The endocrine system3

By: Kenderik Gage Davidson

The Endocrine Systemand Associated Hormones

Overview of Endocrine System

The endocrine system is one of the body’s main systems for communicating, controlling and coordinating the body’s work. It works with the nervous system, reproductive system, kidneys, gut, liver, pancreas and fat to help maintain and control the following:

• body energy levels• reproduction• growth and development• internal balance of body

systems, called homeostasis• responses to surroundings,

stress and injury

The endocrine system accomplishes these tasks via a network of glands and organs that produce, store, and secrete certain types of hormones. Hormones are special chemicals that move into body fluid after they are made by one cell or a group of cells. Different types of hormones cause different effects on other cells or tissues of the body.

http://www.hormone.org/endo101/

Endocrine System Organs

Pineal

Hypothalamus

Pituitary

Thyroid

Parathyroid

Adrenal

Kidney

Thymus

Pancreas

Ovary

Testes

Click on an organ to learn about it.

Types of Hormones

Hormones

Growth Hormone

Calcitonin

Insulin

Adrenaline

Noradrenaline

Vasopressin

Click a Hormone to learn more about it.

Diseases of the Endocrine System

Diabetes

Growth Disorders

Osteoporosis

Pituitary Disorders

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Thyroid Conditions/Disorders

Other Conditions

Click on a Disease to learn about it.

Ovary• The female gonad, one of a pair of reproductive glands in women. The ovaries are

located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. Each ovary is about the size and shape of an almond. The ovaries produce eggs (ova) and female hormones. During each monthly menstrual cycle, an egg is released from one ovary. The egg travels from the ovary through a fallopian tube to the uterus. The ovaries are the main source of female hormones, which control the development of female body characteristics, such as the breasts, body shape, and body hair. They also regulate the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.

www.tumblr.com http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4705

Pituitary Gland• The main endocrine gland. It is a small structure in

the head. It is called the master gland because it produces hormones that control other glands and many body functions including growth. The pituitary consists of the anterior and posterior pituitary.

http://emedicalppt.blogspot.com/2011/07/anterior-pituitary-masses-and.htmlhttp://www.neurosurgery.medsch.ucla.edu/body.cfm?id=1123&ref=86&action=detail

Prolactinoma

Prolactinoma

Thyroid• Your thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland in your

neck, just above your collarbone. It is one of your endocrine glands, which make hormones. The thyroid helps set your metabolism - how your body gets energy from the foods you eat.

http://emedicalppt.blogspot.com/2011/07/anterior-pituitary-masses-and.htmlhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/thyroiddiseases.html

Healthy

Diseased

Pancreas• the pancreas is an oblong flattened gland located deep in

the abdomen. Most people don't know as much about the pancreas as they do about other parts of their bodies. In fact, this gland is an integral part of the digestive system that often goes unnoticed until problems occur.

http://www.lbah.com/word/ferret-adrenal-disease/http://pathology.jhu.edu/pancreas/BasicOverview1.php?area=ba

Healthy

Diseased

www.graphicpulse.com

Thymus Gland• An organ that is located in the upper chest behind

the breastbone and in front of the lower neck in which the immune cells called T lymphocytes mature and multiply in early life. The thymus begins to shrink after puberty.

http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5775

Diseased

Healthyhttp://www.tbeeb.net/album/articles.php?id=161

Kidneys• Filtering the blood is the responsibility of about one million nephrons located in

each kidney. These serve as the primary tool behind your kidney function. Nephrons use a glomerulus and a tubule to conduct the filtering process. What this system determines as waste gets flushed out of the kidneys in the form of urine along with extra water that the body does not need. Waste products are produced from food and fluid intake as well as normal tissue breakdown after the body has used what it needs for nutritional balance, energy, and self-repair. This process of food and tissue breakdown is known as your metabolism.

http://www.kidneystonestreatment.co/kidney-functions.htmlwww.allkidney.com

Diseased

Healthy

Adrenal Gland• One of a pair of small glands, each of which sits on top of one of the kidneys. The

adrenal is made up of an outer wall (the cortex) and an inner portion (the medulla).

• The adrenal glands produce hormones that help control the heart rate, blood pressure, the way the body uses food, and other vital functions. The adrenal cortex secretes steroid (cortisone-related) hormones and the mineralocortoids that regulate the levels of minerals such as sodium and potassium in the blood.

http://coachfong.wordpress.com/2010/03/http://www.ajronline.org/content/181/5/1433/F2.expansion.html

HealthyAddison's Disease


Pineal Gland• A small gland that is located near the center of the

brain. This gland secretes melatonin, and it may therefore be part of the body's sleep-regulation apparatus. Also known as pineal body.

http://www.celtoslavica.de/bibliothek/electricity.htmlhttp://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4904

radiographics.rsna.org

Germ Cell Tumors

Healthy

Parathyroid Gland• A gland that regulates calcium, located behind the thyroid gland in the

neck. The parathyroid gland secretes a hormone called parathormone (or parathyrin) that is critical to calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Although the number of parathyroid glands can vary, most people have four, one above the other on each side. They are plastered against the back of the thyroid and therefore at risk for being accidentally removed during thyroidectomy.

http://www.beliefnet.com/healthandhealing/getcontent.aspx?cid=96738http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4773

http://drugline.org/ail/pathography/725/Healthy

Tumor

Hypothalamus Gland• The area of the brain that secretes substances

that influence pituitary and other gland function and is involved in the control of body temperature, hunger, thirst, and other processes that regulate body equilibrium.

http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3866http://brainmadesimple.com/hypothalamus.html

http://www.hdsa.org/research/hdbuzz/hypothalmus.html

Healthy

Huntington's Disease

Testes• The male sex gland, located behind the penis in a pouch of skin

called the scrotum. The testes produce and store sperm and are also the body's main source of male hormones, such as testosterone. These hormones control the development of the reproductive organs and other male characteristics, such as body and facial hair, low voice, and wide shoulders. Also known as testicle.

http://www.gfmer.ch/selected_images_v2/detail_list.php?cat1=15&cat2=95&cat3=0&cat4=11&stype=nhttp://quizlet.com/14950582/general-sono-review-abd-flash-cards/


Healthy

Torsion

Diseases: Diabetes

• Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar (glucose) levels that result from defects in insulin secretion, or its action, or both. Diabetes mellitus, commonly referred to as diabetes (as it will be in this article) was first identified as a disease associated with "sweet urine," and excessive muscle loss in the ancient world. Elevated levels of blood glucose (hyperglycemia) lead to spillage of glucose into the urine, hence the term sweet urine.

http://www.hormone.org/endocrine_system_diseases.cfmReturn

Diseases: Growth Disorders

• Given that the endocrine system regulates growth processes, endocrine system diseases often result in growth disorders. If the body produces too much growth hormone (GH), gigantism or acromegaly (gigantism in adults) can occur; too little growth hormone results a condition called growth hormone deficiency, or GHD, which can cause children to grow more slowly than normal.


Diseases: Osteoporosis

• Osteoporosis, which occurs in both women and men (although the former are four times more likely to develop the disease), is a condition in which bones become fragile and more likely to break. This can be the result of many factors including a decrease in the hormone estrogen occurring during menopause in women, or a decrease in testosterone occurring in men as they age. Because osteoporosis often has no obvious symptoms, it is often left undiagnosed until the person affected suffers a broken or fractured bone during a minor fall.


Diseases: Pituitary Gland

• A prolactinoma is a benign tumor (called an adenoma) of the pituitary gland. A prolactinoma produces an excessive amount of the hormone prolactin. Prolactin is a natural hormone which supports a woman's normal lactation (breastfeeding). Prolactinomas are the most common type of pituitary tumor. Symptoms of prolactinoma are caused by pressure of the tumor on surrounding tissues or by excessive release of prolactin from the tumor into the blood (causing a condition known as hyperprolactinemia).

http://www.medicinenet.com/prolactinoma/article.htm#what_is_a_prolactinoma_pituitary_tumorReturn

Diseases: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

• Also referred to as PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome is one of the more common endocrine system diseases, affecting between 7% to 10% of women aged 15 to 45. PCOS is a condition associated with symptoms of infrequent or irregular menstruation, male hormone excess symptoms like hirsutism (increased and unwanted hair growth) and acne and difficulty to conceive. Patients with PCOS can also have multiple egg-containing cysts on the ovaries. They are higher risk for metabolic complications like diabetes and hypertension.


Diseases: Thyroid Disorders

• Thyroid hormones, hormones produced by the thyroid gland, influence nearly all of the body's symptoms. Thyroid problems include hyperthyroidism (too much thyroid hormone), hypothyroidism (too little thyroid hormone), thyroid nodules, thyroid cancer, and more.


Diseases: Hypothalamic Disease

• is a disorder presenting primarily in the hypothalamus, which may be caused by damage resulting from malnutrition, including anorexia and bulimia eating disorders,[1][2] genetic disorders, radiation, surgery, head trauma,[3] lesion,[1] tumour or other physical injury to the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is the control center for several endocrine functions.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamic_diseaseReturn

Diseases: Other

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamic_diseaseReturn

http://www.hormone.org/Cardiovascular/overview.cfm

http://www.hormone.org/Abuse/

http://www.hormone.org/Menopause/

Vasopressin

• Created by the hypothalamus, vasopressin prompts the pituitary gland to release a hormone that helps maintain blood pressure and water and electrolyte balance.

http://www.hormone.org/endocrine_system.cfmReturn

Growth Hormone

• Growth hormone, or GH, is one of the types of hormones produced by the pituitary gland (one of the most important glands in the endocrine system); GH stimulates growth during childhood and also stimulates cell reproduction, which helps adults maintain muscle and bone mass.


Calcitonin

• Calcitonin, produced by the thyroid gland, aids in bone construction


Insulin

• Insulin regulates glucose, or sugar intake, by helping it move from the blood into cells. It is one of the types of hormones produced by the pancreas.


Adrenaline

• Produced within the adrenal glands (small glands located at the top of each kidney), adrenaline works with noradrenaline to produce the "fight or flight" response by increasing the supply of oxygen to the brain and muscles, dilating the pupils, and suppressing bodily functions not useful in an emergency situation (such as digestion).


Noradrenaline

• Produced within the adrenal glands (small glands located at the top of each kidney), adrenaline works with noradrenaline to produce the "fight or flight" response by increasing the supply of oxygen to the brain and muscles, dilating the pupils, and suppressing bodily functions not useful in an emergency situation (such as digestion).


By: Kenderik Gage Davidson

The Endocrine Systemand Associated Hormones

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