The Enlightenment• 17-18th century

movement that challenged traditional authority.

• The colonists as well as many others challenged the divine right of kings, aristocracy, and religious authority

John Locke• Enlightenment

Philosopher who believed in natural rights (Life, Liberty, and property).

• His ideas influenced the Declaration of Independence.

Baron de Montesquieu• Enlightenment

Philosopher who believed in separation of powers

• Three Branches in our government so that no individual or group would have too much power.

First Great Awakening

• Religious Revival that spread throughout the colonies

• George Whitefield and Jon Edwards

• Question authority of the church and the government.

William Penn

• Set up Pennsylvania for Quakers

• Had some religious tolerance

• Many were against slavery (Baptists as well)

Baptists• Expanded after 1st

Great Awakening• Anti-slavery

(along with Quakers)

• Large African American community.

Maryland/Catholics, and discrimination

• Maryland founded as a safe haven for Catholics

• Latin American immigrants have substantially raised the population of Catholics.

• Suffered discrimination along with Jews and Mormons.

• The group that had the least persecution was protestants

Religious Freedom• Thomas Jefferson

• Thomas Jefferson’s1786 Virginia Statute for religious freedom formalizes the separation of Church and State

Articles of Confederation• Our first government

in 1781• Weak• No power to tax• Needed unanimous

consent to change constitution

• Did not regulate interstate trade

Bill of Rights• 1st Ten

Amendments to the U.S. Constitution

• Added to protect personal liberties and freedoms.

• Some were afraid that a strong central gov. would be too much like a king or dictator. The_Bill_of_Rights.asf

1st Amendment/Establishment Clause

• The establishment clause in the 1st amendment prohibits (stops) the government from establishing a state religion.

The Great Compromise• Virginia plan• Representation for

states based on population

• New Jersey Plan• Representation

based on each state being equal

• These two plans created a two House legislature (congress) composed of the Senate and House of Representatives

3/5th Compromise

• 5 slaves would count as 3 citizens in regards to representation.

John Marshall and Marbury vs. Madison

• John Marshall the supreme Court Chief Justice (1803) who solidified the power of the Supreme Court to review the constitutionality of state and federal laws.

• He increased the power of the court.

Chief_Justice_John_Marshall.asf

Marbury vs. Madison• This Case

(1803) established the principle of Judicial Review.

• The Supreme court can rule on the constitutionality of a law

The_Principle_of_Judicial_Review.asf

The First political parties differed on interpretation of the constitution• Federalists• Loose

interpretation of the constitution

• Government run by elite

• Hamilton

Democratic-Republicans

• Strict interpretation• Protect common

man• Jefferson

Checks and Balances

• 3 branches/ no one has too much power

Causes of Revolutionary War

• “No taxation without Representation” (Sugar act, Intolerable acts etc…)

• Proclamation line of 1763 limits colonial migration west.

• King seen as Tyrant (Common Sense- Thomas Paine).

Loyalists vs. Patriot• Loyalists

supported the English

• Patriots supported the revolution

Treaty of Paris 1789

• Gives U.S. independence from England

• Thank you France for the assist!!!

Theory of Nullification• Because states

had created a federal union they had the right to nullify a federal law.

• Referred to as “States rights”

• Slavery issue• Who should have

more Power? • Think about our

first constitution

Monroe Doctrine• 1823 European

countries stay out of the Americas or else!

Federalism• Powers are

shared between the federal government and the states (taxes)

• Federal government is supreme!!

Second Great Awakening

• Temperance (no alcohol

• Seneca Falls movement calls for women's rights

• Education/abolition…

Causes of the Civil War

• States Rights vs. federal Government

• Bleeding Kansas• Dred Scott Case• The_Dred_Scott_Decision.asf

• Uncle Tom’s Cabin• Lincoln elected• Slavery and the

Southern Economy

Effects of Civil War• No Slavery• Reconstruction

Amendments• Poll taxes, literacy

tests, grandfather clauses

• Divided Country• Southern Economy

devastated• Most casualties in

our History• Disenfranchisement

of African Americans