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Transcript of the evolution of apartments.pdf
The Evolution of ApartmentsThe Evolution of ApartmentsThe Timeline
Need for apartment• Historically, the apartment block is associated with
housing the poor
• Over time with improved funding such socio
economic factors became irrelevant
• Rapid industrialization and dramatic rise in
population in 19th century, London led to lack of
adequate housing
1: circulation2: lobby3: living4: bedroom5: scullery6:WC
adequate housing
• Working class lived in cramped, poor conditions
& wealthy shifted to the edges of the growing city
• Society for improving the condition of the
labouring class (1844) was formed to promote
improved urban housing
• The society’s first housing experiment – 5 storey
block, Streatham street , Bloomsbury , London
designed by Henry Roberts (1849)Housing by Henry Roberts (1849)
First of its kind..• The U-shaped plan developed by Henry Roberts had a
rear courtyard, shared staircase and open access
balconies.
• The units were self contained as opposed to the
earlier dormitory arrangements
• Each unit had 2bedrooms, kitchen/scullery & WC
• Prince Albert supported the work and model
apartments were developed for Great Exhibition
1:coachway 8: stables2: vestibules 9: service stairs3: stairs 10: petit salon
Cesar Daly, France
apartments were developed for Great Exhibition
(1851)
• For 1851 exhibition apartments were designed to be bigger
with 3 bedrooms, internal ventilation system, 2 storey
cottages with 4 units.
• 1862 – designers of Peabody trust (founded in 1862
by George Peabody) developed supervised blocks
with shared sculleries and WCs
• Both concepts embraced the idea that high
densities were acceptable
• Simultaneously Garden city movement was happening
in the suburbs.
• Similar concept of shared facilities in France (following
Paris Exhibition 1889)
3: stairs 10: petit salon4: concierge 11: grand salon5:courtyard 12: dining6: lightwells 13: bedroom7: storage 14: Kitchen
What was happening in American then?• As the docks got crowded in Manhatten,
the rich moved further north leavingtheir houses to be subdivided andgiven to immigrants
• The emerging middle class in NewYork could not afford to buy row housesand didn’t prefer the tenements –solution Apartments
• The rich had to accommodate servantsin the attic
The Stuyvesant1: main stair hall2: back stair hallin the attic
• Architects looked to France forinspiration
• Ar. Richard Morris Hunt in 1869designed NY’s First Apartmentbuilding ‘the Stuyvesant’
• Development of the ‘French Flats’(1875) self contained units
• Were not appreciated by the Americansdue to lack of privacy
• Led to the development of ApartmentHotels (1920s)
• Discontinued due to regulation• By the end of 19th century – apartments
were built for all• 1884 - height regulations imposed
2: back stair hall3: private hall4: parlour5: dining6: chamber7: servant’s room8: kitchen
2 flats, separatecirculation forservantsDesigned for therich
French flatsSeparation ofbedrooms andparlour is less thanacceptableUsually 5-6 storeysLack of ventilation
By the end of 19th Century…
• America :▫ Apartments were built for all budgets and all types of occupants.▫ Tendency to stick to the Beaux Arts French Neoclassicism because of
the symmetry
• London:• London:▫ Gothic and classical style replaced by Arts & crafts movement
influence▫ 1877 - Richard Norman Shaw designed first apartment complex for the
wealthy, designed in phases use of split levels, living rooms overlookingpark.
▫ Arts and crafts style criticized for barrack like appearance.▫ 1893-1914 – working class housing by London county council architects
department established the importance of architects in apartmentdesign.
Dawn of the 20th Century…• Stylistic and aesthetic debates gave way to discussion of social and economic issues• Architects started experimenting• Ushered in new kind of urbanism – high rise buildings with high speed transport systems• Italian futurist Antonio Sant’Elia worked on innovative factory and commercial building designs• French, Toni Garnier’s Cite Industrielle (1917)• Germany, Ludwig Hilberseimer’s Hochhausstadt (1924) proposed similar vertical layering• Henry Sauvage’s apartements a gadin used RCC, and setbacks at each floor to provide terrace & open
areas (Ziggurat)• 1922 - Le Corbusier exhibited ville contemporaine – showed vertical zoning• 1925 - Framed structure exhibited at Exposition des Arts Decoratifs in Paris as the pavilion de
l’Espirit Nouveaul’Espirit Nouveau• Building regulations were introduced – zoning, density, space standards, specifications etc.• 1927 – model housing exhibition, Weissenhof Siedlung , Mies Van de Rohe achieved Flexible Plan
with uniform facades
Henry Sauvage’s , Ziggurat shaped hotel
Weissenhof Siedlung , Mies Van de Rohe1: main stairs2: living3: bedroom4: kitchen5: shower6: coal storage
• 1932 – Werkbund exhibition, Vienna, AndreLurcat’s small footprint , walkup.
• 1933-35 – Highpoint London, first apartment todisplay early Modernist ideals, doublecruciform plan with 2 circulation cores, pilotis(stilt)
• 1937-39 – the Palace Gate Flats, London usedinnovative Split Level Sections
• 1930 – Russia, Moisei Ginsburg’s Narkomfinapartment building, double heighted spaces
Post II World WarHighpoint London
Post II World War• 1947 – London, Churchill Gardens Estate in
Pimlico used, RCC frame structure to installcentral heating & fireplace flues
• 1946 - Chicago, Mies Van de Rohe , 20 storey-Promontory Apartments, RCC framed structure
• 1949-51- 26 storey Lake Shore DriveApartments used curtain walling
• 1952 – France, Le Corbusier, Unite d’Habitation in Marseilles, perfected duplex flatsusing interlocking
Palace Gate London
20th century, new technologies and challenges• 20th century ushered in pre fabrication, mass
construction and high rise
• 1969 – london, British Iron and Steel Federationsponsored experimental house by Frederick Gibberdusing light weight steel fabrication techniques,and concrete floor slabs
• 1950s – 1960s – use of standard , pre fabricatedmaterials, steel structures like tubular steelmaterials, steel structures like tubular steelframes and steel decking
• As seen in Raphael Sariano’s experimental unitdevelopment
• 1959-1960 – Pierre Koenig – standard components
• 1970s – using modules and complete dwellingfabricated off site
• Nagakin Capsule Tower, Tokyo (1972) uses concertecore structural tower while supports minipods orcapsules.
• 1990s – Microflats concept introduced by JohnPrewer, size of modular units based on size ofshipping containers
Nagakin Capsule Tower
Lets Recap the timeline Lets Recap the timeline
Henry Roberts (1849)Self contained units
Peabody Trust (1862)Concierge blocks with shared facilities
1877 - 1st apartment forwealthy by RichardNorman Shaw
Transition from gothic & classicalarchitecture to influence of Arts andCrafts Movement (end of 19thCentury)
1860-1880End of 19th century
the importance of architects in apartment design established
England
1920 s
French Societe Francaisedes Habitations a Bon Marche (1889)Richard Morris Hunt,
NY, 1869-1875‘French Flats’
‘Apartment Hotels’ or‘condensed Apartments’popular in 1920s.Discouraged by regulation
Late 19th century America –apartments for all
1849
End of 19th century
France influences USA
France
America
Dawn of 20th Century
Vertical zoningintroduced in 1920s
1922 - Le Corbusierexhibited villecontemporaine
Building regulations wereintroduced
1920 s
1933-35 – Highpoint London, firstapartment to display earlyModernist ideals / stilt/ Cruciformplan to maximize external wall area
1930 s
1937-39 – the PalaceGate Flats usedinnovative Split LevelSections
1947 – London, Churchill GardensEstate, RCC frame structure toinstall central heating fireplaceflues
1940 s 1950 s
England
Use of RCC andFramed structureintroduced in Parisexhibition 1925
1927 - Mies Van de Roheachieved Flexible Planwithin uniform facade
1946 - Chicago, MiesVan de Rohe , 20storey- RCC framedstructure
1949-51- 26 storey LakeShore Drive Apartments ,curtain walling
1952 – France, Le Corbusier, Unite d’ Habitation in Marseilles
Post WW II 20 th Century
Europe & America
pre fabrication, massconstruction and highrise
1969 – london, FrederickGibberd, light weight steelfabrication techniques
1970s – using modules andcomplete dwelling fabricatedoff site
1970 s1950 - 1960 s
1990s – Microflats conceptintroduced by John Prewer
1990 s
High DensityApartments
20 th Century
1950s – 1960s - RaphaelSariano’s experimental unitdevelopment ,use of standardpre fabricated materials, steelstructures
1959-1960 – Pierre Koenig –standard components
Nagakin Capsule Tower, Tokyo (1972)uses concerte core to support capsules.
21 st Century
•Population explosionhas led to rise in density
•Apartments designed to
21st century…
•Apartments designed toachieve high densitydevelopments
High Rise in Kolkata• 1930s – working class ‘Apartment hotels’ rather called lodges were
prevalent, especially around docks• 1st high rise in Kolkata came up in 1964, Jindal House (14 storeys),
through the efforts of Ar. Gopal Mitra• 1st residential high rise was his work, Shibnath Sastri (11 Storey)
came up in 1967• High rise development increases after 2002, due to development of
Rajarhat New TownRajarhat New Town• Most new apartments are for higher income groups
Jindal House, Kolkata
1. Idea popularized in 1970s –structures came up aroundSouthern Avenue andGariahat- Avenue House(1970), Sarobar (1971),Ananda (1972), Greenview(1974), Meghmallar (1978)
2. The second phase ofdevelopment came in 80s(Ratnabali, Golf Green etc)
3(Ratnabali, Golf Green etc)around Chak Garia and E.M.Bypass then Park Street, worksof Ar. Dulal Mukherjee likeHimadri Apartments wereseen then.
3. The 3rd Phase wasdevelopment of Rajarhat
1
2
huge courtyard at Basu Bati (1874)Built by first qualified Bengaliengineer Nilmani Mitra
Cesar Daly, France (1864)
Galstaun Mansion (renamed Queen's Mansion) in the year 1927.The Galstaun Mansion is almost an exact copy of a famous building in Paris, also built on a similar corner plot.
Spence's Hotel, Calcutta, 1858-61
Spences Hotel (Estd. 1830), Calcutta.pence's Hotel was moved to another location
The West End Watch Co. (ESTD. 1882) in Dalhousie Square, Calcutta.From a postcard published by Thacker, Spink & Co. (1908).
Evidently the influence of the Art & CraftsMovement by the end of 19th Century.
� This elaborate, ‘wedding-cake’ structure was purpose-built by Calcutta-basedcontractors Mackintosh Burn & Co as the headquarters of Whiteaway, Laidlaw &Co;
� its architecture, sheer size and prominent corner position were intended to attractbuyers.
� The ground floor and the first floor were occupied by the department store itself.� The second and third floors accommodated offices and apartments;� the offices were known as Victoria Chambers.
Great Eastern Hotel in Calcutta, (1840/1841)
Harrison Road view probably in the late 60s.
http://oldkolkata.blogspot.in/