The Evolution of criminal Investigation and Criminalistics
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Transcript of The Evolution of criminal Investigation and Criminalistics
McGraw-Hill © 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
CriminalInvestigationCriminalInvestigation
Swanson • Chamelin • Territo
eighth edition
ONE
The Evolution of Criminal Investigation and Criminalistics
McGraw-Hill © 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Explain the importance of the Bow Street Runners• Discuss the contribution of Sir Robert Peel’s reform to
early policing in the United States• Explain the history and function of the Pinkerton National
Detective Agency • Highlight the first major federal investigative agencies
and their responsibilities • Explain the impact of Supreme Court's "due process
revolution" and its impact on policing • Discuss Bertillon’s method of anthropometry • Summarize the historical development of fingerprint
identification • Explain the concept and practice of DNA typing • Outline the milestones in the development of firearms
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THE BOW STREET RUNNERS
• Small group of volunteers/non-uniformed homeowners
• Established in 1750 by Henry Fielding/called "Take Thieves"
• Hurry to scene of crime and begin investigation• First modern detective force
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SIR ROBERT PEEL
• His efforts led to the establishment of a Metropolitan police force for London
• Peel is considered the father of modern policing• Many of his reforms are part of policing today in
America• Peel was considered a skillful administrator with
vision
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PEEL’S PRINCIPLES
1. The police must be stable, efficient, organized along military lines.
2. The police must be under government control. 3. The absence of crime best proves efficiency of
police. 4. The distribution of crime news is essential. 5. The deployment of police strength over time
and area is essential. 6. No quality is more indispensable to a police
officer than a perfect command of temper.
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PEEL’S PRINCIPLES (cont'd)
7. Good appearance commands respect. 8. Securing and training proper people is the root
of efficiency. 9. Public security demands every police officer be
given a number. 10.Police headquarters should be centrally
located/easily accessible. 11.Police should be hired on a probationary basis. 12.Police records are necessary to the correctly
distribute police strength.
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DETECTIVES IN THE U.S. EVOLVED IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR
• Graft/corruption common in big city police departments
• Municipal police jurisdictions were limited.• Little communication between police
departments in different cities.• Offenders could flee from one jurisdiction to
another• Private sector detectives like Pinkerton’s
developed
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PINKERTON AT WORK
• Protected President-elect Lincoln
• Operated an intelligence service for the union army
• Pursued bank and railroad robbers
• Created extensive criminal records
• Provided a good model for government detectives
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(Courtesy Pinkerton’s Archives)
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EARLY FEDERAL INVESTIGATIVE AGENCIES
1865 Secret Service created to combat counterfeiting
1903 After assassination of McKinley responsibility for presidential protection was added
1908 Bureau of Investigation became F.B.I. 1924/Hover
1920 Internal Revenue responsible for Prohibition enforcement
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DUE PROCESS REVOLUTION
• Cases decided by the U.S. Supreme Court, 1961-1966
• Known as due process revolution• Active in cases involving rights of
suspects/defendants• Miranda, Mapp v. Ohio, Terry decisions impact
police
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NYPD ROGUES’ GALLERY
• N.Y.P.D. established Rogues' Gallery in 1857
• Photographs of known offenders were included
• Photos were arranged by their criminal specialty and height
• Used by detectives to recognize criminals on the street
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(Courtesy Library of Congress)
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ANTHROPOMETRY
• First method of criminal identification thought to be reliable; based on a criteria of body measurements
• Developed by Bertillon (1853-1916)/father of criminal identification
• After 1883 the system was adopted throughout Europe
• System was abandoned because dactylography (fingerprint identification) simpler, more reliable
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HENRY BERTILLON AND A BERTILLON MEASUREMENT
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(Courtesy Jacques Ganthial) (Courtesy Library of Congress)
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MILESTONES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DACTYLOGRAPHY
1684 England’s Dr. Grew observes pores and ridges in hands and feet
1823 Perkinje develops nine standard fingerprint patterns and classification system
1892 Galton publishes “Fingerprints,” first definitive book on dactylography
1894 Vucetich publishes “Dictiloscopia Comparada”, outlining his system
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MILESTONES IN THE DEVELOPMENTOF DACTYLOGRAPHY (Cont.)
1900 The Henry system was adopted in England
1901 Henry publishes “Classification and Use of Fingerprints,” outlining his system of fingerprint classification
1903 The Will West/William West case demonstrates the superiority of dactylography to anthropometry
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DNA
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid, chemical blueprint which determines everything from our hair color to our disease vulnerabilities; with the exception of identical twins, each person has a unique DNA makeup
• DNA is unique to individuals• The human sources of DNA are: blood and
tissue; spermatozoa; bone marrow, tooth pulp and hair root cells
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DNA TYPING
• DNA is a chemical blueprint• The Enderby cases were the first use DNA
typing in England in 1987• The Orlando cases were the first used in the
U.S. in1986• The FBI crime lab was the first public lab to use
DNA analysis in 1988
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MILESTONES IN FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION
1835 Henry Goddard First successful murderer identification from bullet removed from victim’s body
1889 Professor Lacassagne identified grooves on a removed bullet removed from a corpse and matched it to a suspect’s weapon
1898 Jeserich took microphotographs of fatal and test bullets He testified the defendant’s revolver fired the fatal bullet
1926 Calvin Goddard was most responsible for raising firearm identification to a science
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