or- o+ Por!u(al+ #e(tpo&t< &eenwood+ ///

o) 27



Curren! Li!era!ure+ New Yo&k< %u&&ent Lite&atu&e Pu,'i(hing %o1+ -./0 i((ue(

T)e Enc-clo2e.ia Bri!annica

Collier/* Enc-clo2e.ia

The Fall of Royalty in Portugal

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